Name: a protein microarray assay for serological determination of antigen-specific antibody responses following clostridium difficile infection
Uploaded: 2018-06-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection at JoVE.com

Denne forskningen ble støttet av en Hermes Fellowship Ola Negm og Tanya Monaghan og gjennom egen finansiering fra Nottingham Digestive sykdommer sentrum og NIHR Nottingham Digestive sykdommer biomedisinsk forskning.

1. klargjør en Microarray Plate
<ol><li>Fortynne C. difficile antigener med en utskrift buffer [PBS-Tween-trehalose (50 mM)] på optimal konsentrasjon (som var forhåndsdefinerte før pasienten sera): gift en (200 µg/mL) og gift B (100 µg/mL), pCDTb (200 µg/mL), og renset innfødt hele SLPs avledet fra ribotypes 001 og 002 027 (200 µg/mL). Merk: Gift B er Hentet fra en gift B-uttrykke belastning CCUG 20309 (90 µg/mL).<ol>
<li>Fortynne positiv kontrollene, lysates C. albicansog stivkrampe toxo...

<ol>
	<li>Negm, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+humoral+immune+responses+to+Clostridium+difficile.-specific+antigens+by+protein+microarray+analysis.">Profiling humoral immune responses to Clostridium difficile.-specific antigens by protein microarray analysis.</a> Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 22 (9), 1033-1039 (2015).</li><li>Monaghan, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+prevalence+of+subclass-specific+binding+and+neutralizing+antibodies+against+Clostridium+difficile.+toxins+in+adult+cystic+fibrosis+sera:+possible+mode+of+immunoprotection+against+symptomatic+C.+difficile+infection.">High prevalence of subclass-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium difficile. toxins in adult cystic fibrosis sera: possible mode of immunoprotection against symptomatic C. difficile infection.</a> Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 10, 169-175 (2017).</li><li>Negm, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+antibodies+against+Clostridium+difficile.+are+present+in+intravenous+immunoglobulin+and+are+retained+in+humans+following+its+administration.">Protective antibodies against Clostridium difficile. are present in intravenous immunoglobulin and are retained in humans following its administration.</a> Clinical &amp; Experimental Immunology. 188 (3), 437-443 (2017).</li><li>Monaghan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OC-058+A+protein+microarray+assay+for+predicting+severe+outcomes+in+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">OC-058 A protein microarray assay for predicting severe outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Gut. 66, 31 (2017).</li><li>Bacon, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoglobulin+G+directed+against+toxins+A+and+B+of+Clostridium+difficile+in+the+general+population+and+patients+with+antibiotic-associated+diarrhea.">Immunoglobulin G directed against toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile in the general population and patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea.</a> Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 18 (4), 205-209 (1994).</li><li>Viscidi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+antibody+response+to+toxins+A+and+B+of+Clostridium+difficile.">Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile.</a> The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 148 (1), 93-100 (1983).</li><li>Salcedo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+therapy+for+severe+Clostridium+difficile+colitis.">Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis.</a> Gut. 41 (3), 366-370 (1997).</li><li>Abougergi, M. S., Kwon, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+for+the+treatment+of+Clostridium+difficile+infection:+a+review.">Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a review.</a> Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 56 (1), 19-26 (2011).</li><li>Shah, N., Shaaban, H., Spira, R., Slim, J., Boghossian, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+in+the+treatment+of+severe+Clostridium+difficile+colitis.">Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile colitis.</a> Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 6 (2), 82-85 (2014).</li><li>Kyne, L., Warny, M., Qamar, A., Kelly, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymptomatic+carriage+of+Clostridium+difficile+and+serum+levels+of+IgG+antibody+against+toxin+A.">Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (6), 390-397 (2000).</li><li>Solomon, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mortality+in+patients+with+Clostridium+difficile+infection+correlates+with+host+pro-inflammatory+and+humoral+immune+responses.">Mortality in patients with Clostridium difficile infection correlates with host pro-inflammatory and humoral immune responses.</a> Journal of Medical Microbiology. 62, 1453-1460 (2013).</li><li>Kyne, L., Warny, M., Qamar, A., Kelly, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+between+antibody+response+to+toxin+A+and+protection+against+recurrent+Clostridium+difficile+diarrhoea.">Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea.</a> Lancet. 357 (9251), 189-193 (2001).</li><li>Leav, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+anti-toxin+B+antibody+correlates+with+protection+from+recurrent+Clostridium+difficile+infection+(CDI).">Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).</a> Vaccine. 28 (4), 965-969 (2010).</li><li>Drudy, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+antibody+response+to+surface+layer+proteins+in+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Human antibody response to surface layer proteins in Clostridium difficile infection.</a> FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 41 (3), 237-242 (2004).</li><li>Bauer, M. P., Nibbering, P. H., Poxton, I. R., Kuijper, E. J., van Dissel, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humoral+immune+response+as+predictor+of+recurrence+in+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Humoral immune response as predictor of recurrence in Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (12), 1323-1328 (2014).</li><li>Wilcox, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bezlotoxumab+for+prevention+of+recurrent+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Bezlotoxumab for prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (4), 305-317 (2017).</li><li>Leuzzi, R., Adamo, R., Scarselli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vaccines+against+Clostridium+difficile.">Vaccines against Clostridium difficile.</a> Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics. 10 (6), 1466-1477 (2014).</li><li>Ghose, C., Kelly, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prospect+for+vaccines+to+prevent+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">The prospect for vaccines to prevent Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 29 (1), 145-162 (2015).</li><li>Henderson, M., Bragg, A., Fahim, G., Shah, M., Hermes-DeSantis, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+safety+and+efficacy+of+vaccines+as+prophylaxis+for+Clostridium+difficile+infections.">A review of the safety and efficacy of vaccines as prophylaxis for Clostridium difficile infections.</a> Vaccines. 5 (3), (2017).</li><li>Zhu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+protein+activities+using+proteome+chips.">Global analysis of protein activities using proteome chips.</a> Science. 293 (5537), 2101-2105 (2001).</li><li>Delehanty, J. B., Ligler, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+printing+functional+protein+microarrays.">Method for printing functional protein microarrays.</a> BioTechniques. 34 (2), 380-385 (2003).</li><li>Sutandy, F. X., Qian, J., Chen, C. S., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+protein+microarrays.">Overview of protein microarrays.</a> Current Protocols in Protein Science. , 21 (2013).</li><li>Huang, Y., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+array-based+approaches+for+biomarker+discovery+in+cancer.">Protein array-based approaches for biomarker discovery in cancer.</a> Genomics, Proteomics &amp; Bioinformatics. 15 (2), 73-81 (2017).</li><li>Vigil, A., Davies, D. H., Felgner, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+humoral+immune+response+to+infectious+agents+using+high-density+protein+microarrays.">Defining the humoral immune response to infectious agents using high-density protein microarrays.</a> Future Microbiology. 5 (2), 241-251 (2010).</li><li>Bacarese-Hamilton, T., Mezzasoma, L., Ardizzoni, A., Bistoni, F., Crisanti, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serodiagnosis+of+infectious+diseases+with+antigen+microarrays.">Serodiagnosis of infectious diseases with antigen microarrays.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 96 (1), 10-17 (2004).</li><li>Davies, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+the+humoral+immune+response+to+infection+by+using+proteome+microarrays:+high-throughput+vaccine+and+diagnostic+antigen+discovery.">Profiling the humoral immune response to infection by using proteome microarrays: high-throughput vaccine and diagnostic antigen discovery.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (3), 547-552 (2005).</li><li>Wadia, P. P., Sahaf, B., Miklos, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+antigen+microarrays+for+serum/plasma+antibody+detection.">Recombinant antigen microarrays for serum/plasma antibody detection.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 723, 81-104 (2011).</li><li>Moore, C. D., Ajala, O. Z., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+in+high-content+functional+protein+microarrays.">Applications in high-content functional protein microarrays.</a> Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 30, 21-27 (2016).</li><li>Crompton, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+prospective+analysis+of+the+Ab+response+to+Plasmodium+falciparum+before+and+after+a+malaria+season+by+protein+microarray.">A prospective analysis of the Ab response to Plasmodium falciparum before and after a malaria season by protein microarray.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (15), 6958-6963 (2010).</li><li>Khodakov, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+oligonucleotide+microarray+for+multiplex+real-time+PCR+identification+of+HIV-1,+HBV,+and+HCV.">An oligonucleotide microarray for multiplex real-time PCR identification of HIV-1, HBV, and HCV.</a> BioTechniques. 44 (2), 241-246 (2008).</li><li>Ryabinin, V. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Universal+oligonucleotide+microarray+for+sub-typing+of+Influenza+A+virus.">Universal oligonucleotide microarray for sub-typing of Influenza A virus.</a> PLoS One. 6 (4), 17529 (2011).</li><li>Zhu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Severe+acute+respiratory+syndrome+diagnostics+using+a+coronavirus+protein+microarray.">Severe acute respiratory syndrome diagnostics using a coronavirus protein microarray.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (11), 4011-4016 (2006).</li><li>Cleton, N. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spot+the+difference:+development+of+a+syndrome+based+protein+microarray+for+specific+serological+detection+of+multiple+flavivirus+infections+in+travelers.">Spot the difference: development of a syndrome based protein microarray for specific serological detection of multiple flavivirus infections in travelers.</a> PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (3), 0003580 (2015).</li><li>Liu, Y., Yu, F., Huang, H., Han, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+recombinant+antigen+array+for+simultaneous+detection+of+viral+antibodies.">Development of recombinant antigen array for simultaneous detection of viral antibodies.</a> PLoS One. 8 (9), 73842 (2013).</li><li>Zhou, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+array+identification+of+protein+markers+for+serodiagnosis+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+infection.">Protein array identification of protein markers for serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 15349 (2015).</li><li>Mannsperger, H. A., Gade, S., Henjes, F., Beissbarth, T., Korf, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RPPanalyzer:+analysis+of+reverse-phase+protein+array+data.">RPPanalyzer: analysis of reverse-phase protein array data.</a> Bioinformatics. 26 (17), 2202-2203 (2010).</li><li>Monaghan, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+antibody+and+memory+B-cell+responses+to+C.+difficile-associated+diarrhoea,+inflammatory+bowel+disease+and+cystic+fibrosis.">Circulating antibody and memory B-cell responses to C. difficile-associated diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel disease and cystic fibrosis.</a> PLoS One. 8 (9), 74452 (2013).</li><li>Grainger, D. W., Greef, C. H., Gong, P., Lochhead, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+microarray+surface+chemistries.">Current microarray surface chemistries.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 381, 37-75 (2007).</li><li>Wellhausen, R., Seitz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facing+current+quantification+challenges+in+protein+microarrays.">Facing current quantification challenges in protein microarrays.</a> Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2012, (2012).</li><li>Guo, A., Zhu, X. -. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+critical+role+of+surface+chemistry+in+protein+microarrays.">The critical role of surface chemistry in protein microarrays.</a> Functional Protein Microarrays in Drug Discovery. , (2007).</li></ol>

I denne protokollen, har vi vist at microarray er en passende plattform for definere humoral immunreaksjoner til C. difficile protein antigener i pasienten sera (tall 3 og 6) og kommersielle forberedelser av IVIg (figur 5). Vi har også vist at microarray teknikk utfører også sammenlignet med konvensjonelle ELISA (figur 2) og viser utmerket reproduserbarhet, intra - og inter - assay variabilities innenfor akseptable g...

Denne protokollen beskriver utvikling og validering av en roman og tilpassede protein microarray analysen for påvisning og semi kvantifisering av bakteriell belastning og isotype-spesifikke antistoffer Svar å C. difficile antigener. Vi kunne bruke våre C. difficile-spesifikke microarray analysen som et lovende nytt verktøy for den kompositoriske bioanalysis spesifikt antistoff innhold i pasienten sera1,2, forberedelser av IVIg3, og Identifikasjon av antistoff særegenheter som samsvarer med dårlige resultater i CDI4. Vi viser hvordan biobanked serumprøver og kommersielle preparater av IVIg kan analyseres på microarray lysbilder, slik at høy kvalitet reproduserbar profilering av C. difficile patogen-spesifikke antistoffer svar i denne analysen.
Mange friske barn og voksne har synlig serum IgG og IgA antistoffer mot C. difficile giftstoffer A og B5,6. Dette antas å oppstå etter forbigående eksponering under barndom og etter eksponering for C. difficile i voksen alder. Derfor polyklonale IVIg har vært brukt av etiketter til å behandle både tilbakevendende og fulminant CDI7,8,9. Sin definitive rolle og virkemåte er imidlertid uklart. Flere studier har vist at humoral immunrespons for C. difficile giftstoffer spiller en rolle i sykdom presentasjon og utfallet. Spesielt viser asymptomatisk pasienter en økt serum anti-gift A IgG konsentrasjon sammenlignet med pasienter som utvikler symptomatisk sykdom10. En påviselig forening er rapportert for median anti-gift A IgG titers og 30-dagers helt forårsake dødelighet11. Flere rapporter har også avdekket en tilknytning til beskyttelse mot regelmessighet og antistoff Svar å toksin A, B og flere ikke-toksin antigener (Cwp66, Cwp84, FliC, FliD og overflatelag proteiner (SLPs))12,13 , 14 , 15. disse observasjonene har påvirket utviklingen av første passiv immunterapi narkotika målretting C. difficile giften B (bezlotuxumab), som er nylig godkjent av US Food, Drug Administration og europeiske legemidler Kontoret for forebygging av tilbakevendende CDI16. Vaksinasjon strategies bruke deaktivert giftstoffer eller rekombinante gift fragmenter er også under utvikling17,18,19. Disse nye terapeutiske metoder vil utvilsomt stimulere behovet for evaluering av humoral immunreaksjoner mot flere antigener i store utvalgene.
I dag, er det en betydelig mangel av kommersielt tilgjengelig høy gjennomstrømming analyser kan samtidig vurdere bakterielle belastningen og isotype-spesifikke antistoffer Svar å C. difficile antigener. Det er et udekket behov for å utvikle slike analyser for å lette fremtidig forskningsinnsats og kliniske applikasjoner. Protein microarrays er en metode for å nakkens stort antall individuelt renset proteiner som en romlig organisert rekke flekker på en mikroskopisk lysbilde-baserte overflate ved hjelp av en robot-system, som kan være enten en kontakt20 eller en ikke-kontakt utskrift verktøyet21. Flekker kan representere komplekse blandinger som celle lysates, antistoffer, vev homogenates, endogen eller rekombinante proteiner eller peptider, kroppsvæsker eller narkotika22,23.
Protein microarray teknologi gir forskjellige fordeler over standard in-house ELISA teknikker, som har tradisjonelt blitt brukt til å vurdere anti -C. difficile antistoff svar. Disse inkluderer en økt kapasitet for å oppdage en rekke multi-isotype-spesifikke antistoffer mot et mer omfattende panel av protein mål, redusert volumkrav til antigener, eksempler og reagenser, og en forbedret evne til å inkludere en større antall tekniske gjentak, i tillegg til flere interne kvalitetskontroll (QC) måler1. Microarrays har derfor mer følsomme og nøyaktige reproduserbare og et større dynamisk område. Disse faktorene gjør microarrays en billigere og potensielt gunstig alternativ til ELISAs for store påvisning av kjente proteiner. Men ulempene microarray teknologi føre hovedsakelig fra store forhånd kostnadene forbundet med å etablere et panel av høyrenset antigener og sette opp den teknologisk plattformen.
Protein microarrays har blitt brukt de siste to tiårene som en diagnostisk og grunnleggende forskningsverktøy i kliniske applikasjoner. Bestemte programmer inkluderer protein uttrykk profilering, studiet av enzym-underlaget relasjoner, biomarkør screening, analyse av vert-mikrobe interaksjoner, og profilering antistoff spesifisitet23,24, 25,26,27,28. Mange nye patogen protein/antigen microarrays er etablert, inkludert malaria (Plasmodium)29, HIV-130, influensa31, alvorlig akutt åndedretts syndrom (SARS)32, viral hemoragisk feber33 , herpesviruses34og tuberkulose35.
Nåværende protokollen gjelder etableringen av en enkel drift C. difficile reaktive antigen microarray analysen, som muliggjør nøyaktig, presis og spesifikk kvantifisering av multi-isotype og stammen spesifikke antistoffer svar på C. difficile antigener i sera og polyklonale IVIg. Her, inkludere vi representant resultatene gjelder en akseptabel microarray analysen ytelse i forhold til ELISA samt analysen presisjon og reproduserbarhet profiler. Denne analysen kan utvikles profilen andre kliniske prøver og setter en ny standard for forskning i molekylær grunnlaget for CDI.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1827px;" width="1826">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">BioRobotics MicroGrid II arrayer</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">Digilab, Malborough, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:836px;">Contact arrayer used to automated spotting of the antigens onto the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scanner InnoScan 710.</td>
			<td>Innopsys</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A fluorescent microarray slide scanner with a red (Cy5) laser to read the reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MAPIX software version 7.2.0</td>
			<td>Innopsys</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Measure signal intensities of the spots.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Silicon contact pin</td>
			<td>Parallel Synthesis Technologies</td>
			<td>SMT-P75</td>
			<td>Print the samples onto the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo Scientific Nalgene Desiccator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>41102426</td>
			<td>To store the new and printed slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">384-well plate</td>
			<td>Genetix</td>
			<td>X7022UN</td>
			<td>To prepare the antigens.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plate cover</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, UK</td>
			<td>CLS6570-100EA</td>
			<td>To reduce evaporation of the samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Aminosilane slides</td>
			<td>Schott,&#160; Germany</td>
			<td>1064875</td>
			<td>The slide of choice for printing the antigens.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slide holders</td>
			<td>GraceBio Labs, USA</td>
			<td>204862</td>
			<td>Divide the slides into identical 16 subarrays. These holders are re-usable, removable, leak-proof wells .&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Candida albicans lysate</td>
			<td>NIBSC</td>
			<td>PR-BA117-S</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tetanus Toxoid&#160;</td>
			<td>Athens Research and Technology</td>
			<td>04/150</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G IgG, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-1</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G1 IgG1, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-2</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G2 IgG2, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-3</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G3 IgG3, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-4</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G4 IgG4, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), Human Myeloma Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701-1M</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A2 (IgA2), Human Myeloma Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701-2M</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A2 (IgA2), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090713</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biotinylated Goat Anti-Human IgG Antibody, gamma chain specific</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>BA-3080</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG (&#947;-chain specific)-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG1 Hinge-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9052-08&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG1 biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG1 but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG2 Fc-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9060-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG2 -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG 2but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG3 Hinge-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9210-08&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG3-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG3 but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG4 pFc&#39;-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9190-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Human IgA, alpha chain specific, made in goat - Biotinylated</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>BA-3030</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgA1-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9130-08</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgA2-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9140-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgM-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9020-08&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2 mm syringe filter</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>723-2520</td>
			<td>Filter the 5% BSA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, UK</td>
			<td>A7284</td>
			<td>Use 5% BSA for blocking the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antibody diluent</td>
			<td>Dako, UK</td>
			<td>S3022</td>
			<td>To dilute the serum and the secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Streptavidin Cy5</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>SA1011</td>
			<td>Detection of the immune reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified whole C. difficile toxins A and B (toxinotype 0, strain VPI 10463, ribotype 087)</td>
			<td>Toxins Group, Public Health England</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified whole C. difficile toxin B (CCUG 20309 toxin B only expressing strain)</td>
			<td>Toxins Group, Public Health England</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Precursor form of B fragment of binary toxin, pCDTb</td>
			<td>University of Bath&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Produced in E. Coli from wholly synthetic recombinant gene construct. Amino acid sequence based on published sequence from 027 ribotype (http:www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A8DS70)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified native whole ribotype-specific (001, 002, 027) surface layer proteins</td>
			<td>Dublin City University&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vigam (IVIg preparation 1)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Privigen (IVIg preparation 2)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Intratect (IVIg preparation 3)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protein microarray assay for serological determination of antigen-specific antibody responses following clostridium difficile infection

Vi gir en detaljert oversikt over en roman høy gjennomstrømming protein microarray analysen for fastsettelse av anti -Clostridium difficile antistoff nivåer i menneskelig sera og i separate forberedelser av polyklonale intravenøs immunglobulin (IVIg). Protokollen beskriver metodologiske trinnene involvert i prøven forberedelse, utskrift av matriser, analysen prosedyre og dataanalyse. I tillegg kan denne protokollen bli ytterligere utviklet å innlemme forskjellige kliniske prøver inkludert plasma og celle kultur supernatants. Vi viser hvordan protein microarray kan brukes til å angi en kombinasjon av isotype (IgG, IgA, IgM), underklasse (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2) og stammen spesifikke antistoffer mot svært renset hele C. difficile giftstoffer A og B (toxinotype 0, belastning VPI 10463, ribotype 087), gift B fra en C. difficile gift-B-bare uttrykke belastning (CCUG 20309), en forløper form for et B-fragment av binære gift, pCDTb, ribotype-spesifikke hele overflatelaget proteiner (SLPs; 001, 002, 027), og kontrollere proteiner (stivkrampe toxoid og Candida albicans). Under eksperimentet microarrays er analysert med sera fra personer med C. difficile infeksjon (CDI), personer med cystisk fibrose (CF) uten diaré, sunn kontroller (HC), og enkeltpersoner pre og post-IVIg terapi for den behandling av CDI kombinert immunsvikt lidelse og kronisk inflammatorisk demyeliniserende polyradiculopathy. Vi møter betydelige forskjeller i gift nøytralisering efficacies og multi-isotype spesifikt antistoff nivåer mellom pasient grupper, kommersielle preparater av IVIg, og sera før og etter IVIg administrasjon. Også er det en signifikant sammenheng mellom microarray og enzym knyttet immunosorbent analysen (ELISA) for Motgiften IgG nivåer i serumprøver. Disse resultatene tyder på at microarray kan bli et lovende verktøy for profilering antistoff Svar å C.difficile antigener i vaccinated eller infiserte mennesker. Med ytterligere raffinement av antigen paneler og en reduksjon i produksjonskostnadene forventer vi at microarray teknologi kan hjelpe optimalisere og velg de mest klinisk nyttig immunotherapies for C. difficile infeksjon i en pasient-spesifikk måte.

Figur 1 illustrerer et flytskjema som beskriver de viktigste trinnene i beskrevet protokollen. Figur 2 viser Spearman korrelasjon tester viser betydelig avtale mellom microarray og ELISA for IgG og IgA anti-gift A og B nivåer i pasienten test sera. Figur 3 viser differensial IgG og IgA antistoff-klassen spesifikt antistoff Svar å toksin A, gift B og binære gift (pCDTb) i pasienter med CF uten diar...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection at JoVE.com

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Denne artikkelen beskriver en enkel protein microarray metode for profilering humoral immunreaksjoner til et 7-plex panel av svært renset Clostridium difficile antigener i menneskelig sera. Protokollen kan utvides for fastsettelse av spesifikt antistoff svar i forberedelsene til polyklonale intravenøs immunglobulin.

En Protein Microarray analysen for serologisk fastsettelse av Antigen-spesifikke antistoffer svar følgende Clostridium difficile infeksjon

We provide a detailed overview of a novel high-throughput protein microarray assay for the determination of anti-Clostridium difficile antibody levels in ...

This method may help with optimizing and selecting clinically useful immunotherapies for Clostridium difficile infection in a patient-specific manner, and elucidating human immune responses to Clostridium difficile. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables accurate and simultaneous quantification of multi isotype and strain-specific antibody responses to C.difficile antigens. Generally, individuals that are new to this method will struggle because expertise is required in establishing and optimizing a panel of highly purified antigens, and setting up the technological platform.Visual demonstration of this method is critical, as methodological list types involved in preparing the microwave plate, arrays printing, a safe procedure, and the data analysis require attention to the details. Demonstrating some of the procedure will be by Sam Greenwood, a technician from my laboratory. To begin, dilute Clostridium difficile antigens and printing buffer to optimum concentration.Next, transfer 10 microliters of antigen solution to a 384 well plate. Cover the plate with a plate seal, and centrifuge at 300 times gravity for five minutes at room temperature. For microarray printing, use a hand-held gas burner to heat the silicon PIN three times for two seconds each.Then, rinse the silicon PIN in clean water three times for three seconds each. Place the microarray plate in the loading cartridge of an arrayer. Eject the tray, and then place the amino silane slides in the slide tray and press the OK button to turn the vacuum on.Insure that all of the slides are secured, and then click OK.Return the tray to the origin, and close the lid. Next, launch the appropriate program and go to File, then Microarraying Parameters, then Open. Select Clostridium difficile file for printing all antigens in quadruplicate.Under this window, open the Source tab to indicate sample storage, and Target tab to input microarray details. Then, open the Options tab to select the washing tool. Under the General tab of Run Preferences, on the TAS applications suite toolbar, select Wash at start of run, and Wash at end of run.Open the Climate tab, and set the humidity level between 55 to 60%Now start the run, and periodically check the arrayer to insure proper functioning. After printing, carefully place the printed slides in a slide holder with 16 multi-well chambers. Then add 100 microliters of 5%BSAT to each block.Cover the slides and incubate for one hour at room temperature with shaking. Use 120 microliters of PBST to wash each block five times for one minute each with shaking. Next, thaw out the serum samples obtained from C difficile infected patients and healthy controls on ice for 20 minutes.Add commercially available antibody diluent to the master block, and then add samples to the master block and mix. Discard the washing buffer and add 100 microliters of each diluted sample to the experimental blocks. For the negative control block, add 100 microliters of only the antibody diluent.Then, incubate the slides for one hour at room temperature with gentle shaking. Next, use 120 microliters of PBST to wash each block five times for three minutes each with shaking. Then add 100 microliters of biotinylated goat anti-Human antibody diluted in antibody diluent to each block.Cover the slides and incubate for one hour at room temperature with gentle shaking. Use 120 microliters of PBST to wash each block five times for three minutes each with shaking. Next, add 100 microliters of streptavidin SY5 conjugate diluted in 5%BSAT, in a ratio of one to two thousand to each block.Cover the slides with foil and incubate for 15 minutes at room temperature with gentle shaking. Wash the slides first with 120 microliters of PBST five times for one minute each, and then wash them two more times for one minute each with PBS. To dry the slides, spin them for five minutes at 300 times gravity.Turn the laser scanner on 30 minutes prior to scanning, to allow it to warm up. Then place the slide in the scanner with the printed surface facing up until the plate light turns solid green. Next, press the Settings button.On the first tab, insure that the Automatic scrolling and Barcode are unchecked. Then, set the Pixel size to 10, Scan Mode to Medium, Acquisition to 635 only, Acquisition Mode to Manual, gain to 20, and power to low. On the second tab, insure that the slide type is unlabeled.On the third tab, set the Focus setting to Auto focus. Press the import grid button to select the appropriate array list associated with the scanned image. Then, press the autofind button to align the grid to the spots on the slide.Finally, press the Quantification Process button to measure the fluorescence intensity of each spot. Then, save the results in an appropriate format for further analysis. In this protocol, a protein microarray is compared with ELISA to assess the reproducibility between these two techniques.The Spearman correlation coefficient analysis shows significant agreement between the microarray and ELISA for detecting IgG Anti-toxin A, and Anti-toxin B levels in serum samples. Intro assay and inter assay reproducibility of the protein micro array are calculated using the serum samples of seven patients. The samples analyzed on two different array slides against Toxin A, Toxin B, SLP001, SLP002, SLP027, Toxin B from Toxin B only producing strain CCUG, and pCDTb antigens reveal good reproducibility.A protein microarray is performed to detect an isotype-specific antibody response against Clostridium difficile toxins. The serum samples of patients and healthy individuals are used to detect the levels of IgG and IgA against Toxin A, Toxin B, Toxin B from a Clostridium difficile Toxin B only expressing strain, and precursor form of a B fragment of binary toxin. Once mastered, this technique can be done in seven hours.The quality control experiment, different parameters such as selection of appropriate surface chemistry, printing buffers, blocking buffers, and dilutions of serum samples and secondary antibodies should be evaluated before running samples. Printing a high-quality array requires a good understanding of the array or software to adjust the printing of parameters according to the experimental protocol. It is crucial to maintain optimum performance of the arrayer, and a dust-free environment throughout the experiment.This technique will pave the way for researchers in the field of immunology and molecular biology, in terms of characterizing humoral immune responses to infection, and discovering serodiagnostic antigens. Don't forget that working with infected blood samples and bacterial toxins can be hazardous. In general, in laboratory, safety and standard precautions should always be taken into consideration while performing this procedure.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells

Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells

Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) can be used to easily and quickly label a cell population of interest for in vivo investigation.  ...

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay (Virochip) to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence ...

Colorectal Cancer Cell Surface Protein Profiling Using an Antibody Microarray and Fluorescence Multiplexing

The current prognosis and classification of CRC relies on staging systems that integrate histopathologic and clinical findings. However, in the majority ...

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

Trans-vivo Forsinket hypersensitivitet analyse for antigenspesifikk forordning

Delayed-type hypersensitivity response (DTH) is a rapid in vivo manifestation of T cell-dependent immune response to a foreign antigen (Ag) that the host ...

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Dyrking og Vedlikehold<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; I et anaerobt miljø

Clostridium  difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, sporogenic bacterium  that is primarily responsible for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and is ...

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Hel-dyr Imaging og strømningscytometriske Teknikker for analyse av Antigen-spesifikke CD8 + T celle responser etter Nanopartikkel Vaksinasjon

Traditional vaccine adjuvants, such as alum, elicit suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses. To address this major challenge in vaccine development, various ...

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Cefoperazone behandlet musemodell for klinisk relevante<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Strain R20291

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and ...

Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function

Oppdagelse og berikelse av Rare antigen-spesifikke B-celler for analyse av fenotype og funksjon

B cells reactive with a specific antigen usually occur at a frequency of &lt;0.05% of lymphocytes. For decades researchers have sought methods to isolate ...

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

En protokoll for å karakterisere de morfologiske endringene av<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Som svar på antibiotisk behandling

Assessment of antibiotic action with new drug development directed towards anaerobic bacteria is difficult and technically demanding. To gain insight into ...

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

I Vivo Analysen for påvisning av Antigen-spesifikke T-celle Cytolytic funksjon med en vaksinasjon modell

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol ...