Name: whole-mount confocal microscopy for adult ear skin: a model system to study neuro-vascular branching morphogenesis and immune cell distribution
Uploaded: 2018-03-29T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-mount Confocal Microscopy for Adult Ear Skin: A Model System to Study Neuro-vascular Branching Morphogenesis and Immune Cell Distribution at JoVE.com

Agradecemos la gestión del laboratorio K. Gill y soporte técnico, J. Hawkins y el personal de institutos nacionales de salud (NIH) facilidad del edificio 50 animales para la ayuda del ratón, y R. Reed y F. Baldrey para asistencia administrativa. Gracias también a Motegi S. y M. Udey para compartir su oído piel disección Protocolo N. quemaduras ayuda editorial y los miembros del laboratorio de células madre y biología Neuro-Vascular para la ayuda técnica y discusión reflexiva. T. Yamazaki fue apoyada por la sociedad japonesa para la promoción de la ciencia (JSPS) NIH-KAITOKU. Este trabajo fue financiado por el programa de investigación intramuros de la National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (HL005702-11 para Y.M.)

Todos los experimentos en esta sección fueron realizados bajo aprobación de la nacional del corazón, pulmón, sangre Institute (NHLBI) Animal atención y Comité de uso.
1. adultos ratón oído piel colección
<ol><li>Eutanasia a ratones adultos por la exposición de dióxido de carbono (CO2) en una cámara cerrada y luego confirmar la eutanasia por dislocación cervical. Nota: El experimento sigue la pauta de institutos nacionales de salud (NIH) para el método de eutanasia...

<ol>
	<li>Mukouyama, Y. S., Shin, D., Britsch, S., Taniguchi, M., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+nerves+determine+the+pattern+of+arterial+differentiation+and+blood+vessel+branching+in+the+skin.">Sensory nerves determine the pattern of arterial differentiation and blood vessel branching in the skin.</a> Cell. 109, 693-705 (2002).</li><li>Mukouyama, Y. S., James, J., Nam, J., Uchida, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-mount+confocal+microscopy+for+vascular+branching+morphogenesis.">Whole-mount confocal microscopy for vascular branching morphogenesis.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 843, 69-78 (2012).</li><li>Li, W., Mukouyama, Y. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-mount+immunohistochemical+analysis+for+embryonic+limb+skin+vasculature:+a+model+system+to+study+vascular+branching+morphogenesis+in+embryo.">Whole-mount immunohistochemical analysis for embryonic limb skin vasculature: a model system to study vascular branching morphogenesis in embryo.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2011).</li><li>Yamazaki, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+Myeloid+Progenitors+Differentiate+into+Pericytes+through+TGF-beta+Signaling+in+Developing+Skin+Vasculature.">Tissue Myeloid Progenitors Differentiate into Pericytes through TGF-beta Signaling in Developing Skin Vasculature.</a> Cell Rep. 18, 2991-3004 (2017).</li><li>Mukouyama, Y. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vessel-dependent+recruitment+of+sympathetic+axons:+looking+for+innervation+in+all+the+right+places.">Vessel-dependent recruitment of sympathetic axons: looking for innervation in all the right places.</a> J Clin Invest. 124, 2855-2857 (2014).</li><li>Li, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+nerve-derived+CXCL12+and+VEGF-A+regulate+the+patterning+of+arterial+vessel+branching+in+developing+limb+skin.">Peripheral nerve-derived CXCL12 and VEGF-A regulate the patterning of arterial vessel branching in developing limb skin.</a> Dev Cell. 24, 359-371 (2013).</li><li>Chang, H., Wang, Y., Wu, H., Nathans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flat+mount+imaging+of+mouse+skin+and+its+application+to+the+analysis+of+hair+follicle+patterning+and+sensory+axon+morphology.">Flat mount imaging of mouse skin and its application to the analysis of hair follicle patterning and sensory axon morphology.</a> J Vis Exp. , e51749 (2014).</li><li>Salz, L., Driskell, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Horizontal+Whole+Mount:+A+Novel+Processing+and+Imaging+Protocol+for+Thick,+Three-dimensional+Tissue+Cross-sections+of+Skin.">Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2017).</li><li>Liakath-Ali, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+skin+phenotypes+revealed+by+a+genome-wide+mouse+reverse+genetic+screen.">Novel skin phenotypes revealed by a genome-wide mouse reverse genetic screen.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 3540 (2014).</li><li>Gunawan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+methyltransferase+Ezh2+controls+cell+adhesion+and+migration+through+direct+methylation+of+the+extranuclear+regulatory+protein+talin.">The methyltransferase Ezh2 controls cell adhesion and migration through direct methylation of the extranuclear regulatory protein talin.</a> Nat Immunol. 16, 505-516 (2015).</li><li>Avci, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+skin+disease+for+drug+discovery.">Animal models of skin disease for drug discovery.</a> Expert Opin Drug Dis. 8, 331-355 (2013).</li><li>Jin, H., He, R., Oyoshi, M., Geha, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+atopic+dermatitis.">Animal models of atopic dermatitis.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 129, 31-40 (2009).</li><li>Wagner, E. F., Schonthaler, H. B., Guinea-Viniegra, J., Tschachler, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psoriasis:+what+we+have+learned+from+mouse+models.">Psoriasis: what we have learned from mouse models.</a> Nat Rev Rheumatol. 6, 704-714 (2010).</li><li>Nunan, R., Harding, K. G., Martin, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+challenges+of+chronic+wounds:+searching+for+an+optimal+animal+model+to+recapitulate+their+complexity.">Clinical challenges of chronic wounds: searching for an optimal animal model to recapitulate their complexity.</a> Dis Model Mech. 7, 1205-1213 (2014).</li><li>O'Brien, P. D., Sakowski, S. A., Feldman, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+diabetic+neuropathy.">Mouse models of diabetic neuropathy.</a> ILAR J. 54, 259-272 (2014).</li><li>Yamazaki, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-Mount+Adult+Ear+Skin+Imaging+Reveals+Defective+Neuro-Vascular++Branching+Morphogenesis+in+Obese+and+Type+2+Diabetic+Mouse+Models.">Whole-Mount Adult Ear Skin Imaging Reveals Defective Neuro-Vascular Branching Morphogenesis in Obese and Type 2 Diabetic Mouse Models.</a> Sci Rep. 8, (2018).</li></ol>

Este protocolo describe la imagen de conjunto-Monte immunonohistochemical de piel de oreja adulto para el análisis de estructuras neuro-vasculares y la distribución de células inmunitarias. Creemos que este método tiene numerosas ventajas experimentales para investigadores para el estudio de ramificación de la morfogénesis y los patrones de los nervios periféricos y vasos sanguíneos, así como la distribución tridimensional de los componentes de la piel incluyendo el pelo y las células inmunes folículos. Los r...

Piel se compone de tres capas: la epidermis, la dermis y la hipodermis. Se ha utilizado como sistema modelo para estudiar el mantenimiento de la célula de vástago, la diferenciación y la morfogénesis en el desarrollo así como la regeneración, tumorogénesis e inflamación en adulto. Piel es ricamente vascularizada e inervada de tal manera que el desarrollo del sistema vascular y sistema nervioso periférico es bien coordinado.
Previamente hemos demostrado una técnica de imagen de piel embrionaria todo Monte con etiquetas múltiples para el estudio de los nervios periféricos intactos y los vasos sanguíneos incluyendo sus componentes celulares1,2,3, 4: axones sensoriales, axones simpáticos, las células en los nervios de Schwann, células endoteliales, pericitos y células musculares lisas vasculares (VSMCs) en los vasos sanguíneos. Durante la angiogénesis, una red capilar primaria experimenta intensivo remodelado vascular y se convierte en una red jerárquica de ramificación vascular. En la dermis/hipodermis en vías de desarrollo, las arterias ramifican junto a los nervios sensoriales periféricos y venas entonces forman adyacentes a las arterias. Después de la red vascular jerárquica está bien cubierta con VSMCs, los nervios simpáticos se extienden a lo largo e inervan los vasos sanguíneos de gran diámetro1,5,6. A pesar de la importancia de la estrecha asociación entre los sistemas nerviosos y vasculares en desarrollo, ha sido una cuestión importante abordar lo que ocurre con las redes neuro-vasculares en diferentes situaciones patológicas en adultos. Una proyección de imagen de alta resolución tridimensional es necesario apreciar la patogenesia, junto con morfogénesis ramificación anatómica reconocible y patrones.
Morfogénesis neuronal y vascular en piel de ratón adulto se analizan comúnmente por tejido sección coloración. Otros estudios han utilizado proyección de imagen de conjunto de montaje de la piel para visualizar los nervios periféricos y vasos sanguíneos, además de los folículos pilosos, glándulas sebáceas y del arrector pili músculos7,8,9. Sin embargo, el grueso de la piel adulta ha hecho difícil analizar la piel en toda su profundidad.
En el presente estudio, hemos desarrollado una novela alta resolución montaje en toda la proyección de imagen de piel de oreja adulto para superar estos desafíos. Piel del oído es fácilmente accesible para la disección y posterior montaje de toda la proyección de imagen de la piel en toda su profundidad. Por lo tanto, es un método simple y altamente reproducible que puede aplicarse para comparar la arquitectura tridimensional de los sistemas nerviosos y vasculares periféricos en la piel, con las medidas de cuantificación integral. Hemos demostrado que la alineación de los nervios periféricos sensoriales y simpáticas con los vasos sanguíneos de gran diámetro se conserva en la piel adulta. El objetivo de este protocolo es visualizar la ramificación de la morfogénesis y los patrones de los nervios periféricos y vasos sanguíneos, así como la distribución de células inmune a nivel celular en modelos de ratón adulto en varias condiciones tales como la inflamación y regeneración.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 x Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>KD Medical</td>
			<td>RGE-3210</td>
			<td>PBS, without Ca2+/Mg2+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14025-092</td>
			<td>HBSS, with Ca2+/Mg2+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>PFA, fixative, diluted in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td>Detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16210064</td>
			<td>Component of blocking/washing buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal donkey serum</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno research</td>
			<td>017-000-121</td>
			<td>Component of blocking/washing buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved fine tweezers</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>RS-5047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved tweezers</td>
			<td>Integra Miltex Vantage</td>
			<td>V918-782, V918-784</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter Unit 0.45 mm</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>157-0045</td>
			<td>For filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Coviden</td>
			<td>8881501400</td>
			<td>For filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter Unit 0.22 mm</td>
			<td>Millex-GV</td>
			<td>SLGVR04NL</td>
			<td>For filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>P36934</td>
			<td>Anti-fade mounting medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nail Polish</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>72180</td>
			<td>For sealing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MZ95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>TCS SP5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoshop CC 2017</td>
			<td>Adobe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Graphics editor software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Illustrator CC 2017</td>
			<td>Adobe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Graphics editor software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Image processing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PECAM-1 (CD31) antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB1398Z</td>
			<td>Hamster IgG, vascular endothelial cell marker, 1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PECAM-1 (CD31) antibody</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>553369</td>
			<td>Rat IgG2a kappa, vascular endothelial cell marker, 1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-aSMA antibody conjugated with cy-3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6198</td>
			<td>Mouse IgG2a, vascular smooth muscle cell marker, 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-EphB1 antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-9319</td>
			<td>Goat polyclonal, venous endothelial cell marker, 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-neuron-specific Class III b-tubulin (Tuj1)</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB18207</td>
			<td>Tuj1, Rabbit polyclonal IgG, pan-axonal marker, 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Tuj1 antibody</td>
			<td>Covance</td>
			<td>MMS-435P</td>
			<td>Mouse IgG2a, pan-axonal marker, 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-MBP antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB40390</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal IgG, myelination marker, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>AB152</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal, sympathetic neuron marker, 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Peripherin antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>AB1530</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal, peripheral neuron marker, 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD11b antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA74G</td>
			<td>Rat IgG2b, inflammatory cell marker (macrophages), 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD45 antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-0451-85</td>
			<td>Rat IgG2b kappa, pan-hematopoietic cell marker, 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD3 antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA1477T</td>
			<td>Rat IgG1, immune cell marker, 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD45R (B220) antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-0452</td>
			<td>Rat IgG2a kappa, inflammatory cell marker, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFP antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A11122</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal, 1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFP antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab13970</td>
			<td>Chicken polyclonal, 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-b-gal antibody</td>
			<td>Cappel</td>
			<td>55976</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal, 1:5000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-RFP antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab62341</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal, 1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) Alexa 488</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A11034</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal secondary antibody, 1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-hamster IgG (H+L) Alexa 647</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno research</td>
			<td>127-605-160</td>
			<td>Hamster polyclonal secondary antibody, 1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat IgG (H+L) Alexa 594</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno research</td>
			<td>112-585-167</td>
			<td>Rat polyclonal secondary antibody, 1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG2a Alexa 633</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A21136</td>
			<td>Mouse IgG2a secondary antibody, 1:250</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole-mount confocal microscopy for adult ear skin: a model system to study neuro-vascular branching morphogenesis and immune cell distribution

Aquí, presentamos un protocolo de una piel de oreja adulto todo montaje de técnica para estudiar la completa morfogénesis tridimensional de ramificación neuro-vascular y patrones, así como distribución de célula inmune a nivel celular. El análisis de estructuras anatómicas del nervio y los vasos sanguíneos periféricos en tejidos adultos proporciona algunas perspectivas en la comprensión del cableado neuro-vasculares funcional y degeneración neuro-vascular en condiciones patológicas como la cicatrización de heridas. Como un sistema modelo muy informativo, nos hemos centrado nuestros estudios en piel de oreja adulto, que es fácilmente accesible para la disección. Nuestro protocolo simple y reproducible proporciona una descripción exacta de los componentes celulares de la piel entera, tales como los nervios periféricos (axones sensoriales, axones simpáticos y células de Schwann), los vasos sanguíneos (células endoteliales y células musculares lisas vasculares ) y células inflamatorias. Creemos que este protocolo allanará el camino para investigar anormalidades morfológicas en los nervios periféricos y vasos sanguíneos, así como la inflamación en la piel de oreja adulto bajo diferentes condiciones patológicas.

Ratón adulto posterior oído piel (figura 1A) y anterior de la oreja (figura 1B) immunostained con anticuerpos αSMA (rojo), Tuj1 (verde) y PECAM-1 (azul). Piel posterior era immunostained para estudiar la distribución de neuro-inmune con anticuerpos CD11b (rojo) y MBP (verde), junto con Tuj1 (azul) (figura 2A). Distribución de CD11b+ las células inflamatorias, incluyendo macrófagos f...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-mount Confocal Microscopy for Adult Ear Skin: A Model System to Study Neuro-vascular Branching Morphogenesis and Immune Cell Distribution at JoVE.com

Whole-mount Confocal Microscopy for Adult Ear Skin: A Model System to Study Neuro-vascular Branching Morphogenesis and Immune Cell Distribution

Aquí, describimos un método imagenológico de alta resolución Monte todo en la piel de oreja de ratón adulto entero, que nos permite visualizar la ramificación de la morfogénesis y el patrón de los nervios periféricos y vasos sanguíneos, así como distribución de células inmunes.

Whole-mount Microscopía Confocal para el oído adulto piel: un sistema modelo para el estudio de morfogénesis Neuro-vascular de ramificación y distribución de células inmunes

Here, we present a protocol of a whole-mount adult ear skin imaging technique to study comprehensive three-dimensional neuro-vascular branching ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to visualize branching morphogenesis and patterning of peripheral nerves and blood vessels, as well as immune cell distribution. This method can help answer key questions in the fields of neurobiology, vascular biology, and immunology by illuminating morphological abnormalities in peripheral nerves and blood vessels, as well as inflammation. The main strength of this technique is that we can visualize the cellular components of peripheral nerves, blood vessels, and immune cells in the skin over its entire depth and can compare three-dimensional architecture on nervous and vascular systems.This method can provide insight into neuro-vasculature structures and immune cell distribution in juvenile to adult mice under normal and pathology conditions. After euthanizing adult mice according to the text protocol, dissect the ear from the base, and place it in a 35-by-10-millimeter Petri dish containing two milliliters of HBSS. Then, use scissors to briefly trim the hairs.Carefully peel the posterior and anterior skin away from the intervening cartilage. Transfer each section of skin separately to a 24-well plate containing one milliliter of ice-cold, fresh 4%PFA in PBS per well. Then, flatten the skin in the PFA.Next, fix the posterior and anterior skin with cartilage at four degrees Celsius for one hour. Then, use one milliliter of PBS to wash the skin three times for five minutes with gentle mixing at room temperature. Transfer the skin with cartilage to the bottom of a 35-by-10-millimeter Petri dish.Use fine curved forceps to peel off the cartilage from the anterior skin. Then, cut off the base region, which is folded and has adipose and connective tissues. Using the same forceps, carefully remove the hairs, adipose tissue, and connective tissue from the inside of the posterior skin.Use PBS to keep the skin wet. To carry out whole-mount immunohistochemical staining, transfer the posterior and anterior skin to a 24-well plate containing one milliliter of 10%heat-inactivated serum blocking buffer per well. Incubate the skin with gentle mixing at room temperature for 30 minutes.Dilute the primary antibodies in the blocking buffer as described in the text protocol, and add 150 microliters of primary antibodies in blocking buffer to the well. Then, transfer the posterior and anterior skin to new wells containing primary antibodies. Incubate the skin with gentle mixing at four degrees Celsius overnight.The following day, after transferring the skin to new wells or aspirating the primary antibodies, add one milliliter of 2%serum in PBS with 0.2%Triton X-100. Wash the samples with gentle mixing at room temperature for 15 minutes. Repeat the wash two more times.In the meantime, prepare secondary antibodies in 10%blocking buffer and filter the antibody solutions through a 0.22-micrometer PVDF membrane syringe filter connected to a one-milliliter syringe. Centrifuge the solution at 13, 000 times gravity for 10 minutes to remove aggregated particles of the secondary antibodies from the blocking buffer, adding 150 microliters of secondary antibodies in blocking buffer to the new well. Transfer the skin to the well containing secondary antibodies.Wrap the 24-well plate in aluminum foil to protect it from light, and incubate the skin with gentle mixing at room temperature for one hour. Add one milliliter of 2%serum washing buffer. Then, transfer the posterior and anterior skin to the wells containing washing buffer.Wrap the plate, and wash the samples with gentle mixing at room temperature for 15 minutes. Repeat the wash two more times. Place the skin on the bottom of a 35-by-10-millimeter Petri dish.Then, under a stereo microscope with low illumination to minimize photo bleaching, use fine curved forceps to carefully remove the hairs, adipose tissue, connective tissue, dust, and fibers from the inside of the skin. Use PBS to keep the skin wet. With forceps, transfer the posterior and anterior skin, with the inside facing up, on an adhesive microscope slide.Use forceps to flatten the skin. Mount the skin in a liquid anti-fade mounting medium to avoid photo-bleaching and preserve fluorescent signals. Make sure that no air bubbles are on or around the skin.Store the stained skin sample slides in the dark overnight at room temperature to allow the mounting medium to get firm. Then, use nail polish to seal the coverslip to the slide, and store it at four degrees Celsius for long-term storage. To carry out confocal microscopy, set up appropriate lasers for fluorophores.A confocal microscope with three laser sources is used in this experiment. Image the samples under a 10X objective, and use the sequential scan tool, which simultaneously excites triple-stained samples, to avoid and reduce any overlap. In this experiment, adult mouse posterior ear skin and anterior ear skin were immunostained with antibodies to alpha-SMA, Tuj1, and PECAM-1.The posterior skin was immunostained to study neuroimmune distribution using antibodies to CD11b and MBP, together with Tuj1. Finally, as shown here, distribution of CD11b-positive inflammatory cells, including macrophages, was detected at a single-cell resolution. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to handle your skin with care and to gently and slowly remove the hairs, adipose tissue, and connective tissue from the inside of the ear skin before mounting.This technique will pave the way for researchers to study branching morphogenesis and patterning of peripheral nerves and blood vessels, as well as three-dimensional distribution of skin components, including immune cells in juvenile to adult mouse models. Thanks for watching. Good luck with your experiments.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Live Imaging of Innate Immune and Preneoplastic Cell Interactions Using an Inducible Gal4/UAS Expression System in Larval Zebrafish Skin

Imágenes en vivo de inmune innata y preneoplásicas Interacciones de celda que utilizan un sistema de expresión / UAS Inducible Gal4 en larvas de pez cebra de la piel

Here we describe a method to conditionally induce epithelial cell transformation by the use of the 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) inducible KalTA4-ERT2/UAS ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Conversión epigenética como un método seguro y simple para obtener células secretoras de insulina a partir de fibroblastos de la piel de adultos

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Montaje entero horizontal: un nuevo protocolo de procesamiento e imágenes para tejidos gruesos y tridimensionales Secciones transversales de la piel

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Quantitative Whole-mount Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cardiac Progenitor Populations in Mouse Embryos

Análisis de la inmunofluorescencia de Whole-mount cuantitativa de las poblaciones progenitoras cardiacas en embriones de ratón

The use of ever-advancing imaging techniques has contributed broadly to our increased understanding of embryonic development. Pre-implantation development ...

A Simplified and Efficient Method to Isolate Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin Tissue

Un método simplificado y eficiente para aislar Keratinocytes humanos primarios de tejido adulto de la piel

Primary human keratinocytes isolated from fresh skin tissues and their expansion in vitro have been widely used for laboratory research and for clinical ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

Visualización de la placa notocordal en embriones de ratón Gastrulating con microscopía electrónica e inmunofluorescencia de Monte todo y nodo

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

An In Vitro Model of a Parallel-Plate Perfusion System to Study Bacterial Adherence to Graft Tissues

An In Vitro Model of a Parallel-Plate Perfusion System to Study Bacterial Adherence to Graft Tissues

Un modelo In Vitro de un sistema de placas paralelas de la perfusión para el estudio de adherencia bacteriana a los tejidos de injerto

Various valved conduits and stent-mounted valves are used for right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) valve replacement in patients with congenital heart ...

Analysis of Cardiac Chamber Development During Mouse Embryogenesis Using Whole Mount Epifluorescence

Análisis del desarrollo de la cámara cardiaca durante la embriogénesis de ratón usando todo de Monte de epifluorescencia

The goal of this protocol is to describe a method for the dissection of mouse embryos and visualization of embryonic mouse ventricular chambers during ...

A Layered Mounting Method for Extended Time-Lapse Confocal Microscopy of Whole Zebrafish Embryos

Un método de montaje en capas para la microscopía confocal de lapso de tiempo extendido de embriones enteros de pez cebra

Dynamics of development can be followed by confocal time-lapse microscopy of live transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing fluorescence in specific tissues ...

Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization in Zebrafish Embryos and Tube Formation Assay in iPSC-ECs to Study the Role of Endoglin in Vascular Development

Hibridación en situ de montaje completo en embriones de pez cebra y ensayo de formación de tubos en iPSC-CE para estudiar el papel de la endoglina en el desarrollo vascular

Vascular development is determined by the sequential expression of specific genes, which can be studied by performing in situ hybridization assays in ...