Name: in situ lithiated reference electrode: four electrode design for in-operando impedance spectroscopy
Uploaded: 2018-09-12T14:00:00
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著者は、米国エネルギー省、エネルギー効率のオフィスおよび再生可能エネルギーからの財政支援を認めます。

1. ストリッピング銅/錫線
<ol><li>熱は商業的剥離液を得た。<ol>
<li>底から 5 mm 程度の深さに商業工業用グレード ステンレス ビーカー (7.6 cm 径と高さ 8.5 cm) に剥離液を注ぐ。ホット プレートにビーカーを置きます。約 5 ° C/分の遅い速度で加熱を開始します。</li>
		<li>密接にソリューションの温度ランプを監視し、必要な加熱速度で維持するためにホット プレートの加熱速度を調整するソリ?...

<ol>
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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+Degradation+Mechanisms+of+LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2+Cathode+Material+in+Lithium+Ion+Batteries.">Understanding the Degradation Mechanisms of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode Material in Lithium Ion Batteries.</a> Advanced Energy Materials. 4 (1), 1300787 (2014).</li><li>Streipert, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+LiPF6+on+the+Aluminum+Current+Collector+Dissolution+in+High+Voltage+Lithium+Ion+Batteries+after+Long-Term+Charge/Discharge+Experiments.">Influence of LiPF6 on the Aluminum Current Collector Dissolution in High Voltage Lithium Ion Batteries after Long-Term Charge/Discharge Experiments.</a> Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 164 (7), A1474-A1479 (2017).</li><li>Gilbert, J. 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V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+capacity+loss+due+to+solid-electrolyte-interphase+layer+formation+on+silicon+negative+electrodes+in+lithium-ion+batteries.">Quantifying capacity loss due to solid-electrolyte-interphase layer formation on silicon negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 215, 145-151 (2012).</li><li>Ender, M., Weber, A., Ellen, I. -. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Three-Electrode+Setups+for+AC-Impedance+Measurements+on+Lithium-Ion+Cells+by+FEM+simulations.">Analysis of Three-Electrode Setups for AC-Impedance Measurements on Lithium-Ion Cells by FEM simulations.</a> Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 159 (2), A128-A136 (2011).</li><li>Zhou, J., Notten, P. H. 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L., Srinivasan, V., Battaglia, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+and+Simulations+of+Electrochemical+Impedance+Spectroscopy+of+a+Three-Electrode+Coin+Cell+Design+for+Li-Ion+Cell+Testing.">Measurements and Simulations of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of a Three-Electrode Coin Cell Design for Li-Ion Cell Testing.</a> Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 161 (9), A1253-A1260 (2014).</li><li>Hoshi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+reference+electrode+position+in+a+three-electrode+cell+for+impedance+measurements+in+lithium-ion+rechargeable+battery+by+finite+element+method.">Optimization of reference electrode position in a three-electrode cell for impedance measurements in lithium-ion rechargeable battery by finite element method.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 288 (Supplement C), 168-175 (2015).</li><li>La Mantia, F., Wessells, C. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+electrochemical+performance+of+alloy+anodes+for+lithium-ion+batteries.">A review of the electrochemical performance of alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 196 (1), 13-24 (2011).</li><li>Klett, M., Gilbert, J. A., Pupek, K. Z., Trask, S. E., Abraham, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Layered+Oxide,+Graphite+and+Silicon-Graphite+Electrodes+for+Lithium-Ion+Cells:+Effect+of+Electrolyte+Composition+and+Cycling+Windows.">Layered Oxide, Graphite and Silicon-Graphite Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Cells: Effect of Electrolyte Composition and Cycling Windows.</a> Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 164 (1), A6095-A6102 (2017).</li><li>Ma, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Guide+to+Ethylene+Carbonate-Free+Electrolyte+Making+for+Li-Ion+Cells.">A Guide to Ethylene Carbonate-Free Electrolyte Making for Li-Ion Cells.</a> Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 164 (1), A5008-A5018 (2017).</li><li>Michan, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluoroethylene+Carbonate+and+Vinylene+Carbonate+Reduction:+Understanding+Lithium-Ion+Battery+Electrolyte+Additives+and+Solid+Electrolyte+Interphase+Formation.">Fluoroethylene Carbonate and Vinylene Carbonate Reduction: Understanding Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Additives and Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation.</a> Chemistry of Materials. 28 (22), 8149-8159 (2016).</li><li>Rahmoun, A., Loske, M., Rosin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+Impedance+of+Lithium-ion+Batteries+Using+Methods+of+Digital+Signal+Processing.">Determination of the Impedance of Lithium-ion Batteries Using Methods of Digital Signal Processing.</a> Energy Procedia. 46, 204-213 (2014).</li><li>Jiang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+Impedance+Spectra+for+Lithium-ion+Battery+Ageing+Considering+the+Rate+of+Discharge+Ability.">Electrochemical Impedance Spectra for Lithium-ion Battery Ageing Considering the Rate of Discharge Ability.</a> Energy Procedia. 105, 844-849 (2017).</li><li>Andre, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+high-power+lithium-ion+batteries+by+electrochemical+impedance+spectroscopy.+I.+Experimental+investigation.">Characterization of high-power lithium-ion batteries by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. I. Experimental investigation.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 196 (12), 5334-5341 (2011).</li><li>Li, S. E., Wang, B., Peng, H., Hu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+electrochemistry-based+impedance+model+for+lithium-ion+batteries.">An electrochemistry-based impedance model for lithium-ion batteries.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 258, 9-18 (2014).</li></ol>

図 2 aは、図 2 b中セルの電圧プロファイルと2 c 3 と 4.4 V、セルを循環しながら、肯定的な否定的な電極 vs Li/li+カップルに対応する電圧プロファイルを表示します。完全セルを 3 と 4.4 V スキャン、正極経験 3.65 V、4.45 V と 0.65 V と 0.05 V対の負の電極間の電圧を見ることができます。Li/李+それぞれ。充電中 (対</e...

高エネルギー密度リチウム イオン電池 (Lib) の需要は、リチウム イオン電池性能1を制限する根本的な要因を理解することの方の研究です。新世代の層状遷移金属酸化物カソード、黒鉛陽極と有機性炭酸塩電解質を含むセルの高電圧動作はいくつか寄生反応2,3に関連付けられます。これらの反応はリチウム - イオンの在庫を消費され、セル4,5,6、7の重要なインピー ダンス上昇、しばしば結果します。リチウム イオンの損失は、電極の表面電位の純シフトにもなります。セル参照電極に対しての個々 の電極上の電圧の変化の監視 (RE) は商業の 3 電極セル設計8,9,10,11で実行できます。,12,13,14. 電圧プロファイルと個々 の電極のインピー ダンス変化に関する情報は lib には根本的な劣化機構のより深い理解を促進します。従来の 3 電極セルは、各電極の電気化学的プロセスの明確な理解を容易にする参照電極として金属リチウムを含みます。有機電解液と接触して金属リチウムが自発的な表面改質を受け、李この表面層の貢献は、定量化された15をすることはできません。いくつかの 3 電極構成など (a) T モデル、(b) マイクロ-再配置作業しカウンター電極同軸、カウンター電極等の後ろに RE に (c) のコインを以前提案されている.これらのセルの構成のほとんどはある電解質の伝導率が低いためインピー ダンス データで重要なドリフトを生成するセル サンドイッチから離れて配置されている日時です。それは、信頼性の高いインピー ダンス データを保証するサンドイッチのセンター駐在測定を通じて安定的ポテンシャルを再する必要がありますが実証されています。
これらの矛盾を解決するために含むセル セットアップ 4 分の 1 を16再設計した.極薄の Sn めっき Cu 配線は、Li のxSn 合金を形成する電気化学的リチウム化その場観察することができますバッテリーの電極の間に挟まれています。Sn は、リチオ化を受け、参照線の電圧低下、完全に前記ワイヤ 0 V対に近い可能性があります。李+/Li17。前記組成物が金属リチウムに匹敵するポテンシャルと準安定合金測定の期間中に潜在的な安定を容易にします。電解質にさらされる金属リチウム、電解液分解生成物の表面層を形成しやすい。結合、片方の電極と Li 金属参照スペクトルを集めることによって個々 の電極のインピー ダンスをプローブする EIS 測定インピー ダンスにこれらの層の貢献のため信頼性の高いされていません。電解質削減は李 Sn 面上も避け、その場で前記参照線が次の利点: 電圧として (a) ないの定数電解質分解生成物は常に上の分解の可能性電解質場合を除き、前記、界面層; システムのない李在庫の減少がうかがわれる(b) Sn 線のリチオ化中に形成される層が EIS データにごくわずかな貢献を提供する、非常に小さな領域(c) 結成製品の劣化は Sn 線李とすべてのリチオ化そしてこうして非常に薄い界面層の形成、これらの厚みが増加する代わりにすべての時間の中に新鮮な Sn 線のリチオ化の結果、ワイヤーの増加の可能性を失うと、レイヤー。参照としてこれらの合金と記録されたスペクトルは、電極インピー ダンスのより正確で信頼性の高いデータを提供します。検査を行って標準 2032 型コインとセル、4 電極日時は当社の設計を検証する細胞します。これらのテストとデータの我々 の解釈からの結果は、我々 のプロトコルの有効性を説明する代表的な結果として使用されます。3 4.4 V 形成サイクル、高齢化のサイクル、および定期的な交流インピー ダンス測定をサイクリング中に含まれている標準のプロトコルを続くサイクリングします。コイン セル測定サイクル寿命、容量保持、AC インピー ダンス変化、等日時セルなどのパラメーターに関する貴重な情報が監視電圧の変化を有効にし、個々 の電極のインピー ダンス上昇を提供します。容量フェードとインピー ダンス上昇に機械論的理解は、電解質システムの開発のためのガイドラインを提供し、高電圧セルの操作の間に各電極から能力の損失のための貢献を理解できます。
李1.03 (Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)0.97O2が我々 の細胞に含まれている (示されるここでは NMC532 として)-正極、黒鉛系負極を用いた (示されるここで Gr として) と LiPF 6の 1.2 M 溶液でフッ素炭酸塩 (FEC): エチル メチル炭酸塩 (EMC) (5: 95/w) 電解質として。本研究で用いられる電極は細胞解析、モデリング、アルゴンヌ国立研究所の試作 (キャンプ) 設備の標準的な電極です。肯定的な電極は、20 μ m 厚アル現在コレクターの 90:5:5 の重量比のポリフッ化ビニリデン (PVdF) バインダー、導電性カーボン添加物 (C-45) NMC532 で構成されます。否定的な電極は黒鉛、C-45、10 μ m 厚銅現在コレクターの 92:2:6 の重量比で PVdF バインダーと混合で構成されます。電極積層板から直径 5.08 cm の円形ディスクが打撃を受け、区切り記号は 7.62 cm 内径の器具で使用する 7.62 cm 死ぬパンチされました。これらの電極は、120 ° C と 75 ° c 真空オーブンでセル ・ アセンブリの前に少なくとも 12 時間区切り記号で乾燥されました。治具設計の概略は、図 1で表されます。大規模な治具、電極インピー ダンス スペクトルにおける最小の歪みを提供するため、単位面積当たりの電流分布の最小不均一性を確保します。3 4.4 V C/3 レートでサイクルと C/20 に分けて診断高齢化 100 C/20 レートで 2 つ形成サイクルを含まれている標準のプロトコルを続くサイクリングします。30 ° C ですべてのバッテリー テストを行った電気化学的サイクリング データ バッテリー サーマルサイクラーを用いて測定し、電気化学インピー ダンス分光法 (EIS) は、電気化学測定装置システムを使用して実行されます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="645">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Insulstrip 220</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Ambion Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">081607-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Hydroxide (23 wt%)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Ambion Corporation</td>
			<td>1310-73-2</td>
			<td>Contents of Insulstrip 220</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Furfuryl Alcohol (10 wt%)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Ambion Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">98-00-0</td>
			<td>Contents of Insulstrip 220</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NCM523</td>
			<td>TODA America</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NM4100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">C-45&#160;</td>
			<td>Timcal Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">427152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sn over Cu wire</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Kanthal</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MELT # 24633</td>
			<td>Custom ordered</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Battery cycler</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Maccor USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Series 2300&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potentiostat</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Solartron Analytical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1470 E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in situ lithiated reference electrode: four electrode design for in-operando impedance spectroscopy

これらのデバイスから高エネルギーの出力により、リチウム イオン電池の動作電圧を拡張します。高電圧は、ただし、トリガー、長期的なパフォーマンスの崩壊の責任の複数のプロセスを加速します。セル内部に発生する物理的なプロセスの複雑さを考えると、それはしばしばこのパフォーマンスの低下の根本的な原因の完全な理解を達成するために困難です。この難しさは電池の電気化学的計測がセルにすべてのコンポーネントの合計の貢献を返すように事実から一部で発生します。できますが個別にプローブ陽極、陰極の電気化学反応、参照電極の定款は、問題の一部を解決できます。陰極によって経験される電圧の変動など全セルに cyclable のリチウム イオンのプールの変化を示すことができます。各電極は全体的な電池のインピー ダンスの貢献を測定することによって、既存の電池の多くの表面の構造の進化も監視できます。このような豊富な情報は、診断におけるリチウム イオン電池の範囲を増幅し、個々 の細胞の部品の最適化への貴重な入力を提供します。この作品で紹介する複数の参照電極を収容することができるテスト セルの設計とアセンブリの詳細測定の特定の種類ごとに適切な現在の参照電極処理の精度を最大化するために実験の結果では。

図 2は、1.2 M LiPF6 (FEC) と個々 の電極の電圧の代表的なプロファイル: 形成の最初と 2 番目のサイクル中に電解質として EMC (5: 95/w)。図 3は、3 つの形成サイクルの後、サイクル ライフ高齢化プロトコルの最後にセルの EIS スペクトルを示します。日時機械化する機能個々 の電極のインピー ダンスを正確に追跡の EIS ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy

参照電極のリチウム イオン電池の採用は、高電圧の劣化機構を解明する貴重な情報を提供します。この記事では収容する電気化学的計測で得られたデータの最大精度を保証するためにアセンブリ手順と共に、複数の参照電極セル設計を提案します。

Operando のインピー ダンス分光法の 4 電極設計場前記参照電極。

Extending operating voltage of Li-ion batteries results in higher energy output from these devices. High voltages, however, may trigger or accelerate ...

The demand for better performing lithium ion batteries is driving research towards understanding factors causing degradation. The method described here can precisely guage the behavior of individual battery components. The wealth of information that this technique provides amplifies the reach of diagnostic analysis in lithium ion batteries, and provides valuable input into the optimization of individual cell components.To begin, obtain a four centimeter wide seven centimeter long jig made of two millimeter thick copper wire. With flat loops to stabilize the jig at one end, and a handle at the other end. Then, pour about 23 milliliters of industrial grade stripping solution into a 7.6 centimeter diameter stainless steel beaker to obtain a solution depth of about five millimeters.Immerse a thermo couple in the solution, keeping the tip away from the bottom of the beaker. Start heating the beaker on a hot plate to 85 degrees celsius. While the solution heats, carefully wind 60 centimeters of 25.4 micron polyurethane coated tin plated copper wire length wise around the jig.Gently tape the ends of the wire to the handles. Once the solution reaches 85 degrees celsius, turn off the heat and place the jig vertically in the solution to immerse one side of the wrapped wire. Leave the jig in the solution for 15 seconds, and then rinse the wire and jig in deionized water for 15 seconds.Inspect the wire for exposed tin, which will appear as a silvery white material. Repeat the immersion in stripping solution and rinsing until one side of the wrapped wire has been completely stripped to the tin layer. Be careful not to etch away the plated tin.Then, rinse the jig and wire in deionized water and allow them to dry in air at room temperature. Once dry, cut the wire in the center of each stripped area to obtain approximately 10 centimeter long wires with exposed tin plated ends. To begin preparing a reference wire, cut about 10 centimeters of insulated two millimeter wide electrical circuit wire.Strip about two centimeters of insulation from each end of the wire. Then, gently lay one stripped end of a tin plated copper wire on the stripped electrical wire. Solder the junction to form an electrical contact between the wires.Confirm that the resistance across the newly formed tin reference electrode is between six and eight ohms. Assemble a second reference electrode with an exposed copper end in the same way, and bring the wires into an argon filled glove box. Next, cut a piece of 200 micron thick lithium metal no larger than five millimeters by five millimeters, and place it on a PTFE platform.Use a roller covered with polymer tape to flatten the metal to 25 microns thick. Then, bend the metal into a U shape, and lay the exposed tip of the copper wire in the bend. Carefully press the lithium around the wire to completely encapsulate the exposed copper.This will be the lithium metal reference electrode. Place an anode in a lithium cell fixture so that the center of the electrode is slightly offset from the center of the fixture. Place an insulating separator made of a trilayer of polyethylene and polypropylene on the anode.Use a PTFE sweep to gently remove trapped air bubbles between the anode and the separator. Ensure that the separator is firmly seated in the fixture. Then, apply a 10 microliter drop of the electrolyte on the separator two millimeters form the edge of the anode.Apply a second drop over the center of the anode. Position the exposed tin plated tip of the tin reference electrode in the drop at the center of the anode. Position the tip of the lithium reference electrode in the drop two millimeters away from the anode.Apply another 10 microliter drop of electrolyte to the lithium encapsulated tip, and remove air bubbles between the lithium metal and the separator with the sweep. Then, apply 400 microliters of electrolyte to the separator. Place a second separator on the assembly so that the reference electrode wires are sandwiched between the separators.To avoid applying excessive tension to the wires, leave some slack in the wires between the separators. Remove air bubbles between the separators with the sweep. Then, wet a cathode with 400 microliters of the electrolyte solution.Place the cathode on the upper separator aligned with the anode. Carefully place a stainless steel spacer on the cathode without disturbing the alignment of the cell stack. Put two stainless steel wave springs on the spacer to accommodate cell volume changes and pressure build up, and then close the fixture.Connect the cathode and anode of the battery cell to the corresponding battery cycler terminals. Connect the lithium reference electrode to the auxiliary terminal. Generate voltage profiles for each electrode with respect to the lithium couple.Apply a constant current of five microamperes for six hours between the cathode and the tin reference electrode with an upper voltage cutoff of four volts to electrochemically lithiate the tin. When finished, disconnect the cell from the battery cycler terminals, and allow the lithiated wire to equilibrate for two hours. To confirm successful lithiation, connect the lithium reference electrode to the auxiliary terminal, and the lithiated tin electrode to the negative terminal.The potential difference between them should be close to zero volts. To obtain spectra for the full cell, first, connect the negative voltage and current terminals of a potentia stat to the anode, and the positive terminals to the cathode. Cycle the electrochemical couple over a small voltage amplitude below five millivolts using alternating current or varying frequencies, with the impedance response plotted as the imaginary component versus the real component.Next, switch the negative voltage and current terminals from the anode to the lithium tip alloy electrode, and acquire a spectrum of the cathode versus the lithium tin alloy electrode. Lastly, connect the negative voltage and current terminals to the anode, and the positive terminals to the lithium tin alloy electrode. Voltage profiles were obtained of the full cell, and of each electrode with respect to the lithium couple.The increasing potential of the positive electrode during charge indicated delithiation. And the decreasing potential of the negative electrode correspondingly indicated lithiation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed a significant increase in impedance of the positive electrode with respect to the lithiated tin reference electrode after the battery had been cycled 100 times, but a minimal increase in impedance of the negative electrode.This implied that the overall increase in impedance was predominantly driven by the increase in positive impedance. Cycling at extreme voltage conditions increases the chances of lithium plating onto the negative electrode, causing intense safety challenges. Additional experiments are under way to understand the occurrence of lithium plating by developing protocols to probe the onset of lithium deposition.This approach can be used to obtain insider information about electrode behavior during the aging of a battery. Align tin wire with metals such as sodium or magnesium can widen the application of this technique to new generation batteries.

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

その場 SIMSおよび質量選択されたイオンのソフトランディングで調製し明確に定義された表面の赤外分光法における

Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces is a powerful approach for the highly-controlled preparation of materials that are inaccessible using ...

化学

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

ホウ素ドープダイヤモンド電極品質とアプリケーションの評価<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;水電解による局所のpHの変更

Boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have shown considerable promise as an electrode material where many of their reported properties such as extended ...

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

保存科学における粉末X線回折：遺産アートオブジェクトに対する腐食製品のルーチンの結晶構造の決意に向けて

The crystal structure determination and refinement process of corrosion products on historic art objects using laboratory high-resolution X-ray powder ...

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

電気化学インピー ダンス分光電気化学定数推定法のためのツールとして

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). ...

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

シリアル結晶の結晶 x 線回折その場その場での動的光散乱のためのマイクロ流体チップ

This protocol describes fabricating microfluidic devices with low X-ray background optimized for goniometer based fixed target serial crystallography. The ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

原金ナノ粒子合成による急速なナノプローブ信号強調

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...

A Closed-Type Wireless Nanopore Electrode for Analyzing Single Nanoparticles

単一ナノ粒子を分析するための密閉型無線ナノポア電極

Measuring the intrinsic features of single nanoparticles by nanoelectrochemistry holds deep fundamental importance and has potential impacts in ...

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

イン・シチュガス・固体相互作用の調査ツールとしてのFTIR分光法:UiO-66金属有機フレームワークにおける水強化CO2吸着

In situ infrared spectroscopy is an inexpensive, highly sensitive, and selective valuable tool to investigate the interaction of polycrystalline solids ...

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

In Situ赤外線分光法と組み合わせた滴定を用いたルイスペアの特徴付け

Lewis acid-activation of carbonyl-containing substrates is a fundamental basis for facilitating transformations in organic chemistry. Historically, ...

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy

AFMベースの力分光法のための単一分子の共有結合

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single molecule force spectroscopy is an ideal tool for investigating the interactions between a single polymer and ...

Operando のインピー ダンス分光法の 4 電極設計場前記参照電極。

Operando のインピーダンス分光法の 4 電極設計場前記参照電極。