Name: quantification of lipid abundance and evaluation of lipid distribution in caenorhabditis elegans by nile red and oil red o staining
Uploaded: 2018-03-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Lipid Abundance and Evaluation of Lipid Distribution in Caenorhabditis elegans by Nile Red and Oil Red O Staining at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev muliggjort af NIH grant: R01GM109028 (S.P.C.)

1. Nilen Red (NR) farvning af lipider
<ol><li>Forberedelse af 5 mg/mL NR stamopløsning<ol>
<li>I en 500 mL flaske, tilføje 100 mg NR pulver til 200 mL 100% acetone.</li>
		<li>Dække flaske med aluminiumsfolie at undgå eksponering for lys.</li>
		<li>Før brug, opløsningen for 2 h omrøres i mørke.</li>
		<li>For lang tids brug, skal du gemme NR stamopløsning i en tætsluttende flaske uden nogen lys eksponering. Skala NR stamopløsning ifølge forskningsbehov. Sikre, at samme stamopløsningen anvendes på tværs ...

<ol>
	<li>Greenspan, P., Mayer, E. P., Fowler, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nile+red:+a+selective+fluorescent+stain+for+intracellular+lipid+droplets.">Nile red: a selective fluorescent stain for intracellular lipid droplets.</a> J Cell Biol. 100 (3), 965-973 (1985).</li><li>Guo, Y., Cordes, K. R., Farese, R. V., Walther, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+droplets+at+a+glance.">Lipid droplets at a glance.</a> J Cell Sci. 122 (6), 749-752 (2009).</li><li>Horobin, R. W., Kiernan, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Conn's biological stains: a handbook of dyes, stains and fluorochromes for use in biology and medicine. , (2002).</li><li>Hulme, S. E., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemistry+and+the+worm:+Caenorhabditis+elegans+as+a+platform+for+integrating+chemical+and+biological+research.">Chemistry and the worm: Caenorhabditis elegans as a platform for integrating chemical and biological research.</a> Angew Chem Int Edit. 50 (21), 4774-4807 (2011).</li><li>Khanna, A., Johnson, D. L., Curran, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+roles+for+mafr-1+in+reproduction+and+lipid+homeostasis.">Physiological roles for mafr-1 in reproduction and lipid homeostasis.</a> Cell Rep. 9 (6), 2180-2191 (2014).</li><li>Lynn, D. A., Dalton, H. M., Sowa, J. N., Wang, M. C., Soukas, A. A., Curran, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Omega-3+and-6+fatty+acids+allocate+somatic+and+germline+lipids+to+ensure+fitness+during+nutrient+and+oxidative+stress+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Omega-3 and-6 fatty acids allocate somatic and germline lipids to ensure fitness during nutrient and oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 112 (50), 15378-15383 (2015).</li><li>Pang, S., Lynn, D. A., Lo, J. Y., Paek, J., Curran, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SKN-1+and+Nrf2+couples+proline+catabolism+with+lipid+metabolism+during+nutrient+deprivation.">SKN-1 and Nrf2 couples proline catabolism with lipid metabolism during nutrient deprivation.</a> Nat Commun. 5, (2014).</li><li>Saltiel, A. R., Kahn, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+signalling+and+the+regulation+of+glucose+and+lipid+metabolism.">Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.</a> Nature. 414 (6865), 799-806 (2001).</li><li>Witting, M., Schmitt-Kopplin, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Caenorhabditis+elegans+lipidome:+A+primer+for+lipid+analysis+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The Caenorhabditis elegans lipidome: A primer for lipid analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Arch Biochem Biophys. 589, 27-37 (2016).</li><li>Yen, K., Le, T. T., Bansal, A., Narasimhan, S. D., Cheng, J. X., Tissenbaum, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+study+of+fat+storage+quantitation+in+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans+using+label+and+label-free+methods.">A comparative study of fat storage quantitation in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using label and label-free methods.</a> PloS One. 5 (9), e12810 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Zou, X., Ding, Y., Wang, H., Wu, X., Liang, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+genomics+and+functional+study+of+lipid+metabolic+genes+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Comparative genomics and functional study of lipid metabolic genes in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> BMC Genomics. 14 (1), 164 (2013).</li><li>Folick, A., Min, W., Wang, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Label-free+imaging+of+lipid+dynamics+using+Coherent+Anti-stokes+Raman+Scattering+(CARS)+and+Stimulated+Raman+Scattering+(SRS)+microscopy.">Label-free imaging of lipid dynamics using Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) and Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) microscopy.</a> Curr Opin Genet Dev. 21 (5), 585-590 (2011).</li><li>Pino, E. C., Webster, C. M., Carr, C. E., Soukas, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+and+high+throughput+microscopic+assessment+of+fat+mass+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Biochemical and high throughput microscopic assessment of fat mass in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> J Vis Exp. (73), (2013).</li><li>O'Rourke, E. J., Soukas, A. A., Carr, C. E., Ruvkun, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C.+elegans+major+fats+are+stored+in+vesicles+distinct+from+lysosome-related+organelles.">C. elegans major fats are stored in vesicles distinct from lysosome-related organelles.</a> Cell Metab. 10 (5), 430-435 (2009).</li></ol>

Stigningen i fedme og metaboliske sygdomme priser gør C. elegans en passende model til at studere de mekanismer, der regulerer fedt ophobning i celler og væv. Seneste tyder på, at ændringer i lipidniveauer er korreleret med cellulære processer lige fra insulin signalering8, aktivering af hormonet receptorer2, at formeringsevnen5. I forhold til etiket-fri mikroskopi og kromatografi metoder, Nile rød og olie røde O er relativt billig fa...

Lipider er afgørende for liv. De er integrerende dele af membraner, fungere som sekundære budbringere og signal transducere og er livsvigtige funktioner i energilagring. Når lipid metabolisme er dysregulated, fører det til sygdomme som fedme og type II diabetes, som presser offentlige sundhed bekymringer9. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) er en fremragende model organisme i at studere lipid metabolisme, fordi det har en relativt kort levetid, en gennemsigtig krop, en kendt celle afstamning og en fuldt sekventeret genom. Primært en hermafrodit, C. elegans kan forskere at hæve store antal isogene dyr i korte perioder af tid til at foretage høj overførselshastighed fremad genetiske skærme til at studere en bred vifte af metaboliske gener og veje4. Denne tilgang har afsløret en høj grad af bevarelse i 273 C. elegans lipid metabolisme gener blandt mennesker, mus, rotter og drosophila. Derudover har over 300 lipid gener i C. elegans menneskelige orthologues, der er knyttet til sygdomme relateret til Metaboliske syndrom11. Undersøgelse af lipid opbevaring i C. elegans har traditionelt, for det meste påberåbt dye-mærket assays, som giver robust oplysninger om lipid ophobning. Mindre udbredt er en beskrivelse af hvor lipider lokalisere og målte forskelle i lipid overflod på tværs af væv. Seneste arbejde viste imidlertid, at lipid distribution kan være lige så vigtig som lipid ophobning6.
Sidst, studier er begyndt at integrere metoder såsom højtydende liquid chromatography-massespektrometri (HPLC-MS), gaskromatografi-massespektrometri (GC-MS), og sammenhængende anti-stokes Raman spredning (biler) mikroskopi til adresse den mangler af pletten-baserede tilgange ved direkte analysere indholdet af lipid ekstrakter, specifikke lipid fraktioner og lipid indskud, henholdsvis10,11. Derudover har biler mikroskopi afsløret, at Nilen rød kun kan tjene som en proxy for fedtophobning når det bruges som en Fikseringsvæske farvestof, for dets anvendelse som en vital pletten fører til off-target farvning af auto-fluorescerende organeller10. Men den nødvendige tekniske ekspertise og omkostningerne forbundet med disse kromatografi og mikroskopi metoder gøre deres brug uholdbar for mange forskningsspørgsmål. I denne artikel vil diskutere vi en bekvem og pålidelig metode til at fiksere og plette neutral lipid indskud i C. elegans ved hjælp af Nilen rød og olie røde O for at skelne lipid overflod i hele dyr og i bestemte væv.
Nile rød, 9-diethylamino-5H-benzo[α]phenoxazine-5-one, er en benzophenoxazone farvestof, der let opløses i forskellige organiske opløsningsmidler, men er for det meste uopløseligt i vand. Det er en fremragende lysochrome farvestof bruges til at plette neutral lipider som triglycerider eller kolesterol estere fordi det har en stærk farve, solubilizes godt i lipider, har ubetydelig interaktion med omgivende væv, og er mindre opløselige i opløsningsmiddel end i lipider. Det har en excitations- og maxima af 450-500 og 520 nm, henholdsvis1. Når Nile rød-farvede C. elegans ses til grønne fluorescens, kan diskrete lipid organer overholdes i hele tarmen og andre væv enten i klynger eller jævnt spredt, afhængig af dyrets genotype eller eksperimentel behandling 7.
Olie røde O er en lysochrome, fedtopløselige farvestof bruges til at plette triglycerider og lipoproteiner. Det kaldes et azofarvestof, fordi dens kemiske struktur indeholder to azo grupper knyttet til tre aromatiske ringe. Det er vanskeligt at ionisere, som gør det meget opløseligt i lipider. Dens pletten farve er rød og dens maksimale lysabsorption er 518 nm 3. C. elegans farves med olie røde O Vis rød lipid dråber, der skiller sig ud mod dyrets gennemsigtige krop, som letter kvalitativ vurdering af lipid fordelingen mellem forskellige væv6.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Imager.M2m Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Fluorescence microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERC5s camera</td>
			<td>Axiocam</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Color-capable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRm camera</td>
			<td>Axiocam</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Fluorescence-capable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nile red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>N1142</td>
			<td>Lipid Stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil red O</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A12989</td>
			<td>Lipid Stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>DNA stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl Alcohol</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH1133-1LP</td>
			<td>Fixative solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 &#181;m seterile syringe filter</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>28145-477</td>
			<td>Cellulose acetate filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5430</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5428000015</td>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker Rotisserie</td>
			<td>Lab Quake</td>
			<td>400110Q</td>
			<td>Shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube Rotator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10136-084</td>
			<td>Rotator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7758-11-4</td>
			<td>NGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7778-77-0</td>
			<td>NGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>7786-30-3</td>
			<td>NGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10035-04-8</td>
			<td>NGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7647-14-5</td>
			<td>NGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>57-88-5</td>
			<td>NGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>211677</td>
			<td>NGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>L9110</td>
			<td>NGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB media</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3147</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of lipid abundance and evaluation of lipid distribution in caenorhabditis elegans by nile red and oil red o staining

Caenorhabditis elegans er en enestående model organisme i at studere lipid metabolisme og energi homøostase. Mange af dens lipid gener er bevaret hos mennesker og er forbundet med metabolisk syndrom eller andre sygdomme. Undersøgelse af lipid ophobning i denne organisme kan udføres af Fikseringsvæske farvestoffer eller etiket-fri metoder. Fikseringsvæske pletter som Nilen rød og olie røde O er billige og pålidelige måder at måle kvantitativt lipidniveauer og kvalitativt observere lipid distribution på tværs af væv, henholdsvis. Derudover tillader disse pletter high throughput screening af forskellige lipid metabolisme gener og veje. Derudover deres hydrofob karakter letter fedtopløselighed, reducerer interaktion med omgivende væv, og forhindrer dissociation i opløsningsmidlet. Selv om disse metoder er effektive til at undersøge generelle lipid indhold, giver de ikke detaljerede oplysninger om den kemiske sammensætning og mangfoldighed af lipid indskud. Til disse formål, etiket-gratis metoder såsom GC-MS og biler mikroskopi er bedre egnet, deres omkostninger uanset.

SKN-1 er en bZip, cytoprotective transkriptionsfaktor, der deler homologi med pattedyr NRF2 og har vist sig at mægle fedtsyre oxidation. Afhængigt af koncentrationen af glukose i deres kost viser orme med en constitutively aktiveret skn-1 allel forskellige lipidniveauer når farves med Nilen rød7. Figur 1A -C viser aktiverede skn-1 dyr udsættes for forhold, der fører til stigende lipidniveauer. N...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Lipid Abundance and Evaluation of Lipid Distribution in Caenorhabditis elegans by Nile Red and Oil Red O Staining at JoVE.com

Quantification of Lipid Abundance and Evaluation of Lipid Distribution in Caenorhabditis elegans by Nile Red and Oil Red O Staining

Kvantificering af Lipid overflod og evaluering af Lipid Distribution i Caenorhabditis elegans af Nilen rød og olie røde O farvning

Nile rød farvning af fast Caenorhabditis elegans er en metode til kvantitativ måling af neutrale lipid indskud, mens olie røde O farvning letter kvalitativ vurdering af lipid fordeling blandt væv.

Caenorhabditis elegans is an exceptional model organism in which to study lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Many of its lipid genes are conserved ...

The overall goal of these staining methods is to quantify intracellular lipid abundance and evaluate lipid distribution among different tissues. This method can help answer key questions in lipid metabolism such as how are lipids genetically and biochemically regulated and which disease states this regulate lipid homeostasis. The main advantage of this technique is that it is relatively simple and inexpensive to carry out.To carry out Nile Red lipid staining, plate worms on Nematode Growth Medium or NGM seeded with late log OP50 E.coli and grow the worms at 20 degrees Celsius to early L4 stage. Wash the worms with one millimeter of PBST solution and transfer the worm suspension to a 1.5 milliliter microfuge tube. Centrifuge the worms at 560 times gravity for one minute.Then remove the supernatant and repeat the PBST wash until the E.coli is cleared from the suspension. Next, to the worm pellet, add 100 microliters of 40%isopropanol or 60%for ORO staining and incubate the sample at room temperature for three minutes. The addition of isopropanol is crucial for proper permeabilization of the worms before staining.Centrifuge the worms at 560 times gravity for one minute and remove the supernatant without disrupting the worm pellet. It is important to minimize light exposure during the centrifugation steps. Now while in the dark, add 600 microliters of previously prepared NR working solution to each sample.Invert the tubes three times and fully mix the worms and solution. Then incubate the sample in the dark at room temperature for two hours. Following incubation, centrifuge the worms and remove the supernatant.Then add 600 microliters of PBST and incubate the samples in the dark for 30 minutes to remove the excess NR stain. After spinning the samples again as before, remove all but approximately 50 microliters of supernatant and resuspend the worm pellet in the remaining solution. To prepare slides for imaging, pipette five microliters of worm suspension onto a microscope slide and carefully apply a coverslip to avoid trapping any air bubbles.Using the FITC GFP channel to image NR stained worms and trying different exposure times, image the worms at five-fold magnification to capture several animals per field of view. Then switch to 10-fold magnification for better quantification of individual worms. To quantify the images, upload the micrographs to ImageJ.In the image pull down menu, adjust the brightness, contrast of the image deck, and propagate changes to all the images by clicking apply. Use the polygon selection tool to delineate each imaged worm and under the analysis pull down menu, use the measure function to qualify fluorescence intensity emitted by NR.For each image, measure five background locations and calculate the average background fluorescence intensity. Add 600 microliters of Oil Red O or ORO working solution to each sample and invert the tube three times to mix the worms well and the ORO.Rotate the samples at 30 RPM and RT for two hours. Centrifuge the samples at 560 times gravity for one minute and aspirate all the supernatant except for 100 microliters. Then use 600 microliters of PBST to resuspend the samples and rotate the tubes at 30 RPM for 30 minutes to remove excess ORO staining.To better distinguish the location of the animals'germ line in the intestinal cells, stain nuclei by adding one microliter of DAPI for every one milliliter of ORO working solution. Then to prepare slides for imaging, resuspend the worms and the remaining supernatant and mix the solution well. Put five microliters of worm suspension on a microscope slide and carefully apply a coverslip ensuring that no air bubbles form.To image the ORO stained worms, use a color capable camera at five-fold magnification to image several worms in one field of view. Then switch to 10-fold magnification for better examination of individual worms. Finally, after uploading the images to ImageJ and creating an image deck according to the text protocol, categorize the images according to lipid accumulation throughout the animal's body or in specific tissues.SKN-1 shares homology with mammalian Nrf2 and has been shown to mediate fatty acid oxidation. This figure shows activated SKN-1 animals exposed to conditions that lead to increasing lipid levels. As seen in these images, NR fluorescence captured using the FITC GFP channel is prominent along the intestine, but is dimmer in the head, tail, and intestinal lumen.While it is easy to categorize the worms according to the presence or absence of Age-dependent Somatic Depletion of Fat or ASDF, it may be difficult to identify animals with intermediate fat loss. Compared to non-ASDF animals, which show bright red staining throughout the body with few translucent areas, ASDF worms exhibit noticeable fat depletion in intestinal cells. Animals in the process of developing ASDF often show translucent spots where most of the fat loss eventually occur.Moreover, ASDF worms may still feature bright red staining in the head and tail regions because the phenotype is not defined by complete somatic fat loss, but by extensive fat depletion relative to non-aged animals. Once mastered, this technique can be done in three hours plus imaging time if it is performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to wash and permeabilize worms no more than 30 minutes before staining.Following this procedure, other methods like CARS microscopy can be performed to compare the type of lipid species each technology identifies and to determine which method is better suited for specific types of questions. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to quantify lipids and evaluate lipid distribution in the worms using Nile Red and Oil Red O staining, followed by ImageJ micrograph analysis.

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Biology

Quantification of Lipid Abundance and Evaluation of Lipid Distribution in Caenorhabditis elegans by Nile Red and Oil Red O Staining

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Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles that play an important role in lipid metabolism and neutral lipid storage in cells. They are associated with a variety ...