Name: a protein microarray assay for serological determination of antigen-specific antibody responses following clostridium difficile infection
Uploaded: 2018-06-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection at JoVE.com

Bu araştırma bir Hermes bursu Ola Negm ve Tanya Monaghan ve ayrı Nottingham Sindirim Hastalıkları Merkezi ve NIHR Nottingham sindirim hastalıkları Biyomedikal Araştırma Merkezi fon aracılığıyla tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. hazırlanması Mikroarray plaka
<ol><li>C. difficile antijenleri Yazdırma arabelleği [PBS-ara-trehalose (50 mM)] ile (ki hasta sera çalıştırmadan önce önceden tanımlanmış) en iyi konsantrasyon, seyreltik: toksin bir (200 µg/mL) ve toksin B (100 µg/mL), pCDTb (200 µg/mL) ve arıtılmış yerli Tüm SLPs elde edilen ribotypes 001, 002 ve 027 (200 µg/mL). Not: Toksin B bir toksin B ifade zorlanma CCUG 20309 (90 µg/mL) elde edildi.<ol>
<li>Pozitif denetimleri, lysates C. albicansve t...

<ol>
	<li>Negm, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+humoral+immune+responses+to+Clostridium+difficile.-specific+antigens+by+protein+microarray+analysis.">Profiling humoral immune responses to Clostridium difficile.-specific antigens by protein microarray analysis.</a> Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 22 (9), 1033-1039 (2015).</li><li>Monaghan, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+prevalence+of+subclass-specific+binding+and+neutralizing+antibodies+against+Clostridium+difficile.+toxins+in+adult+cystic+fibrosis+sera:+possible+mode+of+immunoprotection+against+symptomatic+C.+difficile+infection.">High prevalence of subclass-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium difficile. toxins in adult cystic fibrosis sera: possible mode of immunoprotection against symptomatic C. difficile infection.</a> Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 10, 169-175 (2017).</li><li>Negm, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+antibodies+against+Clostridium+difficile.+are+present+in+intravenous+immunoglobulin+and+are+retained+in+humans+following+its+administration.">Protective antibodies against Clostridium difficile. are present in intravenous immunoglobulin and are retained in humans following its administration.</a> Clinical &amp; Experimental Immunology. 188 (3), 437-443 (2017).</li><li>Monaghan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OC-058+A+protein+microarray+assay+for+predicting+severe+outcomes+in+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">OC-058 A protein microarray assay for predicting severe outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Gut. 66, 31 (2017).</li><li>Bacon, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoglobulin+G+directed+against+toxins+A+and+B+of+Clostridium+difficile+in+the+general+population+and+patients+with+antibiotic-associated+diarrhea.">Immunoglobulin G directed against toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile in the general population and patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea.</a> Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 18 (4), 205-209 (1994).</li><li>Viscidi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+antibody+response+to+toxins+A+and+B+of+Clostridium+difficile.">Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile.</a> The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 148 (1), 93-100 (1983).</li><li>Salcedo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+therapy+for+severe+Clostridium+difficile+colitis.">Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis.</a> Gut. 41 (3), 366-370 (1997).</li><li>Abougergi, M. S., Kwon, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+for+the+treatment+of+Clostridium+difficile+infection:+a+review.">Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a review.</a> Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 56 (1), 19-26 (2011).</li><li>Shah, N., Shaaban, H., Spira, R., Slim, J., Boghossian, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+in+the+treatment+of+severe+Clostridium+difficile+colitis.">Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile colitis.</a> Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 6 (2), 82-85 (2014).</li><li>Kyne, L., Warny, M., Qamar, A., Kelly, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymptomatic+carriage+of+Clostridium+difficile+and+serum+levels+of+IgG+antibody+against+toxin+A.">Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (6), 390-397 (2000).</li><li>Solomon, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mortality+in+patients+with+Clostridium+difficile+infection+correlates+with+host+pro-inflammatory+and+humoral+immune+responses.">Mortality in patients with Clostridium difficile infection correlates with host pro-inflammatory and humoral immune responses.</a> Journal of Medical Microbiology. 62, 1453-1460 (2013).</li><li>Kyne, L., Warny, M., Qamar, A., Kelly, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+between+antibody+response+to+toxin+A+and+protection+against+recurrent+Clostridium+difficile+diarrhoea.">Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea.</a> Lancet. 357 (9251), 189-193 (2001).</li><li>Leav, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+anti-toxin+B+antibody+correlates+with+protection+from+recurrent+Clostridium+difficile+infection+(CDI).">Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).</a> Vaccine. 28 (4), 965-969 (2010).</li><li>Drudy, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+antibody+response+to+surface+layer+proteins+in+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Human antibody response to surface layer proteins in Clostridium difficile infection.</a> FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 41 (3), 237-242 (2004).</li><li>Bauer, M. P., Nibbering, P. H., Poxton, I. R., Kuijper, E. J., van Dissel, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humoral+immune+response+as+predictor+of+recurrence+in+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Humoral immune response as predictor of recurrence in Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (12), 1323-1328 (2014).</li><li>Wilcox, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bezlotoxumab+for+prevention+of+recurrent+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Bezlotoxumab for prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (4), 305-317 (2017).</li><li>Leuzzi, R., Adamo, R., Scarselli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vaccines+against+Clostridium+difficile.">Vaccines against Clostridium difficile.</a> Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics. 10 (6), 1466-1477 (2014).</li><li>Ghose, C., Kelly, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prospect+for+vaccines+to+prevent+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">The prospect for vaccines to prevent Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 29 (1), 145-162 (2015).</li><li>Henderson, M., Bragg, A., Fahim, G., Shah, M., Hermes-DeSantis, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+safety+and+efficacy+of+vaccines+as+prophylaxis+for+Clostridium+difficile+infections.">A review of the safety and efficacy of vaccines as prophylaxis for Clostridium difficile infections.</a> Vaccines. 5 (3), (2017).</li><li>Zhu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+protein+activities+using+proteome+chips.">Global analysis of protein activities using proteome chips.</a> Science. 293 (5537), 2101-2105 (2001).</li><li>Delehanty, J. B., Ligler, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+printing+functional+protein+microarrays.">Method for printing functional protein microarrays.</a> BioTechniques. 34 (2), 380-385 (2003).</li><li>Sutandy, F. X., Qian, J., Chen, C. S., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+protein+microarrays.">Overview of protein microarrays.</a> Current Protocols in Protein Science. , 21 (2013).</li><li>Huang, Y., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+array-based+approaches+for+biomarker+discovery+in+cancer.">Protein array-based approaches for biomarker discovery in cancer.</a> Genomics, Proteomics &amp; Bioinformatics. 15 (2), 73-81 (2017).</li><li>Vigil, A., Davies, D. H., Felgner, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+humoral+immune+response+to+infectious+agents+using+high-density+protein+microarrays.">Defining the humoral immune response to infectious agents using high-density protein microarrays.</a> Future Microbiology. 5 (2), 241-251 (2010).</li><li>Bacarese-Hamilton, T., Mezzasoma, L., Ardizzoni, A., Bistoni, F., Crisanti, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serodiagnosis+of+infectious+diseases+with+antigen+microarrays.">Serodiagnosis of infectious diseases with antigen microarrays.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 96 (1), 10-17 (2004).</li><li>Davies, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+the+humoral+immune+response+to+infection+by+using+proteome+microarrays:+high-throughput+vaccine+and+diagnostic+antigen+discovery.">Profiling the humoral immune response to infection by using proteome microarrays: high-throughput vaccine and diagnostic antigen discovery.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (3), 547-552 (2005).</li><li>Wadia, P. P., Sahaf, B., Miklos, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+antigen+microarrays+for+serum/plasma+antibody+detection.">Recombinant antigen microarrays for serum/plasma antibody detection.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 723, 81-104 (2011).</li><li>Moore, C. D., Ajala, O. Z., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+in+high-content+functional+protein+microarrays.">Applications in high-content functional protein microarrays.</a> Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 30, 21-27 (2016).</li><li>Crompton, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+prospective+analysis+of+the+Ab+response+to+Plasmodium+falciparum+before+and+after+a+malaria+season+by+protein+microarray.">A prospective analysis of the Ab response to Plasmodium falciparum before and after a malaria season by protein microarray.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (15), 6958-6963 (2010).</li><li>Khodakov, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+oligonucleotide+microarray+for+multiplex+real-time+PCR+identification+of+HIV-1,+HBV,+and+HCV.">An oligonucleotide microarray for multiplex real-time PCR identification of HIV-1, HBV, and HCV.</a> BioTechniques. 44 (2), 241-246 (2008).</li><li>Ryabinin, V. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Universal+oligonucleotide+microarray+for+sub-typing+of+Influenza+A+virus.">Universal oligonucleotide microarray for sub-typing of Influenza A virus.</a> PLoS One. 6 (4), 17529 (2011).</li><li>Zhu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Severe+acute+respiratory+syndrome+diagnostics+using+a+coronavirus+protein+microarray.">Severe acute respiratory syndrome diagnostics using a coronavirus protein microarray.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (11), 4011-4016 (2006).</li><li>Cleton, N. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spot+the+difference:+development+of+a+syndrome+based+protein+microarray+for+specific+serological+detection+of+multiple+flavivirus+infections+in+travelers.">Spot the difference: development of a syndrome based protein microarray for specific serological detection of multiple flavivirus infections in travelers.</a> PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (3), 0003580 (2015).</li><li>Liu, Y., Yu, F., Huang, H., Han, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+recombinant+antigen+array+for+simultaneous+detection+of+viral+antibodies.">Development of recombinant antigen array for simultaneous detection of viral antibodies.</a> PLoS One. 8 (9), 73842 (2013).</li><li>Zhou, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+array+identification+of+protein+markers+for+serodiagnosis+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+infection.">Protein array identification of protein markers for serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 15349 (2015).</li><li>Mannsperger, H. A., Gade, S., Henjes, F., Beissbarth, T., Korf, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RPPanalyzer:+analysis+of+reverse-phase+protein+array+data.">RPPanalyzer: analysis of reverse-phase protein array data.</a> Bioinformatics. 26 (17), 2202-2203 (2010).</li><li>Monaghan, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+antibody+and+memory+B-cell+responses+to+C.+difficile-associated+diarrhoea,+inflammatory+bowel+disease+and+cystic+fibrosis.">Circulating antibody and memory B-cell responses to C. difficile-associated diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel disease and cystic fibrosis.</a> PLoS One. 8 (9), 74452 (2013).</li><li>Grainger, D. W., Greef, C. H., Gong, P., Lochhead, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+microarray+surface+chemistries.">Current microarray surface chemistries.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 381, 37-75 (2007).</li><li>Wellhausen, R., Seitz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facing+current+quantification+challenges+in+protein+microarrays.">Facing current quantification challenges in protein microarrays.</a> Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2012, (2012).</li><li>Guo, A., Zhu, X. -. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+critical+role+of+surface+chemistry+in+protein+microarrays.">The critical role of surface chemistry in protein microarrays.</a> Functional Protein Microarrays in Drug Discovery. , (2007).</li></ol>

Bu protokol için o Mikroarray C. difficile protein antijenleri (rakamlar 3 ve 6) hasta sera ve IVIG (Şekil 5) ticari hazırlıkları için humoral bağışıklık yanıtı tanımlamak için uygun bir platform olduğunu göstermiştir. Biz de Mikroarray tekniği de geleneksel ELISA (Şekil 2) karşılaştırıldığında gerçekleştirir ve hassas ( kabul edilebilir sınırlar içinde düşen içi ve arası ass...

Bu iletişim kuralı geliştirme ve tespiti için bir roman ve özelleştirilmiş protein mikroarray testin geçerliliği ve bakteriyel zorlanma ve C. difficile antijenleri izotip özgü antikor yanıt yarı miktar açıklanmaktadır. Başarılı bir şekilde bizim C. difficilekullanmak-belirli Mikroarray tahlil Kompozisyon bioanalysis hasta sera1,2, hazırlıklar IVIG3, spesifik antikor içerik için umut verici yeni bir araç olarak ve CDI4yoksul sonuçları ile ilişkili antikor özelliklerine tanımlaması. Biobanked serum numuneleri ve IVIG ticari hazırlıkları Mikroarray slaytlarda nasıl çözümlenebilir C. difficile patojen özgü antikor yanıt bu tahlil tekrarlanabilir yüksek kaliteli profilleme izin göstermektedir.
Birçok sağlıklı çocuk ve yetişkin tespit serum IgG ve IgA antikorları C. difficile toksinler A ve B5,6var. Bunlar bebeklik ve C. difficile maruz yetişkinlikte takip sırasında geçici pozlama ardından ortaya çıkan düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle, poliklonal IVIG olmuştur dışı tekrarlayan ve fulminan CDI7,8,9tedavi etmek için kullanılır. Ancak, onun kesin rolünü ve eylem kalır belirsiz. C. difficile toksinler humoral bağışıklık yanıtı hastalığı sunum ve sonucu bir rol oynar çeşitli çalışmalar göstermiştir. Özellikle, asemptomatik Hastalar semptomatik hastalık10geliştirmek hastalara göre bir artan serum Anti-toksin A IgG konsantrasyon göster. Kanıtlanabilir bir dernek medyan Anti-toksin A IgG titreleri ve 30 günlük all-neden ölüm11için rapor edildi. Çeşitli raporlar da yineleme ve antikor yanıt toksin A, B ve birkaç sigara toksin antijenleri (Cwp66, Cwp84, FliC, hızlı ve yüzey katman proteinleri (SLPs)) karşı bir koruma ile bir ilişki ortaya koymuştur12,13 , 14 , 15. bu gözlemler son zamanlarda ABD Gıda ve ilaç idaresi ve Avrupa İlaç tarafından onaylanıp gelişme ilk pasif immünoterapi uyuşturucu hedefleme C. difficile toksini B (bezlotuxumab), mahmuzlu Tekrarlayan CDI16önlenmesi için Ajansı. Inaktif toksinler, uyuşturucu ve rekombinant toksin parçaları kullanarak aşılama stratejileri de vardır şu anda altında geliştirme17,18,19. Bu yeni tedavi yaklaşımları şüphesiz örneklerin boyutu büyük içinde birden çok antijenleri humoral bağışıklık yanıtlarını değerlendirmek için gereksinimin teşvik edecek.
Bugün, aynı anda bakteriyel zorlanma ve C. difficile antijenleri izotip özgü antikor yanıt değerlendirirken yetenekli ticari olarak mevcut yüksek üretilen iş deneyleri önemli bir eksikliği var. Gelecekteki araştırma çabalarını ve klinik uygulamaları kolaylaştırmak için bu tür deneyleri geliştirmek için bir karşılanmamış ihtiyaç vardır. Protein microarrays kişi20 veya olmayan bir kişi olabilir bir robotik sistem kullanarak çok sayıda tek tek saf protein lekelerin mikroskobik bir slayt tabanlı yüzeye dağınık şekilde organize bir dizi olarak hareketsiz için bir yöntemdir baskı aracı21. Noktalar hücre lysates, antikor, doku homogenates, endojen veya rekombinant proteinler veya peptidler, vücut sıvıları veya uyuşturucu22,23gibi karmaşık karışımlar temsil edebilir.
Protein mikroarray teknolojisi standart kurum içi ELISA ayrı avantaj geleneksel anti -C. difficile antikor yanıt değerlendirmek için kullanılan teknikleri sunar. Bunlar çok izotip özel antikorlar hedeflerinden protein, düşük hacim gereksinimleri antijenleri, örnekleri ve reaktifler, daha geniş bir panel karşı bir dizi tespit için artan bir kapasite dahil ve bir daha büyük dahil etmek için geliştirilmiş bir yetenek birden çok iç kalite kontrol (QC) yanı sıra teknik çoğaltır sayısı1ölçer. Microarrays bu nedenle daha doğru duyarlı ve tekrarlanabilir ve büyük bir dinamik alana sahip. Bu faktörler microarrays bilinen proteinler büyük ölçekli tespiti için ELISAs için potansiyel olarak uygun ve ucuz bir alternatif olun. Ancak, esas olarak bir panel yüksek oranda saflaştırılmış antijenleri kurulması ve teknolojik platformu kurma ile ilgili büyük ön maliyetleri Mikroarray teknoloji dezavantajları sonucu.
Protein microarrays klinik uygulamalarında tanılama ve temel araştırma aracı olarak son yirmi yılda yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. Belirli uygulamaları, enzim-substrat ilişkileri, biyomarker tarama, ana bilgisayar-mikrop etkileşimlerin analizi çalışma profil oluşturma ve antikor özgüllük23,24, profil oluşturma protein ifade 25,26,27,28. Birçok yeni patojen protein/antijen microarrays, sıtma (Plasmodium)29, HIV-130, grip31, şiddetli akut solunum Sendromu (SARS)32, viral kanamalı ateşi33 de dahil olmak üzere kurulmuş olan , herpesviruses34ve tüberküloz35.
Mevcut Protokolü doru, hassas ve belirli miktar multi-izotip ve C. zorlanma özgü antikor yanıt sağlayan bir kolay işletim C. difficile reaktif antijen Mikroarray yöntemi, kurulması ile ilgilidir difficile sera ve poliklonal IVIG antijenleri. Burada, ELISA yanı sıra tahlil hassasiyet ve tekrarlanabilirlik için profilleri karşılaştırıldığında bir kabul edilebilir Mikroarray tahlil performans için ilgili temsilcisi sonuçları içerir. Bu tahlil diğer klinik örnekler profil için daha fazla geliştirilebilir ve CDI moleküler temeli araştırma için yeni bir standart ayarlar.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1827px;" width="1826">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">BioRobotics MicroGrid II arrayer</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">Digilab, Malborough, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:836px;">Contact arrayer used to automated spotting of the antigens onto the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scanner InnoScan 710.</td>
			<td>Innopsys</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A fluorescent microarray slide scanner with a red (Cy5) laser to read the reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MAPIX software version 7.2.0</td>
			<td>Innopsys</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Measure signal intensities of the spots.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Silicon contact pin</td>
			<td>Parallel Synthesis Technologies</td>
			<td>SMT-P75</td>
			<td>Print the samples onto the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo Scientific Nalgene Desiccator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>41102426</td>
			<td>To store the new and printed slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">384-well plate</td>
			<td>Genetix</td>
			<td>X7022UN</td>
			<td>To prepare the antigens.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plate cover</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, UK</td>
			<td>CLS6570-100EA</td>
			<td>To reduce evaporation of the samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Aminosilane slides</td>
			<td>Schott,&#160; Germany</td>
			<td>1064875</td>
			<td>The slide of choice for printing the antigens.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slide holders</td>
			<td>GraceBio Labs, USA</td>
			<td>204862</td>
			<td>Divide the slides into identical 16 subarrays. These holders are re-usable, removable, leak-proof wells .&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Candida albicans lysate</td>
			<td>NIBSC</td>
			<td>PR-BA117-S</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tetanus Toxoid&#160;</td>
			<td>Athens Research and Technology</td>
			<td>04/150</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G IgG, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-1</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G1 IgG1, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-2</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G2 IgG2, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-3</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G3 IgG3, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), Normal Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090707-4</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin G4 IgG4, Human Plasma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), Human Myeloma Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701-1M</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin A2 (IgA2), Human Myeloma Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090701-2M</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin A2 (IgA2), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Human Plasma</td>
			<td>&#160;Athens research and&#160; technology&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>16-16-090713</td>
			<td>Purified Native Human Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Human Plasma.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biotinylated Goat Anti-Human IgG Antibody, gamma chain specific</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>BA-3080</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG (&#947;-chain specific)-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG1 Hinge-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9052-08&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG1 biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG1 but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG2 Fc-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9060-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG2 -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG 2but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG3 Hinge-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9210-08&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG3-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG3 but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgG4 pFc&#39;-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9190-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Human IgA, alpha chain specific, made in goat - Biotinylated</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>BA-3030</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgA1-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9130-08</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgA2-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9140-08&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG -biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Anti-Human IgM-BIOT</td>
			<td>Southern Biotec</td>
			<td>9020-08&#160;</td>
			<td>Goat anti- human IgG-biotin antibody reacts specifically with human IgG but not with other immunoglobulins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2 mm syringe filter</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>723-2520</td>
			<td>Filter the 5% BSA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, UK</td>
			<td>A7284</td>
			<td>Use 5% BSA for blocking the slides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antibody diluent</td>
			<td>Dako, UK</td>
			<td>S3022</td>
			<td>To dilute the serum and the secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Streptavidin Cy5</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>SA1011</td>
			<td>Detection of the immune reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified whole C. difficile toxins A and B (toxinotype 0, strain VPI 10463, ribotype 087)</td>
			<td>Toxins Group, Public Health England</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified whole C. difficile toxin B (CCUG 20309 toxin B only expressing strain)</td>
			<td>Toxins Group, Public Health England</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Precursor form of B fragment of binary toxin, pCDTb</td>
			<td>University of Bath&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Produced in E. Coli from wholly synthetic recombinant gene construct. Amino acid sequence based on published sequence from 027 ribotype (http:www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A8DS70)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified native whole ribotype-specific (001, 002, 027) surface layer proteins</td>
			<td>Dublin City University&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vigam (IVIg preparation 1)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Privigen (IVIg preparation 2)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Intratect (IVIg preparation 3)</td>
			<td>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protein microarray assay for serological determination of antigen-specific antibody responses following clostridium difficile infection

Clostridium difficile antikor düzeyleri insan sera ve poliklonal intravenöz immünglobulin (IVIG) ayrı hazırlıklar belirlenmesi anti - için bir roman yüksek üretilen iş protein mikroarray tahlil ayrıntılı bir özetini sağlar. Protokol numune hazırlama, diziler, tahlil yordam ve veri analizi yazdırma ilgili metodolojik adımları açıklar. Ayrıca, bu iletişim kuralı plazma dahil olmak üzere çeşitli klinik örnekler dahil ve kültür supernatants hücre için daha fazla geliştirilebilir. Protein mikroarray izotip (IgA, IgG, IgM), alt sınıf (Igg1, Igg2, Igg3, Igg4, Iga1, Iga2) bir arada belirlemek için nasıl kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir ve zorlanma özel antikorlar için son derece saf tüm C. difficile toksinler A ve B (toxinotype 0, zorlanma VPI 10463, ribotype 087), toksin B bir C. difficile toksin B yalnızca ifade zorlanma (CCUG 20309), ikili toksin, pCDTb, ribotype özgü tüm yüzey katman protein B parçası habercisi şeklinde (SLPs; 001 002, 027) ve kontrol proteinler (tetanoz toksoidi ve Candida albicans). Deneme sırasında microarrays sera C. difficile enfeksiyon (CDI), kistik fibrozis (CF) ishal, sağlıklı kontrol (HC), olmadan kişilerle olan bireyler ve bireyler öncesi ve sonrası-IVIG tedavisi ile probed tedavi CDI, kombine immün yetmezlik hastalığı ve kronik inflamatuvar demiyelinizan polyradiculopathy. Hasta grupları, IVIG, ve sera önce ticari hazırlıkları ve aşağıdaki IVIG yönetim arasında önemli farklılıklar toksini nötralize efficacies ve multi-izotip spesifik antikor düzeyleri karşılaşıyoruz. Ayrıca, serum örneklerinde antitoksin IgG düzeyleri için Mikroarray ve enzim bağlı immunosorbent assay (ELISA) arasında önemli bir ilişki yoktur. Bu sonuçlar bu Mikroarray antikor yanıt C.difficile antijenleri aşı veya enfekte insanlar için profil oluşturma için umut verici bir araç haline gelebilir öneririz. İle arıtma antijen panelleri ve üretim maliyetleri azaltma biz Mikroarray teknoloji optimize etmek ve C. difficile enfeksiyon için en klinik olarak yararlı immunotherapies bir hastaya özgü şekilde seçin yardımcı olabilir tahmin.

Açıklanan protokolünde önemli adımları açıklayan bir akış çizelgesi Şekil 1 gösterir. Şekil 2 Spearman korelasyon testleri anti-toksin A ve B hasta test sera seviyeleri önemli arasındaki anlaşma Mikroarray ve ELISA IgG ve IgA gösteren gösterir. Şekil 3 fark IgG ve IgA antikor-sınıf CF olmadan ishal olan hastalar, ishal olan CDI hastalar ve HC spesifik antikor yanıt toksin A, to...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection at JoVE.com

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Bir 7-plex panel humoral bağışıklık yanıtlarını yüksek profil oluşturma saf insan sera içinde Clostridium difficile antijenleri için bu makalede basit protein mikroarray yöntemi açıklanır. Protokol spesifik antikor yanıt müstahzarları poliklonal intravenöz immünglobulin belirlenmesi için genişletilebilir.

Bir Protein Mikroarray tahlil antijen spesifik antikor yanıt aşağıdaki Clostridium difficile enfeksiyon serolojik belirlenmesi için

We provide a detailed overview of a novel high-throughput protein microarray assay for the determination of anti-Clostridium difficile antibody levels in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells

Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells

Antijen Özgül In Vivo</emKAKE Etiketli Hedef Hücreler> Killing Testi

Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) can be used to easily and quickly label a cell population of interest for in vivo investigation.  ...

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay (Virochip) to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Viral Patojenler Klinik Örnekler Ekranına bir Pan-Viral Mikroarray Testi (Virochip)

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence ...

Colorectal Cancer Cell Surface Protein Profiling Using an Antibody Microarray and Fluorescence Multiplexing

Kolorektal Kanser Hücre Yüzey Protein Profil Antikor Mikroarray ve Floresans Multiplexing

The current prognosis and classification of CRC relies on staging systems that integrate histopathologic and clinical findings. However, in the majority ...

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

Antijen Özgül Düzenleme için Trans-vivo Gecikmeli Tip Aşırı Duyarlılık Testi

Delayed-type hypersensitivity response (DTH) is a rapid in vivo manifestation of T cell-dependent immune response to a foreign antigen (Ag) that the host ...

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Kültürleme ve bakımı<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Bir Anaerobik Çevre

Clostridium  difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, sporogenic bacterium  that is primarily responsible for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and is ...

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Nanopartikül Aşılama sonrası analizi antijene özgü CD8 + T hücresi tepkileri için tüm hayvan Görüntüleme ve Akış Sitometrisi Teknikleri

Traditional vaccine adjuvants, such as alum, elicit suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses. To address this major challenge in vaccine development, various ...

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

ve Cefoperazone-tedavi edilmiş fare modeli klinik olarak ilgili<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Gerilme R20291

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and ...

Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function

Fenotip ve Fonksiyon Analizi için algılama ve Nadir zenginleştirilmesi antijene özgü B hücreleri

B cells reactive with a specific antigen usually occur at a frequency of &lt;0.05% of lymphocytes. For decades researchers have sought methods to isolate ...

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Morfolojik Değişiklikleri Karakterize Eden Bir Protokol<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Antibiyotik Tedavisine Yanıt Vermek

Assessment of antibiotic action with new drug development directed towards anaerobic bacteria is difficult and technically demanding. To gain insight into ...

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

Vivo Tahlil antijen spesifik T-hücre Cytolytic işlevi bir aşı modeli kullanılarak tespiti için

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol ...