Name: a protein microarray assay for serological determination of antigen-specific antibody responses following clostridium difficile infection
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection at JoVE.com

Dit onderzoek werd gesteund door een Hermes Fellowship aan Ola Negm en Tanya Monaghan en via afzonderlijke financiering van het centrum van Nottingham spijsvertering ziekten en de NIHR Nottingham spijsvertering ziekten Biomedical Research Centre.

1. voorbereiden van een plaat van Microarray
<ol><li>C. difficile antigenen met een afdrukken buffer [PBS-Tween-trehalose (50 mM)] op de optimale concentratie (die was vooraf gedefinieerd voordat u de patiënt sera) verdund: toxine een (200 µg/mL) en toxine B (100 µg/mL), pCDTb (200 µg/mL), en gezuiverde native hele SLPs afgeleid van ribotypes 001, 002 en 027 (200 µg/mL). Opmerking: Toxine B is verkregen uit een toxine B-uiten stam CCUG 20309 (90 µg/mL).<ol>
<li>De positieve controle, lysates van C...

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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+prevalence+of+subclass-specific+binding+and+neutralizing+antibodies+against+Clostridium+difficile.+toxins+in+adult+cystic+fibrosis+sera:+possible+mode+of+immunoprotection+against+symptomatic+C.+difficile+infection.">High prevalence of subclass-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium difficile. toxins in adult cystic fibrosis sera: possible mode of immunoprotection against symptomatic C. difficile infection.</a> Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 10, 169-175 (2017).</li><li>Negm, O. 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In dit protocol hebben we aangetoond dat microarray is een geschikt platform voor het definiëren van humorale immuunreacties aan C. difficile eiwit antigenen patiënt sera (cijfers 3 en 6) en commerciële preparaten van IVIg (Figuur 5). We hebben ook aangetoond dat de techniek van microarray presteert goed vergeleken met conventionele ELISA (Figuur 2) en uitstekende reproduceerbaarheid, toont met intra - en intersite -...

Dit protocol beschrijft de ontwikkeling en validatie van een nieuwe en aangepaste eiwit microarray assay voor het opsporen en semi-kwantificering van bacteriële stam en isotype-specifieke antilichaam reacties op C. difficile antigenen. Wij gebruiken met succes onze C. difficile-specifieke microarray assay als een veelbelovend nieuw hulpmiddel voor de compositorische bioanalyse van specifieke antilichaam inhoud in patiënt sera1,2, bereidingen van IVIg3, en identificatie van specifieke kenmerken van antilichaam die met de slechte resultaten in de CDI4 correleren. We laten zien hoe biobanked serummonsters en commerciële preparaten van IVIg kunnen worden geanalyseerd op microarray dia's, waardoor hoge kwaliteit reproduceerbaar profilering van C. difficile pathogeen-specifieke antilichaam reacties in deze test.
Veel gezonde kinderen en volwassenen hebben detecteerbare serum IgG- en IgA-antilichamen tegen C. difficile toxines A en B5,6. Deze worden verondersteld te ontstaan naar aanleiding van voorbijgaande blootstelling tijdens kinderschoenen en na blootstelling aan C. difficile in de volwassenheid. Om deze reden polyklonale IVIg is afwijkend gebruikt voor de behandeling van recidiverende zowel fulminant CDI7,8,9. Echter, haar definitieve rol en werkingsmechanisme is onduidelijk. Verschillende studies hebben aangetoond dat de humorale immune reactie op toxines van C. difficile een rol bij ziekte presentatie en resultaat speelt. Specifiek, weergeven asymptomatische patiënten een verhoogde anti-toxine A IgG serumconcentratie vergeleken met patiënten die de ontwikkeling van de symptomatische ziekte10 Een aantoonbare vereniging is gemeld voor de mediane anti-toxine A IgG titers en 30-daagse all-cause mortality11. Verscheidene verslagen is ook gebleken dat een associatie met een bescherming tegen herhaling en antilichaam reacties op het toxine A, B en verschillende niet-toxine antigenen (Cwp66, Cwp84, FliC, FliD en toplaag eiwitten (SLPs))12,13 , 14 , 15. deze opmerkingen hebben aangespoord de ontwikkeling van de eerste passieve immunotherapie drug-toxine met targeting C. difficile B (bezlotuxumab), dat onlangs is goedgekeurd door de US Food and Drug Administration en het Europees Geneesmiddelenbureau Agentschap voor het voorkomen van terugkerende CDI16. Vaccinatiestrategieën door middel van geïnactiveerd toxines of recombinante toxine fragmenten zijn ook momenteel in ontwikkeling17,18,19. Deze nieuwe therapeutische benaderingen zullen ongetwijfeld het stimuleren van de eis voor de evaluatie van de humorale immuunreacties aan meerdere antigenen in grote steekproeven.
Vandaag, is er een opmerkelijke gebrek verkrijgbare high-throughput assays staat gelijktijdig bacteriële stam en isotype-specifieke antilichaam reacties op C. difficile antigenen. Er is een unmet behoefte aan het ontwikkelen van deze gehaltebepalingen om toekomstige onderzoeksinspanningen en klinische toepassingen te vergemakkelijken. Eiwit microarrays is een methode om grote aantallen van individueel gezuiverd eiwitten als een ruimtelijk georganiseerde matrix van plekken op een microscopische dia gebaseerde oppervlak te immobiliseren met behulp van een robot systeem, dat een contact20 of een contactloze zijn kan gereedschap21afdrukken. De plekken kunnen complexe mengsels zoals cel lysates, antilichamen, weefsel homogenates, endogene of recombinante eiwitten peptiden, lichaamsvloeistoffen of drugs22,23vertegenwoordigen.
Eiwit microarray technologie biedt duidelijke voordelen boven standaard in-house ELISA technieken, die van oudsher gebruikt hebben om te beoordelen van de anti -C. difficile antilichaam reacties. Deze omvatten een grotere capaciteit voor het opsporen van een aantal multi-isotype-specifieke antistoffen tegen een uitgebreidere panel van eiwit doelen, verminderde volume eisen voor antigenen, monsters en reagentia, en een verbeterde mogelijkheid om te integreren in een groter aantal technische replicatieonderzoeken, naast meerdere interne kwaliteitscontrole (QC) meet1. Microarrays zijn daarom meer gevoelige, nauwkeurig en reproduceerbaar en hebben een groter dynamisch bereik. Deze factoren maken microarrays een goedkoper en potentieel gunstige alternatief voor ELISAs voor de grootschalige opsporing van bekende eiwitten. Nadelen van microarray technologie leidt echter tot voornamelijk uit de grote up-front kosten in verband met de oprichting van een panel van hoogst gezuiverde antigenen en het opzetten van het technologische platform.
Eiwit microarrays zijn uitgebreid gebruikt in de afgelopen twee decennia als een onderzoeksinstrument van de diagnostische en fundamenteel in klinische toepassingen. Specifieke toepassingen omvatten eiwit expressie profilering, de studie van enzym-substraat relaties, biomerker screening, analyse van host-microbe interacties, en profiling van antilichaam specificiteit23,24, 25,26,27,28. Veel nieuwe pathogen eiwit/antigeen microarrays zijn vastgesteld, met inbegrip van malaria (Plasmodium)29, HIV-130, influenza31, ernstig acuut respiratoir syndroom (SARS)32, virale hemorragische koorts33 , infectieziekte34en35van de tuberculose.
Dit protocol heeft betrekking op de oprichting van een eenvoudige operationele C. difficile reactieve antigeen microarray assay, waarmee specifieke, nauwkeurige en precieze kwantificering van multi-isotype en stam-specifieke antilichaam reacties op C. difficile antigenen in sera en polyclonal IVIg. Wij zijn hierin, representatieve resultaten met betrekking tot een aanvaardbaar microarray assay prestaties in vergelijking met ELISA evenals assay nauwkeurigheid en reproduceerbaarheid van de techniek van profielen. Deze bepaling verder kan worden ontwikkeld om het profiel van andere klinische monsters en zet een nieuwe standaard voor onderzoek naar de moleculaire basis van de CDI.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">BioRobotics MicroGrid II arrayer</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">Digilab, Malborough, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:836px;">Contact arrayer used to automated spotting of the antigens onto the slides.</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scanner InnoScan 710.</td>
			<td>Innopsys</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A fluorescent microarray slide scanner with a red (Cy5) laser to read the reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MAPIX software version 7.2.0</td>
			<td>Innopsys</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Measure signal intensities of the spots.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Silicon contact pin</td>
			<td>Parallel Synthesis Technologies</td>
			<td>SMT-P75</td>
			<td>Print the samples onto the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo Scientific Nalgene Desiccator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>41102426</td>
			<td>To store the new and printed slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">384-well plate</td>
			<td>Genetix</td>
			<td>X7022UN</td>
			<td>To prepare the antigens.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plate cover</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, UK</td>
			<td>CLS6570-100EA</td>
			<td>To reduce evaporation of the samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Aminosilane slides</td>
			<td>Schott,&#160; Germany</td>
			<td>1064875</td>
			<td>The slide of choice for printing the antigens.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slide holders</td>
			<td>GraceBio Labs, USA</td>
			<td>204862</td>
			<td>Divide the slides into identical 16 subarrays. These holders are re-usable, removable, leak-proof wells .&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Candida albicans lysate</td>
			<td>NIBSC</td>
			<td>PR-BA117-S</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tetanus Toxoid&#160;</td>
			<td>Athens Research and Technology</td>
			<td>04/150</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G IgG, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-1</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G1 IgG1, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-2</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G2 IgG2, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-3</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G3 IgG3, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-4</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G4 IgG4, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), Human Myeloma Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701-1M</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A2 (IgA2), Human Myeloma Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701-2M</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A2 (IgA2), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090713</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biotinylated Goat Anti-Human IgG Antibody, gamma chain specific</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>BA-3080</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG (&#947;-chain specific)-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG1 Hinge-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9052-08&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG1 biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG1 but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG2 Fc-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9060-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG2 -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG 2but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG3 Hinge-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9210-08&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG3-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG3 but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG4 pFc&#39;-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9190-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Human IgA, alpha chain specific, made in goat - Biotinylated</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>BA-3030</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgA1-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9130-08</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgA2-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9140-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgM-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9020-08&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2 mm syringe filter</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>723-2520</td>
			<td>Filter the 5% BSA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, UK</td>
			<td>A7284</td>
			<td>Use 5% BSA for blocking the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antibody diluent</td>
			<td>Dako, UK</td>
			<td>S3022</td>
			<td>To dilute the serum and the secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Streptavidin Cy5</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>SA1011</td>
			<td>Detection of the immune reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified whole C. difficile toxins A and B (toxinotype 0, strain VPI 10463, ribotype 087)</td>
			<td>Toxins Group, Public Health England</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified whole C. difficile toxin B (CCUG 20309 toxin B only expressing strain)</td>
			<td>Toxins Group, Public Health England</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Precursor form of B fragment of binary toxin, pCDTb</td>
			<td>University of Bath&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Produced in E. Coli from wholly synthetic recombinant gene construct. Amino acid sequence based on published sequence from 027 ribotype (http:www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A8DS70)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified native whole ribotype-specific (001, 002, 027) surface layer proteins</td>
			<td>Dublin City University&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vigam (IVIg preparation 1)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Privigen (IVIg preparation 2)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Intratect (IVIg preparation 3)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protein microarray assay for serological determination of antigen-specific antibody responses following clostridium difficile infection

Wij bieden een gedetailleerd overzicht van een nieuwe high-throughput eiwit microarray test voor de bepaling van anti -Clostridium difficile antilichaam niveaus in menselijke sera en in afzonderlijke preparaten van polyklonale intraveneuze immunoglobuline (IVIg). Het protocol beschrijft de methodologische stappen die betrokken zijn bij de bereiding van de monsters, afdrukken van matrices, assay procedure en data-analyse. Bovendien, kan dit protocol verder worden ontwikkeld om te nemen van uiteenlopende klinische monsters, met inbegrip van plasma en supernatant van cultuur van de cel. We laten zien hoe eiwit microarray kan worden gebruikt om te bepalen van een combinatie van isotype (IgG, IgA, IgM), subklasse (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2), en stam-specifieke antilichamen tegen sterk gezuiverd hele C. difficile toxines A en B (toxinotype 0, stam VPI 10463, ribotype 087), toxine B van een C. difficile toxine-B-only waarin stam (CCUG 20309), een vorm van de voorloper van een B-fragment van binaire toxine, pCDTb, ribotype-specifieke hele toplaag eiwitten (SLPs; 001, 002, 027), en de controle van eiwitten (tetanus tetanustoxoïd en Candida albicans). Tijdens het experiment zijn microarrays gesondeerd met sera uit individuen met C. difficile infectie (CDI), mensen met cystic fibrosis (CF) zonder diarree, gezonde controles (HC), en individuen pre en post-IVIg therapie voor de behandeling van chronische inflammatoire demyeliniserende polyradiculopathy, CDI en gecombineerde immunodeficiëntie stoornis. We ondervinden aanzienlijke verschillen in toxine neutralisatie efficacies en multi-isotype specifiek antilichaam niveaus tussen patiëntengroepen, commerciële preparaten van IVIg, en sera vóór en volgende IVIg administratie. Ook is er een significante correlatie tussen microarray en enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) voor antitoxine IgG niveaus in serummonsters. Deze resultaten suggereren dat microarray een veelbelovend instrument voor profiling van antilichaam reacties op C.difficile antigenen in gevaccineerde of besmette mensen zou kunnen worden. Met de verdere verfijning van antigeen panelen en een afname van de productiekosten verwachten we dat microarray technologie helpen kan optimaliseren en selecteer de klinisch meest nuttige immuuntherapie voor C. difficile -infectie in een patiënt-specifieke wijze.

Figuur 1 illustreert een stroomdiagram met een beschrijving van de belangrijkste stappen in het protocol beschreven. Figuur 2 toont Spearman correlatie proeven waarmee belangrijke overeenkomst tussen microarray en ELISA voor IgG- en IgA anti-toxine A en B niveaus in de patiënt testsera is aangetoond. Figuur 3 toont differentiële IgG- en IgA antilichaam-klasse specifiek antilichaam reacties op het t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection at JoVE.com

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Dit artikel bevat een beschrijving van een eenvoudige eiwit microarray methode voor profilering humorale immuunreacties aan een 7-plex panel van sterk gezuiverd Clostridium difficile antigenen in menselijke sera. Het protocol kan worden uitgebreid voor de bepaling van specifieke antilichaam reacties in preparaten van polyklonale intraveneuze immunoglobuline.

Een eiwit Microarray Assay voor serologische bepaling van antigeen-specifieke antilichaam reacties volgende Clostridium difficile -infectie

We provide a detailed overview of a novel high-throughput protein microarray assay for the determination of anti-Clostridium difficile antibody levels in ...

This method may help with optimizing and selecting clinically useful immunotherapies for Clostridium difficile infection in a patient-specific manner, and elucidating human immune responses to Clostridium difficile. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables accurate and simultaneous quantification of multi isotype and strain-specific antibody responses to C.difficile antigens. Generally, individuals that are new to this method will struggle because expertise is required in establishing and optimizing a panel of highly purified antigens, and setting up the technological platform.Visual demonstration of this method is critical, as methodological list types involved in preparing the microwave plate, arrays printing, a safe procedure, and the data analysis require attention to the details. Demonstrating some of the procedure will be by Sam Greenwood, a technician from my laboratory. To begin, dilute Clostridium difficile antigens and printing buffer to optimum concentration.Next, transfer 10 microliters of antigen solution to a 384 well plate. Cover the plate with a plate seal, and centrifuge at 300 times gravity for five minutes at room temperature. For microarray printing, use a hand-held gas burner to heat the silicon PIN three times for two seconds each.Then, rinse the silicon PIN in clean water three times for three seconds each. Place the microarray plate in the loading cartridge of an arrayer. Eject the tray, and then place the amino silane slides in the slide tray and press the OK button to turn the vacuum on.Insure that all of the slides are secured, and then click OK.Return the tray to the origin, and close the lid. Next, launch the appropriate program and go to File, then Microarraying Parameters, then Open. Select Clostridium difficile file for printing all antigens in quadruplicate.Under this window, open the Source tab to indicate sample storage, and Target tab to input microarray details. Then, open the Options tab to select the washing tool. Under the General tab of Run Preferences, on the TAS applications suite toolbar, select Wash at start of run, and Wash at end of run.Open the Climate tab, and set the humidity level between 55 to 60%Now start the run, and periodically check the arrayer to insure proper functioning. After printing, carefully place the printed slides in a slide holder with 16 multi-well chambers. Then add 100 microliters of 5%BSAT to each block.Cover the slides and incubate for one hour at room temperature with shaking. Use 120 microliters of PBST to wash each block five times for one minute each with shaking. Next, thaw out the serum samples obtained from C difficile infected patients and healthy controls on ice for 20 minutes.Add commercially available antibody diluent to the master block, and then add samples to the master block and mix. Discard the washing buffer and add 100 microliters of each diluted sample to the experimental blocks. For the negative control block, add 100 microliters of only the antibody diluent.Then, incubate the slides for one hour at room temperature with gentle shaking. Next, use 120 microliters of PBST to wash each block five times for three minutes each with shaking. Then add 100 microliters of biotinylated goat anti-Human antibody diluted in antibody diluent to each block.Cover the slides and incubate for one hour at room temperature with gentle shaking. Use 120 microliters of PBST to wash each block five times for three minutes each with shaking. Next, add 100 microliters of streptavidin SY5 conjugate diluted in 5%BSAT, in a ratio of one to two thousand to each block.Cover the slides with foil and incubate for 15 minutes at room temperature with gentle shaking. Wash the slides first with 120 microliters of PBST five times for one minute each, and then wash them two more times for one minute each with PBS. To dry the slides, spin them for five minutes at 300 times gravity.Turn the laser scanner on 30 minutes prior to scanning, to allow it to warm up. Then place the slide in the scanner with the printed surface facing up until the plate light turns solid green. Next, press the Settings button.On the first tab, insure that the Automatic scrolling and Barcode are unchecked. Then, set the Pixel size to 10, Scan Mode to Medium, Acquisition to 635 only, Acquisition Mode to Manual, gain to 20, and power to low. On the second tab, insure that the slide type is unlabeled.On the third tab, set the Focus setting to Auto focus. Press the import grid button to select the appropriate array list associated with the scanned image. Then, press the autofind button to align the grid to the spots on the slide.Finally, press the Quantification Process button to measure the fluorescence intensity of each spot. Then, save the results in an appropriate format for further analysis. In this protocol, a protein microarray is compared with ELISA to assess the reproducibility between these two techniques.The Spearman correlation coefficient analysis shows significant agreement between the microarray and ELISA for detecting IgG Anti-toxin A, and Anti-toxin B levels in serum samples. Intro assay and inter assay reproducibility of the protein micro array are calculated using the serum samples of seven patients. The samples analyzed on two different array slides against Toxin A, Toxin B, SLP001, SLP002, SLP027, Toxin B from Toxin B only producing strain CCUG, and pCDTb antigens reveal good reproducibility.A protein microarray is performed to detect an isotype-specific antibody response against Clostridium difficile toxins. The serum samples of patients and healthy individuals are used to detect the levels of IgG and IgA against Toxin A, Toxin B, Toxin B from a Clostridium difficile Toxin B only expressing strain, and precursor form of a B fragment of binary toxin. Once mastered, this technique can be done in seven hours.The quality control experiment, different parameters such as selection of appropriate surface chemistry, printing buffers, blocking buffers, and dilutions of serum samples and secondary antibodies should be evaluated before running samples. Printing a high-quality array requires a good understanding of the array or software to adjust the printing of parameters according to the experimental protocol. It is crucial to maintain optimum performance of the arrayer, and a dust-free environment throughout the experiment.This technique will pave the way for researchers in the field of immunology and molecular biology, in terms of characterizing humoral immune responses to infection, and discovering serodiagnostic antigens. Don't forget that working with infected blood samples and bacterial toxins can be hazardous. In general, in laboratory, safety and standard precautions should always be taken into consideration while performing this procedure.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

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Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Whole-dierlijke Imaging en Flowcytometrische technieken voor analyse van antigeen-specifieke CD8 + T cel reacties na Nanoparticle Vaccinatie

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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

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