Name: electrochemical detection of deuterium kinetic isotope effect on extracellular electron transport in shewanella oneidensis mr-1
Uploaded: 2018-04-16T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at JoVE.com

Эта работа была финансовой поддержке целевых субсидий для специально поощрять исследования от японского общества для поощрения науки (JSP) номер гранта KAKENHI 24000010, 17H 04969 и JP17J02602, нас управлением военно-морских исследований глобальных (N62909-17-1-2038). Ю.ц. научный сотрудник JSP-страницы и поддерживается JSP-страницы через программы для ведущих выпускников школ (ЗАСЛУГИ).

1. формирование монослоя биопленки S. oneidensis MR-1 на Ито электрода (рис. 1)
Примечание: Для предотвращения загрязнения электрохимических реактора с другими микробами, все средства массовой информации, внедряет и компонентов электрохимических реактора дол...

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Microbiol. 48, 311-343 (1994).</li><li>Bretschger, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+production+and+metal+oxide+reduction+by+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1+wild+type+and+mutants.">Current production and metal oxide reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 wild type and mutants.</a> Appl Environ Microb. 73 (21), 7003-7012 (2007).</li><li>Richter, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+voltammetry+of+biofilms+of+wild+type+and+mutant+Geobacter+sulfurreducens+on+fuel+cell+anodes+indicates+possible+roles+of+OmcB,+OmcZ,+type+IV+pili,+and+protons+in+extracellular+electron+transfer.">Cyclic voltammetry of biofilms of wild type and mutant Geobacter sulfurreducens on fuel cell anodes indicates possible roles of OmcB, OmcZ, type IV pili, and protons in extracellular electron transfer.</a> Energy Environ. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+Linked+Flavin+Sites+in+Extracellular+Decaheme+Proteins+Involved+in+Microbe-Mineral+Electron+Transfer.">Redox Linked Flavin Sites in Extracellular Decaheme Proteins Involved in Microbe-Mineral Electron Transfer.</a> Sci. Rep. 5, 11677 (2015).</li><li>Saito, J., Hashimoto, K., Okamoto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flavin+as+an+Indicator+of+the+Rate-Limiting+Factor+for+Microbial+Current+Production+in+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1.">Flavin as an Indicator of the Rate-Limiting Factor for Microbial Current Production in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.</a> Electrochim. Acta. 216, 261-265 (2016).</li><li>Guo, J. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+properties+of+cytochrome+c+adsorbed+on+self-assembled+monolayers:+A+probe+for+protein+conformation+and+orientation.">Redox properties of cytochrome c adsorbed on self-assembled monolayers: A probe for protein conformation and orientation.</a> Langmuir. 18 (18), 7009-7015 (2002).</li><li>McMillan, D. G. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+enzyme+orientation+and+electrode+topology+on+the+catalytic+activity+of+adsorbed+redox+enzymes.">The impact of enzyme orientation and electrode topology on the catalytic activity of adsorbed redox enzymes.</a> Electrochim. Acta. 110, 79-85 (2013).</li><li>Dinh, H. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+corrosion+by+novel+anaerobic+microorganisms.">Iron corrosion by novel anaerobic microorganisms.</a> Nature. 427 (6977), 829-832 (2004).</li><li>McGlynn, S. E., Chadwick, G. L., Kempes, C. P., Orphan, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell+activity+reveals+direct+electron+transfer+in+methanotrophic+consortia.">Single cell activity reveals direct electron transfer in methanotrophic consortia.</a> Nature. 526 (7574), 531-535 (2015).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Nakamura, R., Nealson, K. H., Hashimoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bound+Flavin+Model+Suggests+Similar+Electron-Transfer+Mechanisms+in+Shewanella+and+Geobacter.">Bound Flavin Model Suggests Similar Electron-Transfer Mechanisms in Shewanella and Geobacter.</a> Chemelectrochem. 1 (11), 1808-1812 (2014).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Hashimoto, K., Nealson, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flavin+Redox+Bifurcation+as+a+Mechanism+for+Controlling+the+Direction+of+Electron+Flow+during+Extracellular+Electron+Transfer.">Flavin Redox Bifurcation as a Mechanism for Controlling the Direction of Electron Flow during Extracellular Electron Transfer.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. 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Наши поклеточного электрохимических пробирного имеет ряд технических преимуществ, по сравнению с белка электрохимии. В то время как очищение протеина требует длительных процедур многоступенчатый, наши поклеточного метод принимает один день самоорганизации биопленки после клеточно?...

Электрохимические методы непосредственно характеризуют редокс белка в нетронутыми бактериальной клетке недавно появились после обнаружения металла сокращение микробных штаммов, например S. oneidensis MR-1 или Geobacter sulfurreducens СПС, которые имеют внешняя мембрана тип c тситохрома комплексы (ом c-Cyts) подвергается ячейку внешней1,2,3,4,5. ОМ c- Cyts посредником переноса электронов от дыхательной цепи для твердых субстратов внеклеточно расположенных. Этот транспорт называется внеклеточного переноса электронов (EET)1,6 и представляет собой критический процесс для новых биотехнологий, в частности микробные топливные элементы6. Таким образом чтобы понять основной EET кинетики и механизмов и ее связь с микробной физиологии, ом c -Cyts были исследованы с помощью поклеточного электрохимии4,7, в сочетании с микроскопией 8 , 9,10,спектроскопии11и молекулярной биологии2,4. Напротив методы для изучения последствий EET-связаны катионов транспорта, например, протонов, на кинетику EET в живых клетках едва созданы, несмотря на протонного транспорта через бактериальной мембраны, что решающую роль сигнализации, гомеостаза и энергии производство12,,1314. В настоящем исследовании, мы опишем технику для изучения воздействия протонного транспорта на кинетику EET в ячейке S. oneidensis MR-1 с помощью поклеточного электрохимических измерений, которая требует идентификации тариф ограничивая шаг в микробные текущего производства15.
Прямой способ оценить вклад протонного транспорта на связанные EET является эффект кинетическая изотопа дейтерия (ки). КИЕ наблюдается как изменения в кинетика электронов передачи после замена протонов с ионы дейтерия, который представляет воздействия транспорта протон электрон передачи кинетики16. Теория KIE, сама была создана хорошо с использованием электрохимических измерений с очищенной ферментов17. Однако, поскольку текущее производство в S. oneidensis MR-1 результаты из нескольких, разнообразных и меняющихся процессы18, один не может идентифицировать просто EET как процесс ограничения скорости. Соблюдать KIE на Протон транспортных процессов в сочетании с EET, мы должны подтвердить, что микробные текущего производства ограничивается переноса электронов через ом c- Cyts к электроду. Для этой цели мы заменили супернатанта решение с свежей средой, с высокой концентрацией лактата как донора электрона на оптимальный рН и температурные условия перед KIE измерения; Эта замена служил две роли: (1) повысить уровень вверх метаболических процессов, по сравнению с EET и (2) опущены плавательный клетки в надосадке освобожден от биопленки монослоя S. oneidensis MR-1 на рабочих электродом ( Индия легированный оловом оксид (ITO) электрод). Представлен подробный протокол призван помочь новичкам сохранить и подтвердить, что процесс EET курс определение шаг.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass cylinder</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, used as the electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE cover and base</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, used as a cover and a foundation of the electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buthyl rubber</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, inserted between each component of electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Septa</td>
			<td>GL Science</td>
			<td>3007-16101</td>
			<td>Used as an injection port of electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indium tin-doped oxide (ITO) electrode</td>
			<td>GEOMATEC</td>
			<td>No.0001</td>
			<td>Used as a working electrode, 5&#937;/sq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ag/AgCl KCl saturated electrode</td>
			<td>HOKUTO DENKO</td>
			<td>HX-R5</td>
			<td>Used as a reference electrode, &#934;0.30mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire</td>
			<td>The Nilaco Cooporation</td>
			<td>PT-351325</td>
			<td>Used as a counter electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria-Bertani (LB) Broth, Miller</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>244620</td>
			<td>Medium for precultivation of S. oneidensis MR-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto agar</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anthraquinone-1-sulfonate (&#945;-AQS)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>A1428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>184-00831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01305</td>
			<td>Used for defined medium (DM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 &#183; 2H2O</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>031-00435</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>011-03015</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 &#183; 6H2O</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>135-00165</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01665</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)</td>
			<td>DOJINDO</td>
			<td>346-08235</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Lactate Solution</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>195-02305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deuterium oxide (D, 99.9%)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>DLM-4-PK</td>
			<td>Additive for kinetic isotope effect experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>TOKYO RIKAKIKAI CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>LTI-601SD</td>
			<td>Used for precultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>TAITEC</td>
			<td>NR-3</td>
			<td>Used for precultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave machine</td>
			<td>TOMY SEIKO CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>LSX-500</td>
			<td>Used for sterilization of the electrochemical reactor and the medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clean bench</td>
			<td>SANYO</td>
			<td>MCV-91BNF</td>
			<td>Used to prevent the contamination of the electrochemical reactor and the medium with other microbes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge separator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5430R</td>
			<td>Rotational speed upto 6000&#215;g is required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen gas generator</td>
			<td>Puequ CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>PNTN-2</td>
			<td>Nitrogen gas cylinder can also be used instead of gas generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-vis spectrometer</td>
			<td>SHIMADZU</td>
			<td>UV-1800</td>
			<td>Used for optimization of cell density</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potentiostat</td>
			<td>BioLogic</td>
			<td>VMP3</td>
			<td>Used for biofilm formation and kinetic isotope effect experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal water circulator</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>TR-1A</td>
			<td>Used for maintanance of temperature of electrochemcial reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday cage</td>
			<td>HOKUTO DENKO</td>
			<td>HS-201S</td>
			<td>Used for electrochemical experiments</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrochemical detection of deuterium kinetic isotope effect on extracellular electron transport in shewanella oneidensis mr-1

Прямых электрохимических обнаружения c-типа цитохрома комплексы, встроенных в бактериальной внешней мембраны (внешней мембраны c-типа цитохрома комплексов; ОМ c- Cyts) имеет недавно возникла как Роман поклеточного аналитического метода характеризовать бактериальной переноса электронов от дыхательной цепи на улицу клетки, называют внеклеточного переноса электронов (EET). Хотя были исследованы пути и кинетика электронов потока во время реакции EET, поклеточного Электрохимический метод для изучения воздействия транспорта катион, связанные с EET еще не созданы. В настоящем исследовании примером биохимического метода рассмотреть воздействие кинетической изотопа дейтерия (ки) на EET через ом c- Cyts, используя модель микробом, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, описан. КИ на процесс EET могут быть получены, если EET через ом c- Cyts действует как тариф ограничивая шаг в микробной текущего производства. С этой целью, перед добавлением D2O супернатанта решения был заменен свежие средства массовой информации, содержащие достаточное количество электронов доноров поддержать уровень вверх метаболических реакций и удалить планктонных клетки из единой однослойная биопленки на рабочем электроде. Альтернативные методы для подтверждения ограничения скорости шаг в микробной текущего производства как EET через ом c- Cyts также описаны. Наш метод поклеточного электрохимического анализа для изучения кинетики протонного транспорта может быть применен к другим Электроактивные микробных штаммов.

После 25 h потенциальных приложений на 0,4 V (или она) однослойная биопленки был сформирован на рабочем электроде стекла ITO, который ранее был подтвержден confocal микроскопии4или растровая электронная микроскопия. Представитель время курс текущего производства...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at JoVE.com

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Электрохимические обнаружения от дейтерия кинетическая изотопный эффект на внеклеточные переноса электронов в Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Здесь мы представляем протокол поклеточного электрохимических экспериментов для изучения вклада протонного транспорта по ставке внеклеточного переноса электронов через внешней мембраны цитохромов комплекс в Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to observe the contribution of proton transport to the rate of bacterial extracellular electron transport by the detection of the deuterium kinetic isotope effect. Our method reveals the impact of proton transport on the kinetics of extracellular electron transport or EET from bacteria to an electrode via outer membrane c-type cytochromes. Our assay reflects the native proton management in EET because we used living bacteria rather than purified enzyme.However, our challenge was to remove the noises from other cellular processes. The deuterium kinetic isotope effect termed as KIE is one of the best technique to examine the contribution of proton transport on the associated electron transport process. To grow Shewanella MR-1 cells, transfer one colony of the cells grown on an agar plate into 15 milliliters of LB medium.Grow the cells at 30 degrees Celsius for 24 hours in aerobic conditions with shaking at 160 rpm. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 6, 000 times gravity for 10 minutes. Then, resuspend the resultant cell pellet in 15 milliliters of Defined Medium, supplemented with 10 millimolar lactate as the source of carbon and 0.5 grams per liter yeast extract as trace elements for the cells.After further cultivating the cell suspension aerobically at 30 degrees Celsius for 12 hours with shaking at 160 rpm, centrifuge again at 6, 000 times gravity for 10 minutes. Wash the resultant cell pellet twice with DM medium by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 6, 000 times gravity before the electrochemical experiment. To construct a three-electrode electrochemical reactor, put an ITO substrate as the working electrode at the bottom of the reactor.Subsequently, insert a glass cylinder and a polytetrafluoroethylene cover and insert a platinum wire as the counter-electrode. Then, insert a silver chloride electrode into the reactor as the reference electrode. Next, add four milliliters of DM supplemented with 10 millimolar lactate and 0.5 grams per liter yeast extract into the electrochemical reactor.After confirming that there is no leakage from the electrochemical reactor, flow the nitrogen gas into the electrochemical reactor over 20 minutes to maintain anerobic conditions inside the electrochemical reactor. Connect the electrochemical reactor to a potentiostat and apply a positive 0.4 volts to the ITO electrode, keeping the temperature of the electrochemical reactor at 30 degrees Celsius using an external water circulation system. To perform electrochemical cultivation, first adjust the cell density of the suspension to an optical density of 1.43 at 600 nanometers with DM supplemented by 10 millimolar lactate and 0.5 grams per liter yeast extract.Add 0.3 milliliters of the cell suspension into the electrochemical reactor through the injection port using a syringe. The OD 600 in the reactor changes to 0.1. Continue the potential application at positive 0.4 volts to the ITO electrode for 25 hours.Stop the potential application and disconnect the electrochemical reactor from the potentiostat and the water circulation system. Flow the nitrogen gas into a bottle containing DM with 10 millimolar lactate over 20 minutes to remove oxygen from the medium. Now, extremely slowly and gently, remove all the supernatant from inside the electrochemical reactor using a syringe under flowing nitrogen gas.Then, add four milliliters of fresh DM containing 10 millimolar lactate using a syringe. Slant the electrochemical reactor to remove all of the supernatant on the wall of the reactor. Repeat these steps three times in total.Stop the gas flow and connect the electrochemical reactor to the potentiostat again, applying a positive 0.4 volts to the ITO electrode at 303 Kelvin. Confirm that the current production from a monolayer biofilm of Shewanella MR-1 is stable and does not increase rapidly. If the current increases steeply, wait until the current stabilizes with a 5%increase over 10 minutes.Extremely slowly and gently, add 40 microliters of anoxic 50 volume percent D2O into the electrochemical reactor using a syringe such that the concentration is 0.5 volume percent D2O in the reactor. To prevent damage to the biofilm by D20 addition, inject the D2O dropwise. Wait for the current to stabilize and subsequently add the D2O up to 4.4 volume percent to obtain the KIE value, which is the ratio of current production and presence of D2O and H2O.Check the effect of the same volume of H2O addition on the current production. Here, the solid line is the representative result for the microbial current change induced by D2O addition. Addition of D2O sharply decreased the microbial current within 10 seconds, while H20 had almost no current decrease as shown with the dotted line.To confirm that the observed current decrease by D2O is attributable to electron transport through outer membrane cytochromes, a diffusing electron mediator was used. Here addition of 100 micromolar alpha-AQS enhanced the current production by more than five times and the current production remained unaffected by D2O addition. These results indicate that the kinetics of the metabolic reactions are fast enough so that the extracellular electron transfer process is rate-limiting.An alternative method for assessing this is the addition of the flavin molecule into the electrochemical reactor. An instant anodic current increase by flavin addition indicates rate-limitation by the electron transport process via outer membrane cytochromes. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to examine the kinetic isotope effect on the extracellular electron transport process.The most critical point to successfully obtain the kinetic isotope effect is to clarify and confirm the condition where the electron transport through the outer membrane cytochromes limits the rate of current production. In this video, we introduced two methods to confirm this condition, observation of current change by addition of flavin and by addition of diffusing extra mediator, such as alpha-AQS. Once the rate-limitation is confirmed, this system can be used not only for the deuterium experiment but also for the biochemical characterization of outer membrane cytochromes.Furthermore, this protocol could be applicable to examining other electroactive microbes, as long the extracellular electron transport process is rate-limiting. Our methodology provides a basic and general technique to investigate the extracellular electron transport process via outer membrane cytochromes in vivo.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Reconstitution of Nucleosomes with Differentially Isotope-labeled Sister Histones

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Asymmetrically modified nucleosomes contain the two copies of a histone (sister histones) decorated with distinct sets of Post-translational Modifications ...

Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) transduces the energy derived from the breakdown of various fuels into the bioenergetic currency of the ...

Semi-automated Biopanning of Bacterial Display Libraries for Peptide Affinity Reagent Discovery and Analysis of Resulting Isolates

Полуавтоматическая Biopanning бактериальной отображения библиотек пептид сродство реагент обнаружения и анализа результате изолятов

Biopanning bacterial display libraries is a proven technique for peptide affinity reagent discovery for recognition of both biotic and abiotic targets. ...

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Простой метод для высокой пропускной способности химического скрининга в Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes

Измерения транс плазмы мембраны переноса электронов, C2C12 Myotubes

Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) plays a role in protection of cells from intracellular reductive stress as well as protection from damage ...

Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

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Living organisms regularly need to cope with fluctuating environments during their life cycle, including changes in temperature, pH, the accumulation of ...

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

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Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of human and animal tooth enamel carbonate has been applied in paleodietary, paleoecological, and ...

Extracellular Protein Microarray Technology for High Throughput Detection of Low Affinity Receptor-Ligand Interactions

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Secreted factors, membrane-tethered receptors, and their interacting partners are main regulators of cellular communication and initiation of signaling ...

Analysis of &#946;-Amyloid-induced Abnormalities on Fibrin Clot Structure by Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy

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This article presents methods for generating in vitro fibrin clots and analyzing the effect of beta-amyloid (A&#946;) protein on clot formation and ...