Name: electrochemical detection of deuterium kinetic isotope effect on extracellular electron transport in shewanella oneidensis mr-1
Uploaded: 2018-04-16T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at JoVE.com

Diese Arbeit wurde durch eine Beihilfe für speziell gefördert Forschung von der Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant-Nummer 24000010, 17 H 04969, und JP17J02602, die uns Office of Naval Research Global (N62909-17-1-2038) finanziell unterstützt. Y.T JSPS Research Fellow und unterstützt von JSPS durch das Programm für führende Graduierten Schulen (Verdienst).

1. Bildung von Biofilm Monolayer von S. Oneidensis MR-1 auf einer ITO-Elektrode (Abbildung 1)
Hinweis: Um die Kontamination des elektrochemischen Reaktors mit anderen Mikroben zu verhindern, sollten alle Medien, Geräte und Komponenten des elektrochemischen Reaktors im Voraus sterilisiert werden. Wenn MR. S. Oneidensis -1 Zellen und konstruieren die elektrochemischen Reaktoren, alle Verfahren auf einer sauberen Werkbank durchgeführt werden sollten...

<ol>
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Unsere ganze Zelle elektrochemischen Test hat einige technische Vorteile verglichen mit Protein Elektrochemie. Während Proteinreinigung mehrstufige zeitaufwändige Verfahren erfordert, dauert unsere gesamte-Cell-Methode einen Tag von selbstorganisierten Biofilmbildung nach Zellkultur. Um eine stabile Wechselwirkung zwischen OM czu erreichen - Cyts und der Elektrode, brauchen wir nur Sterilisation und Reinigung der Elektrodenoberfläche; Es erfordert keine Elektrode Modifikation für organisieren die Ausrichtung...

Elektrochemische Techniken um ein Redox-Protein in einer intakten bakteriellen Zelle direkt zu charakterisieren sind seit der Entdeckung der Metall-reduzierende mikrobielle Belastungen, z. B. S. Oneidensis MR-1 oder Geobacter Sulfurreducens PCA vor kurzem entstanden, äußere Membran Cytochrom c-Typ-komplexe (OM c-Cyts) ausgesetzt, die Zelle außen1,2,3,4,5haben. Das OM cvermitteln - Cyts Elektronentransport aus der Atmungskette auf festen Untergründen befindet sich extrazellulär. Dieser Transport wird als extrazelluläre Elektronentransport (EET)1,6 bezeichnet und ist ein kritischer Prozess für neue Biotechnologien, wie mikrobielle Brennstoffzellen-6. Daher, um die zugrunde liegenden EET-Kinetik und Mechanismen und seiner Verbindung zum mikrobielle Physiologie verstehen, OM c -Cyts wurden untersucht mit ganzen Zelle Elektrochemie4,7, kombiniert mit Mikroskopie 8 , 9, Spektroskopie10,11und Molekularbiologie2,4. Im Gegensatz dazu haben Methoden, um den Einfluss der EET-assoziierten kation Transport, z. B. Protonen, auf EET Kinetik in lebenden Zellen untersuchen kaum trotz PROTONENTRANSPORT über bakterielle Membranen haben eine entscheidende Rolle im festgestellt wurde, Signalisierung, Homöostase und Energie Produktion12,13,14. In der vorliegenden Studie, beschreiben wir eine Technik, um die Auswirkungen der PROTONENTRANSPORT auf EET Kinetik in der S. Oneidensis MR-1 Zelle mit Hilfe von ganzen Zelle elektrochemischen Messungen, zu untersuchen, die die Identifikation der Bandbreitenbegrenzung Schritt erfordert mikrobielle aktuelle Produktion15.
Eine direkte Möglichkeit, den Beitrag der PROTONENTRANSPORT auf die damit verbundenen EET zu bewerten ist der Deuterium-kinetische Isotop-Effekt (KIE). Die KIE ist zu beobachten, wie die Veränderung der Electron Transfer Kinetik auf den Ersatz von Protonen mit Deuterium-Ionen, der die Auswirkungen der PROTONENTRANSPORT Electron Transfer Kinetik16darstellt. Die Theorie der KIE selbst hat mit elektrochemischen Messungen mit gereinigtem Enzyme17gut etabliert. Jedoch da aktueller Produktion in S. Oneidensis MR-1 aus mehrere, unterschiedliche und schwankende Prozesse18, kann man einfach EET als die Bandbreitenbegrenzung Prozess nicht identifizieren. Um die KIE auf Proton Transportprozesse gepaart mit EET zu beobachten, müssen wir bestätigen, dass die mikrobiellen laufenden Produktion durch Elektronentransport durch OM cbegrenzt ist - Cyts an der Elektrode. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir die überstehende Lösung durch frisches Medium mit einer hohen Konzentration von Laktat als ein Elektron Spender an der optimalen pH und Temperaturbedingungen vor KIE Messung ersetzt; Dieser Ersatz diente zwei Rollen: (1) erhöht die Rate der vorgelagerten Stoffwechselprozesse im Vergleich zu den EET, und (2) ausgelassen die Zellen Schwimmen im überstand der Monolage Biofilm von S. Oneidensis MR-1 auf den arbeitenden Elektrode (befreit Indium-Zinn-dotierte oxid (ITO)-Elektrode). Die vorgestellte ausführliche Protokoll soll helfen neue Praktiker erhalten und bestätigen, dass die EET-Bestimmung Schritt erfolgt.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass cylinder</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, used as the electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE cover and base</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, used as a cover and a foundation of the electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buthyl rubber</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, inserted between each component of electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Septa</td>
			<td>GL Science</td>
			<td>3007-16101</td>
			<td>Used as an injection port of electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indium tin-doped oxide (ITO) electrode</td>
			<td>GEOMATEC</td>
			<td>No.0001</td>
			<td>Used as a working electrode, 5&#937;/sq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ag/AgCl KCl saturated electrode</td>
			<td>HOKUTO DENKO</td>
			<td>HX-R5</td>
			<td>Used as a reference electrode, &#934;0.30mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire</td>
			<td>The Nilaco Cooporation</td>
			<td>PT-351325</td>
			<td>Used as a counter electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria-Bertani (LB) Broth, Miller</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>244620</td>
			<td>Medium for precultivation of S. oneidensis MR-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto agar</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anthraquinone-1-sulfonate (&#945;-AQS)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>A1428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>184-00831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01305</td>
			<td>Used for defined medium (DM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 &#183; 2H2O</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>031-00435</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>011-03015</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 &#183; 6H2O</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>135-00165</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01665</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)</td>
			<td>DOJINDO</td>
			<td>346-08235</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Lactate Solution</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>195-02305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deuterium oxide (D, 99.9%)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>DLM-4-PK</td>
			<td>Additive for kinetic isotope effect experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>TOKYO RIKAKIKAI CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>LTI-601SD</td>
			<td>Used for precultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>TAITEC</td>
			<td>NR-3</td>
			<td>Used for precultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave machine</td>
			<td>TOMY SEIKO CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>LSX-500</td>
			<td>Used for sterilization of the electrochemical reactor and the medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clean bench</td>
			<td>SANYO</td>
			<td>MCV-91BNF</td>
			<td>Used to prevent the contamination of the electrochemical reactor and the medium with other microbes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge separator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5430R</td>
			<td>Rotational speed upto 6000&#215;g is required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen gas generator</td>
			<td>Puequ CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>PNTN-2</td>
			<td>Nitrogen gas cylinder can also be used instead of gas generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-vis spectrometer</td>
			<td>SHIMADZU</td>
			<td>UV-1800</td>
			<td>Used for optimization of cell density</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potentiostat</td>
			<td>BioLogic</td>
			<td>VMP3</td>
			<td>Used for biofilm formation and kinetic isotope effect experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal water circulator</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>TR-1A</td>
			<td>Used for maintanance of temperature of electrochemcial reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday cage</td>
			<td>HOKUTO DENKO</td>
			<td>HS-201S</td>
			<td>Used for electrochemical experiments</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrochemical detection of deuterium kinetic isotope effect on extracellular electron transport in shewanella oneidensis mr-1

Direkte elektrochemische Detektion von c-Typ Cytochrom-komplexe, eingebettet in die äußeren bakterienmembran (äußere Membran c-Typ Cytochrom-komplexe; OM c- Cyts) hat vor kurzem erwies sich als eine neuartige ganze Zelle analytische Methode um den bakteriellen Elektronentransport aus der Atmungskette der Zelle äußeren zu charakterisieren, als die extrazelluläre Elektronentransport (EET) bezeichnet. Während der Weg und die Kinetik der Elektronenfluss während der EET Reaktion untersucht wurden, hat eine ganze Zelle elektrochemische Methode zu prüfen, die Auswirkungen des kation Verkehrs EET zugeordnet noch nicht etabliert. In der vorliegenden Studie wird ein Beispiel für eine biochemische Technik zu prüfen, die Deuterium kinetische Isotop Wirkung (KIE) auf EET durch OM c- Cyts mit einem Modell Mikrobe, Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1, beschrieben. Die KIE auf den EET-Prozess erhalten Sie EET durch OM c- Cyts fungiert als die Bandbreitenbegrenzung Schritt in der mikrobiellen laufenden Produktion. Zu diesem Zweck vor der Zugabe von D2O ersetzte die überstehende Lösung mit frischen Medium mit einer ausreichenden Menge an der Elektron-Spender, die Rate der vorgelagerten Stoffwechselreaktionen zu unterstützen und eine einheitliche planktonischen Zellen entfernen Monolage Biofilm an der Arbeitselektrode. Alternative Methoden zur Bestätigung die Bandbreitenbegrenzung Schritt mikrobielle laufende Produktion als EET durch OM c- Cyts werden ebenfalls beschrieben. Unsere Technik eines ganzen Zelle elektrochemische Assays für die Untersuchung von Proton Transport Kinetik kann auf andere Elektroaktive mikrobielle Belastungen angewendet werden.

Nach 25 h mögliche Anwendung auf + 0,4 V (gegen sie) bildete ein monomolekularen Film Biofilm auf die Arbeitselektrode ITO Glas, zuvor durch ein Rasterelektronenmikroskop oder einem konfokalen Mikroskopie4bestätigt wurde. Der repräsentative zeitliche Verlauf der aktuellen Produktion von S. Oneidensis MR-1 während einer Monoschicht Biofilmbildung ist in Abbildung 2dargestellt. Obwohl der Strom in jeder Messung verändert, w...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at JoVE.com

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Elektrochemische Detektion von Deuterium kinetische Isotop Effekt auf extrazelluläre Elektronentransport in Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1

Hier präsentieren wir ein Protokoll der gesamten Zelle elektrochemische Experimente, den Beitrag der PROTONENTRANSPORT, die Rate der extrazellulären Elektronentransport über die äußere Membran Zellfarbstoffe Komplex in Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1 zu studieren.

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to observe the contribution of proton transport to the rate of bacterial extracellular electron transport by the detection of the deuterium kinetic isotope effect. Our method reveals the impact of proton transport on the kinetics of extracellular electron transport or EET from bacteria to an electrode via outer membrane c-type cytochromes. Our assay reflects the native proton management in EET because we used living bacteria rather than purified enzyme.However, our challenge was to remove the noises from other cellular processes. The deuterium kinetic isotope effect termed as KIE is one of the best technique to examine the contribution of proton transport on the associated electron transport process. To grow Shewanella MR-1 cells, transfer one colony of the cells grown on an agar plate into 15 milliliters of LB medium.Grow the cells at 30 degrees Celsius for 24 hours in aerobic conditions with shaking at 160 rpm. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 6, 000 times gravity for 10 minutes. Then, resuspend the resultant cell pellet in 15 milliliters of Defined Medium, supplemented with 10 millimolar lactate as the source of carbon and 0.5 grams per liter yeast extract as trace elements for the cells.After further cultivating the cell suspension aerobically at 30 degrees Celsius for 12 hours with shaking at 160 rpm, centrifuge again at 6, 000 times gravity for 10 minutes. Wash the resultant cell pellet twice with DM medium by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 6, 000 times gravity before the electrochemical experiment. To construct a three-electrode electrochemical reactor, put an ITO substrate as the working electrode at the bottom of the reactor.Subsequently, insert a glass cylinder and a polytetrafluoroethylene cover and insert a platinum wire as the counter-electrode. Then, insert a silver chloride electrode into the reactor as the reference electrode. Next, add four milliliters of DM supplemented with 10 millimolar lactate and 0.5 grams per liter yeast extract into the electrochemical reactor.After confirming that there is no leakage from the electrochemical reactor, flow the nitrogen gas into the electrochemical reactor over 20 minutes to maintain anerobic conditions inside the electrochemical reactor. Connect the electrochemical reactor to a potentiostat and apply a positive 0.4 volts to the ITO electrode, keeping the temperature of the electrochemical reactor at 30 degrees Celsius using an external water circulation system. To perform electrochemical cultivation, first adjust the cell density of the suspension to an optical density of 1.43 at 600 nanometers with DM supplemented by 10 millimolar lactate and 0.5 grams per liter yeast extract.Add 0.3 milliliters of the cell suspension into the electrochemical reactor through the injection port using a syringe. The OD 600 in the reactor changes to 0.1. Continue the potential application at positive 0.4 volts to the ITO electrode for 25 hours.Stop the potential application and disconnect the electrochemical reactor from the potentiostat and the water circulation system. Flow the nitrogen gas into a bottle containing DM with 10 millimolar lactate over 20 minutes to remove oxygen from the medium. Now, extremely slowly and gently, remove all the supernatant from inside the electrochemical reactor using a syringe under flowing nitrogen gas.Then, add four milliliters of fresh DM containing 10 millimolar lactate using a syringe. Slant the electrochemical reactor to remove all of the supernatant on the wall of the reactor. Repeat these steps three times in total.Stop the gas flow and connect the electrochemical reactor to the potentiostat again, applying a positive 0.4 volts to the ITO electrode at 303 Kelvin. Confirm that the current production from a monolayer biofilm of Shewanella MR-1 is stable and does not increase rapidly. If the current increases steeply, wait until the current stabilizes with a 5%increase over 10 minutes.Extremely slowly and gently, add 40 microliters of anoxic 50 volume percent D2O into the electrochemical reactor using a syringe such that the concentration is 0.5 volume percent D2O in the reactor. To prevent damage to the biofilm by D20 addition, inject the D2O dropwise. Wait for the current to stabilize and subsequently add the D2O up to 4.4 volume percent to obtain the KIE value, which is the ratio of current production and presence of D2O and H2O.Check the effect of the same volume of H2O addition on the current production. Here, the solid line is the representative result for the microbial current change induced by D2O addition. Addition of D2O sharply decreased the microbial current within 10 seconds, while H20 had almost no current decrease as shown with the dotted line.To confirm that the observed current decrease by D2O is attributable to electron transport through outer membrane cytochromes, a diffusing electron mediator was used. Here addition of 100 micromolar alpha-AQS enhanced the current production by more than five times and the current production remained unaffected by D2O addition. These results indicate that the kinetics of the metabolic reactions are fast enough so that the extracellular electron transfer process is rate-limiting.An alternative method for assessing this is the addition of the flavin molecule into the electrochemical reactor. An instant anodic current increase by flavin addition indicates rate-limitation by the electron transport process via outer membrane cytochromes. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to examine the kinetic isotope effect on the extracellular electron transport process.The most critical point to successfully obtain the kinetic isotope effect is to clarify and confirm the condition where the electron transport through the outer membrane cytochromes limits the rate of current production. In this video, we introduced two methods to confirm this condition, observation of current change by addition of flavin and by addition of diffusing extra mediator, such as alpha-AQS. Once the rate-limitation is confirmed, this system can be used not only for the deuterium experiment but also for the biochemical characterization of outer membrane cytochromes.Furthermore, this protocol could be applicable to examining other electroactive microbes, as long the extracellular electron transport process is rate-limiting. Our methodology provides a basic and general technique to investigate the extracellular electron transport process via outer membrane cytochromes in vivo.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Reconstitution of Nucleosomes with Differentially Isotope-labeled Sister Histones

Rekonstitution von Nukleosomen mit differentiell isotopenmarkierten Schwester Histone

Asymmetrically modified nucleosomes contain the two copies of a histone (sister histones) decorated with distinct sets of Post-translational Modifications ...

Forschung

Biochemie

Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics

Zeitaufgelöste Elektrospray-Ionisations Wasserstoff-Deuterium-Austausch-Massenspektrometrie zur Struktur Protein Studium und Dynamik

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. ...

Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution

Analysieren von Supercomplexen der mitochondrialen Elektronentransportkette mit Native Elektrophorese, In-Gel-Assays und Elektrolyse

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) transduces the energy derived from the breakdown of various fuels into the bioenergetic currency of the ...

Semi-automated Biopanning of Bacterial Display Libraries for Peptide Affinity Reagent Discovery and Analysis of Resulting Isolates

Halbautomatische Biopanning bakterielle Anzeige Bibliotheken für Peptid Affinität Reagenz Entdeckung und Analyse der daraus resultierenden Isolate

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A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Eine einfache Methode zur chemischen Hochdurchsatz-Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes

Messung der Trans-Plasma Membran Elektronentransport durch C2C12 Myotubes

Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) plays a role in protection of cells from intracellular reductive stress as well as protection from damage ...

Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

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Living organisms regularly need to cope with fluctuating environments during their life cycle, including changes in temperature, pH, the accumulation of ...

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

Probenahme und Vorbehandlung des Zahnschmelzes Carbonat für stabile Kohlenstoff und Sauerstoff-Isotopen-Analyse

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of human and animal tooth enamel carbonate has been applied in paleodietary, paleoecological, and ...

Extracellular Protein Microarray Technology for High Throughput Detection of Low Affinity Receptor-Ligand Interactions

Extrazelluläre Protein-Microarray-Technologie für hohen Durchsatz-Erkennung von geringe Affinität-Rezeptor-Ligand-Wechselwirkungen

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Analysis of &#946;-Amyloid-induced Abnormalities on Fibrin Clot Structure by Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Analyse der β-Amyloid-induzierte Anomalien auf Fibrin Gerinnsel Struktur von Spektroskopie und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie

This article presents methods for generating in vitro fibrin clots and analyzing the effect of beta-amyloid (A&#946;) protein on clot formation and ...