Name: a protein microarray assay for serological determination of antigen-specific antibody responses following clostridium difficile infection
Uploaded: 2018-06-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection at JoVE.com

Denna forskning stöddes av en Hermes-stipendium till Ola Negm och Tanya Monaghan och genom separat finansiering från Nottingham mag sjukdomar centrum och de NIHR Nottingham mag sjukdomar Biomedical Research Centre.

1. förbereda en Microarray tallrik
<ol><li>Späd C. difficile antigener med en utskrift buffert [PBS-Tween-trehalos (50 mM)] på den optimala koncentrationen (som var fördefinierade innan du kör patientsera): toxin en (200 µg/mL) och toxin B (100 µg/mL), pCDTb (200 µg/mL), och renad native hela SLPs härrör från ribotypes 001, 002 och 027 (200 µg/mL). Obs: Toxin B erhölls från ett toxin B-uttryckande stam CCUG 20309 (90 µg/mL).<ol>
<li>Späd de positiva kontrollerna, lysates av C. albicans</...

<ol>
	<li>Negm, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+humoral+immune+responses+to+Clostridium+difficile.-specific+antigens+by+protein+microarray+analysis.">Profiling humoral immune responses to Clostridium difficile.-specific antigens by protein microarray analysis.</a> Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 22 (9), 1033-1039 (2015).</li><li>Monaghan, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+prevalence+of+subclass-specific+binding+and+neutralizing+antibodies+against+Clostridium+difficile.+toxins+in+adult+cystic+fibrosis+sera:+possible+mode+of+immunoprotection+against+symptomatic+C.+difficile+infection.">High prevalence of subclass-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium difficile. toxins in adult cystic fibrosis sera: possible mode of immunoprotection against symptomatic C. difficile infection.</a> Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 10, 169-175 (2017).</li><li>Negm, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+antibodies+against+Clostridium+difficile.+are+present+in+intravenous+immunoglobulin+and+are+retained+in+humans+following+its+administration.">Protective antibodies against Clostridium difficile. are present in intravenous immunoglobulin and are retained in humans following its administration.</a> Clinical &amp; Experimental Immunology. 188 (3), 437-443 (2017).</li><li>Monaghan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OC-058+A+protein+microarray+assay+for+predicting+severe+outcomes+in+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">OC-058 A protein microarray assay for predicting severe outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Gut. 66, 31 (2017).</li><li>Bacon, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoglobulin+G+directed+against+toxins+A+and+B+of+Clostridium+difficile+in+the+general+population+and+patients+with+antibiotic-associated+diarrhea.">Immunoglobulin G directed against toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile in the general population and patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea.</a> Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 18 (4), 205-209 (1994).</li><li>Viscidi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+antibody+response+to+toxins+A+and+B+of+Clostridium+difficile.">Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile.</a> The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 148 (1), 93-100 (1983).</li><li>Salcedo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+therapy+for+severe+Clostridium+difficile+colitis.">Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis.</a> Gut. 41 (3), 366-370 (1997).</li><li>Abougergi, M. S., Kwon, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+for+the+treatment+of+Clostridium+difficile+infection:+a+review.">Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a review.</a> Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 56 (1), 19-26 (2011).</li><li>Shah, N., Shaaban, H., Spira, R., Slim, J., Boghossian, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+in+the+treatment+of+severe+Clostridium+difficile+colitis.">Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile colitis.</a> Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 6 (2), 82-85 (2014).</li><li>Kyne, L., Warny, M., Qamar, A., Kelly, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymptomatic+carriage+of+Clostridium+difficile+and+serum+levels+of+IgG+antibody+against+toxin+A.">Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (6), 390-397 (2000).</li><li>Solomon, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mortality+in+patients+with+Clostridium+difficile+infection+correlates+with+host+pro-inflammatory+and+humoral+immune+responses.">Mortality in patients with Clostridium difficile infection correlates with host pro-inflammatory and humoral immune responses.</a> Journal of Medical Microbiology. 62, 1453-1460 (2013).</li><li>Kyne, L., Warny, M., Qamar, A., Kelly, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+between+antibody+response+to+toxin+A+and+protection+against+recurrent+Clostridium+difficile+diarrhoea.">Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea.</a> Lancet. 357 (9251), 189-193 (2001).</li><li>Leav, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+anti-toxin+B+antibody+correlates+with+protection+from+recurrent+Clostridium+difficile+infection+(CDI).">Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).</a> Vaccine. 28 (4), 965-969 (2010).</li><li>Drudy, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+antibody+response+to+surface+layer+proteins+in+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Human antibody response to surface layer proteins in Clostridium difficile infection.</a> FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 41 (3), 237-242 (2004).</li><li>Bauer, M. P., Nibbering, P. H., Poxton, I. R., Kuijper, E. J., van Dissel, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humoral+immune+response+as+predictor+of+recurrence+in+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Humoral immune response as predictor of recurrence in Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (12), 1323-1328 (2014).</li><li>Wilcox, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bezlotoxumab+for+prevention+of+recurrent+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Bezlotoxumab for prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (4), 305-317 (2017).</li><li>Leuzzi, R., Adamo, R., Scarselli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vaccines+against+Clostridium+difficile.">Vaccines against Clostridium difficile.</a> Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics. 10 (6), 1466-1477 (2014).</li><li>Ghose, C., Kelly, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prospect+for+vaccines+to+prevent+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">The prospect for vaccines to prevent Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 29 (1), 145-162 (2015).</li><li>Henderson, M., Bragg, A., Fahim, G., Shah, M., Hermes-DeSantis, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+safety+and+efficacy+of+vaccines+as+prophylaxis+for+Clostridium+difficile+infections.">A review of the safety and efficacy of vaccines as prophylaxis for Clostridium difficile infections.</a> Vaccines. 5 (3), (2017).</li><li>Zhu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+protein+activities+using+proteome+chips.">Global analysis of protein activities using proteome chips.</a> Science. 293 (5537), 2101-2105 (2001).</li><li>Delehanty, J. B., Ligler, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+printing+functional+protein+microarrays.">Method for printing functional protein microarrays.</a> BioTechniques. 34 (2), 380-385 (2003).</li><li>Sutandy, F. X., Qian, J., Chen, C. S., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+protein+microarrays.">Overview of protein microarrays.</a> Current Protocols in Protein Science. , 21 (2013).</li><li>Huang, Y., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+array-based+approaches+for+biomarker+discovery+in+cancer.">Protein array-based approaches for biomarker discovery in cancer.</a> Genomics, Proteomics &amp; Bioinformatics. 15 (2), 73-81 (2017).</li><li>Vigil, A., Davies, D. H., Felgner, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+humoral+immune+response+to+infectious+agents+using+high-density+protein+microarrays.">Defining the humoral immune response to infectious agents using high-density protein microarrays.</a> Future Microbiology. 5 (2), 241-251 (2010).</li><li>Bacarese-Hamilton, T., Mezzasoma, L., Ardizzoni, A., Bistoni, F., Crisanti, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serodiagnosis+of+infectious+diseases+with+antigen+microarrays.">Serodiagnosis of infectious diseases with antigen microarrays.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 96 (1), 10-17 (2004).</li><li>Davies, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+the+humoral+immune+response+to+infection+by+using+proteome+microarrays:+high-throughput+vaccine+and+diagnostic+antigen+discovery.">Profiling the humoral immune response to infection by using proteome microarrays: high-throughput vaccine and diagnostic antigen discovery.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (3), 547-552 (2005).</li><li>Wadia, P. P., Sahaf, B., Miklos, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+antigen+microarrays+for+serum/plasma+antibody+detection.">Recombinant antigen microarrays for serum/plasma antibody detection.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 723, 81-104 (2011).</li><li>Moore, C. D., Ajala, O. Z., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+in+high-content+functional+protein+microarrays.">Applications in high-content functional protein microarrays.</a> Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 30, 21-27 (2016).</li><li>Crompton, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+prospective+analysis+of+the+Ab+response+to+Plasmodium+falciparum+before+and+after+a+malaria+season+by+protein+microarray.">A prospective analysis of the Ab response to Plasmodium falciparum before and after a malaria season by protein microarray.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (15), 6958-6963 (2010).</li><li>Khodakov, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+oligonucleotide+microarray+for+multiplex+real-time+PCR+identification+of+HIV-1,+HBV,+and+HCV.">An oligonucleotide microarray for multiplex real-time PCR identification of HIV-1, HBV, and HCV.</a> BioTechniques. 44 (2), 241-246 (2008).</li><li>Ryabinin, V. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Universal+oligonucleotide+microarray+for+sub-typing+of+Influenza+A+virus.">Universal oligonucleotide microarray for sub-typing of Influenza A virus.</a> PLoS One. 6 (4), 17529 (2011).</li><li>Zhu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Severe+acute+respiratory+syndrome+diagnostics+using+a+coronavirus+protein+microarray.">Severe acute respiratory syndrome diagnostics using a coronavirus protein microarray.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (11), 4011-4016 (2006).</li><li>Cleton, N. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spot+the+difference:+development+of+a+syndrome+based+protein+microarray+for+specific+serological+detection+of+multiple+flavivirus+infections+in+travelers.">Spot the difference: development of a syndrome based protein microarray for specific serological detection of multiple flavivirus infections in travelers.</a> PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (3), 0003580 (2015).</li><li>Liu, Y., Yu, F., Huang, H., Han, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+recombinant+antigen+array+for+simultaneous+detection+of+viral+antibodies.">Development of recombinant antigen array for simultaneous detection of viral antibodies.</a> PLoS One. 8 (9), 73842 (2013).</li><li>Zhou, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+array+identification+of+protein+markers+for+serodiagnosis+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+infection.">Protein array identification of protein markers for serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 15349 (2015).</li><li>Mannsperger, H. A., Gade, S., Henjes, F., Beissbarth, T., Korf, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RPPanalyzer:+analysis+of+reverse-phase+protein+array+data.">RPPanalyzer: analysis of reverse-phase protein array data.</a> Bioinformatics. 26 (17), 2202-2203 (2010).</li><li>Monaghan, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+antibody+and+memory+B-cell+responses+to+C.+difficile-associated+diarrhoea,+inflammatory+bowel+disease+and+cystic+fibrosis.">Circulating antibody and memory B-cell responses to C. difficile-associated diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel disease and cystic fibrosis.</a> PLoS One. 8 (9), 74452 (2013).</li><li>Grainger, D. W., Greef, C. H., Gong, P., Lochhead, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+microarray+surface+chemistries.">Current microarray surface chemistries.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 381, 37-75 (2007).</li><li>Wellhausen, R., Seitz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facing+current+quantification+challenges+in+protein+microarrays.">Facing current quantification challenges in protein microarrays.</a> Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2012, (2012).</li><li>Guo, A., Zhu, X. -. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+critical+role+of+surface+chemistry+in+protein+microarrays.">The critical role of surface chemistry in protein microarrays.</a> Functional Protein Microarrays in Drug Discovery. , (2007).</li></ol>

I detta protokoll, har vi visat att microarray är en lämplig plattform för att definiera humorala immunsvar mot C. difficile proteinantigener i patientsera (figur 3 och 6) och kommersiella preparat av IVIg (figur 5). Vi har också visat att microarray tekniken presterar väl jämfört med konventionella ELISA (figur 2) och visar utmärkt reproducerbarhet, med intra - och inter - analysen variabilitet som faller inom ...

Det här protokollet beskriver utveckling och validering av en roman och anpassade protein microarray analys för detektion och semi kvantifiering av bakteriell stam och isotyp-specifika antikroppssvaret mot C. difficile antigener. Vi använder framgångsrikt våra C. difficile-specifika microarray analys som ett lovande nytt verktyg för den kompositionella bioanalys av specifika antikroppen innehåll i patientsera1,2, beredningar av IVIg3, och identifiering av antikropp särdrag som korrelerar med dålig utfall i CDI4. Vi visar hur biobanked serumprover och kommersiella preparat av IVIg kan analyseras på microarray diabilder, möjliggör hög kvalitet reproducerbara profilering av C. difficile patogen-specifika antikroppen svaren i denna analys.
Många friska barn och vuxna har detekterbara serum IgG och IgA antikroppar mot C. difficile toxiner A och B5,6. Dessa tros uppstå efter övergående exponering under spädbarnstiden och efter exponering för C. difficile i vuxen ålder. Av denna anledning polyklonala IVIg har varit används off-label för att behandla både återkommande och fulminant CDI7,8,9. Dock oklar sin slutgiltiga roll och verkningsmekanismen. Flera studier har visat att det humorala immunsvaret för C. difficile toxiner spelar en roll i sjukdomen presentation och resultatet. Specifikt, uppvisar asymtomatiska patienter en ökad anti toxin A IgG koncentration i serum jämfört med patienter som utvecklar symtomatisk sjukdom10. En påvisbar association har rapporterats för median anti toxin A IgG titrar och 30-dagars totalmortalitet11. Flera rapporter har också visat en association med ett skydd mot återfall och antikroppen Svaren till toxin A, B och flera icke-toxin antigener (Cwp66, Cwp84, FliC, FliD och ytskiktet proteiner (SLPs))12,13 , 14 , 15. dessa observationer har sporrat utvecklingen av den första passiva immunterapi drog inriktning C. difficile toxinen B (bezlotuxumab), som nyligen har godkänts av den amerikanska Food and Drug Administration och Europeiska läkemedelsmyndighetens Byrån för förebyggande av återkommande CDI16. Vaccination strategier med inaktiverade toxiner eller rekombinant toxin fragment är också för närvarande under utveckling17,18,19. Dessa nya terapeutiska strategier kommer utan tvekan att stimulera krav på utvärdering humorala immunsvar mot flera antigener i stort urvalsstorlekar.
Idag finns det en anmärkningsvärd brist på kommersiellt tillgängliga hög genomströmning analyser kan samtidigt bedöma bakteriestam och isotyp-specifika antikroppssvaret mot C. difficile antigener. I området i närheten finns det ett icke tillgodosett behov att utveckla sådana analyser för att underlätta framtida forskningsinsatser och kliniska tillämpningar. Protein microarrays är en metod för att immobilisera stort antal individuellt-renat protein som en rumsligt organiserade matris av fläckar på en mikroskopisk bild-baserade yta med hjälp av en robotarm-system, som kan vara antingen en kontakt20 eller en icke-kontakt skriva ut verktyg21. Fläckarna kan representera komplexa blandningar såsom cell lysates, antikroppar, vävnad homogenates, endogen eller rekombinanta proteiner eller peptider, kroppsvätskor eller droger22,23.
Protein Mikroarrayteknik erbjuder tydliga fördelar jämfört med standard in-house ELISA teknik, som har traditionellt använts för att bedöma anti -C. difficile antikroppssvar. Dessa inkluderar en ökad kapacitet för att upptäcka ett utbud av multi-isotyp-specifika antikroppar mot en mer omfattande panel av protein mål, minskad volymkrav för antigener, prover och reagenser, och en ökad förmåga att införliva en större antal tekniska replikat, förutom flera interna kvalitetskontroll (QC) mäter1. Microarrays är därför mer känsliga, exakt och reproducerbar och har en större dynamiskt omfång. Dessa faktorer gör microarrays ett billigare och potentiellt gynnsamma alternativ till ELISAs för storskaliga detektion av kända proteiner. Men nackdelarna med Mikroarrayteknik leda främst från stora initiala kostnader i samband med att upprätta en panel av högrenade antigener och inrätta en teknisk plattform.
Protein microarrays har använts flitigt under de senaste två decennierna som ett verktyg för diagnostik och grundläggande forskning i kliniska tillämpningar. Specifika tillämpningar inkluderar proteinuttryck profilering, studiet av enzym-substrat relationer, biomarkör screening, analys av värd-mikrobinteraktioner, och profilering antikropp specificitet23,24, 25,26,27,28. Många nya patogen protein/antigen microarrays har fastställts, inklusive malaria (Plasmodium)29, HIV-130, influensa31, svår akut respiratorisk sjukdom (SARS)32, viral hemorragisk feber33 , herpesviruses34, och tuberkulos35.
Detta protokoll gäller inrättandet av en lätt operativa C. difficile reaktiva antigen microarray analys, som möjliggör korrekt, exakt och specifika kvantifiering av multi-isotyp och stamspecifika antikroppssvaret mot C. difficile antigener i sera och polyklonala IVIg. Häri, inkluderar vi representativa resultat som hänför sig till en godtagbar microarray analys prestanda i jämförelse med ELISA samt Analysens precision och reproducerbarhet profiler. Denna analys kan utvecklas ytterligare för att profilera andra kliniska prover och sätter en ny standard för forskning i den molekylära basen för CDI.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1827px;" width="1826">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">BioRobotics MicroGrid II arrayer</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">Digilab, Malborough, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:836px;">Contact arrayer used to automated spotting of the antigens onto the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scanner InnoScan 710.</td>
			<td>Innopsys</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A fluorescent microarray slide scanner with a red (Cy5) laser to read the reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MAPIX software version 7.2.0</td>
			<td>Innopsys</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Measure signal intensities of the spots.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Silicon contact pin</td>
			<td>Parallel Synthesis Technologies</td>
			<td>SMT-P75</td>
			<td>Print the samples onto the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo Scientific Nalgene Desiccator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>41102426</td>
			<td>To store the new and printed slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">384-well plate</td>
			<td>Genetix</td>
			<td>X7022UN</td>
			<td>To prepare the antigens.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plate cover</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, UK</td>
			<td>CLS6570-100EA</td>
			<td>To reduce evaporation of the samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Aminosilane slides</td>
			<td>Schott,&#160; Germany</td>
			<td>1064875</td>
			<td>The slide of choice for printing the antigens.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slide holders</td>
			<td>GraceBio Labs, USA</td>
			<td>204862</td>
			<td>Divide the slides into identical 16 subarrays. These holders are re-usable, removable, leak-proof wells .&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Candida albicans lysate</td>
			<td>NIBSC</td>
			<td>PR-BA117-S</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tetanus Toxoid&#160;</td>
			<td>Athens Research and Technology</td>
			<td>04/150</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G IgG, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-1</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G1 IgG1, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-2</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G2 IgG2, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-3</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G3 IgG3, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-4</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G4 IgG4, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), Human Myeloma Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701-1M</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A2 (IgA2), Human Myeloma Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701-2M</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A2 (IgA2), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090713</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biotinylated Goat Anti-Human IgG Antibody, gamma chain specific</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>BA-3080</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG (&#947;-chain specific)-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG1 Hinge-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9052-08&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG1 biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG1 but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG2 Fc-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9060-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG2 -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG 2but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG3 Hinge-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9210-08&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG3-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG3 but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG4 pFc&#39;-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9190-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Human IgA, alpha chain specific, made in goat - Biotinylated</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>BA-3030</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgA1-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9130-08</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgA2-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9140-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgM-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9020-08&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2 mm syringe filter</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>723-2520</td>
			<td>Filter the 5% BSA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, UK</td>
			<td>A7284</td>
			<td>Use 5% BSA for blocking the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antibody diluent</td>
			<td>Dako, UK</td>
			<td>S3022</td>
			<td>To dilute the serum and the secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Streptavidin Cy5</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>SA1011</td>
			<td>Detection of the immune reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified whole C. difficile toxins A and B (toxinotype 0, strain VPI 10463, ribotype 087)</td>
			<td>Toxins Group, Public Health England</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified whole C. difficile toxin B (CCUG 20309 toxin B only expressing strain)</td>
			<td>Toxins Group, Public Health England</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Precursor form of B fragment of binary toxin, pCDTb</td>
			<td>University of Bath&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Produced in E. Coli from wholly synthetic recombinant gene construct. Amino acid sequence based on published sequence from 027 ribotype (http:www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A8DS70)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified native whole ribotype-specific (001, 002, 027) surface layer proteins</td>
			<td>Dublin City University&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vigam (IVIg preparation 1)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Privigen (IVIg preparation 2)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Intratect (IVIg preparation 3)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protein microarray assay for serological determination of antigen-specific antibody responses following clostridium difficile infection

Vi ger en detaljerad översikt över en roman hög genomströmning protein microarray analys för bestämning av anti -Clostridium difficile antikroppsnivåer i Humansera och i separata beredningar av polyklonala intravenöst immunglobulin (IVIg). Protokollet beskrivs de metodologiska steg som ingår i provberedning, utskrift av matriser, analysförfarande och dataanalys. Detta protokoll kan dessutom utvecklas ytterligare för att införliva olika kliniska prover inklusive plasma och cell cellkulturer. Vi visar hur protein microarray kan användas för att bestämma en kombination av isotyp (IgG, IgA, IgM), underklass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2) och stam-specifika antikroppar mot höggradigt renat hela C. difficile toxiner A och B (toxinotype 0, stam VPI 10463, ribotyp 087), toxin B från en C. difficile toxin-B-only uttrycker stam (CCUG 20309), en föregångare form av ett B fragment av binära toxin, pCDTb, ribotyp-specifika hela ytskiktet proteiner (SLPs; 001, 002, 027), och styra proteiner (stelkramp tetanustoxoid och Candida albicans). Under experimentet, microarrays är utforskad med sera från individer med C. difficile -infektion (CDI), personer med cystisk fibros (CF) utan diarré, friska kontroller (HC), och från enskilda pre- och post-IVIg-terapi för den behandling av CDI, kombinerad immunbrist sjukdom och kronisk inflammatorisk demyeliniserande polyradiculopathy. Vi möter betydande skillnader i toxin neutralisering efficacies och multi-isotyp specifika antikroppsnivåer mellan patientgrupper, kommersiella beredningar av IVIg, och sera före och efter IVIg-administrering. Dessutom finns det en signifikant korrelation mellan microarray och enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) för antitoxin IgG-nivåer i serumprover. Dessa resultat tyder på att microarray skulle kunna bli ett lovande verktyg för profilering antikroppssvaret mot C.difficile antigener hos vaccinerade eller infekterade människor. Med ytterligare förfining av antigen paneler och en minskning av produktionskostnaderna, räknar vi med att Mikroarrayteknik kan hjälpa optimera, och välj de mest kliniskt användbar immunterapier för C. difficile infektion i ett patient-specifika sätt.

Figur 1 visar ett flödesschema som beskriver de stora stegen i protokollet beskrivs. Figur 2 visar Spearman korrelation tester visar betydande avtal mellan microarray och ELISA IgG och IgA anti toxin A och B nivåer i patientens testserumen. Figur 3 visar differentiell IgG och IgA antikroppar-klass specifika antikroppen Svaren till toxin A, toxin B och binära toxin (pCDTb) hos patienter med CF utan...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection at JoVE.com

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Denna artikel beskriver en enkel protein microarray metod för profilering humorala immunsvar mot en 7-plex panel av mycket renad Clostridium difficile antigener i humant serum. Protokollet kan förlängas för bestämning av specifika antikroppen svaren i förberedelserna av polyklonala intravenöst immunglobulin.

En Protein Microarray analys för serologisk bestämning av Antigen-specifika antikroppen Svaren följande Clostridium difficile infektion

We provide a detailed overview of a novel high-throughput protein microarray assay for the determination of anti-Clostridium difficile antibody levels in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells

Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells

Antigenspecifikt In Vivo Killing analysen med CFSE Märkta målceller

Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) can be used to easily and quickly label a cell population of interest for in vivo investigation.  ...

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay (Virochip) to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Med hjälp av en Pan-Viral microarray analys (Virochip) till skärm kliniska prover för virala patogener

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence ...

Colorectal Cancer Cell Surface Protein Profiling Using an Antibody Microarray and Fluorescence Multiplexing

Kolorektal cancer cellytan Proteinprofilering Använda en antikropp microarray och fluorescens Multiplexing

The current prognosis and classification of CRC relies on staging systems that integrate histopathologic and clinical findings. However, in the majority ...

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

Trans-vivo Fördröjd överkänslighet analys för Antigenspecifikt förordning

Delayed-type hypersensitivity response (DTH) is a rapid in vivo manifestation of T cell-dependent immune response to a foreign antigen (Ag) that the host ...

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Odling och underhålla<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; I en anaerob miljö

Clostridium  difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, sporogenic bacterium  that is primarily responsible for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and is ...

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Hel-djur Imaging och Flödescytometrisk Tekniker för analys av antigen-specifika CD8 + T-cellssvar efter Nanoparticle Vaccination

Traditional vaccine adjuvants, such as alum, elicit suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses. To address this major challenge in vaccine development, various ...

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Cefoperazon behandlade musmodell av kliniskt relevanta<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Stam R20291

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and ...

Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function

Detection och anrikning av sällsynta antigenspecifika B-celler för analys av Fenotyp och funktion

B cells reactive with a specific antigen usually occur at a frequency of &lt;0.05% of lymphocytes. For decades researchers have sought methods to isolate ...

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Ett protokoll för att karaktärisera de morfologiska förändringarna av<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Som svar på antibiotisk behandling

Assessment of antibiotic action with new drug development directed towards anaerobic bacteria is difficult and technically demanding. To gain insight into ...

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

In Vivo Test för påvisande av Antigen-specifika T-cell cytolytisk funktion använder en Vaccination modell

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol ...