Name: enrichment and characterization of the tumor immune and non-immune microenvironments in established subcutaneous murine tumors
Uploaded: 2018-06-07T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors at JoVE.com

によりは、国立衛生研究所の両方の一般的な医学の国立研究所 (T32GM088129) と国立歯科・頭蓋顔面研究 (F31DE026682) からの財政支援を認めています。内容は著者の責任と国立衛生研究所の公式見解を必ずしも表さない。このプロジェクトは、また NIH (P30 AI036211、P30 CA125123 S10 RR024574) とジョエル ・ m ・ Sederstrom の専門家の助力からの資金とフローサイトメトリーおよび薬の Baylor の大学で細胞選別の中心によって支えられました。

ここで説明したすべてのメソッドは、機関動物ケアおよび使用委員会 (IACUC) の薬の Baylor の大学によって承認されています。
1. 腫瘍の収穫と消化
注: 収穫に要する時間は 3 ~ 5 分/腫瘍と処理に必要な時間は ~ 1 + 2-3 min/腫瘍。
<ol><li>炭酸ガス吸入によるマウスを安楽死させるし、髪の汚染を防ぐために収穫前に各マウスをダウン 70% エタノールをスプ?...

<ol>
	<li>Fouad, Y. A., Aanei, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+the+hallmarks+of+cancer.">Revisiting the hallmarks of cancer.</a> American Journal of Cancer Research. 7 (5), 1016-1036 (2017).</li><li>Gajewski, T. F., Schreiber, H., Fu, Y. -. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+and+adaptive+immune+cells+in+the+tumor+microenvironment.">Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.</a> Nature Immunology. 14 (10), 1014-1022 (2013).</li><li>Whiteside, T. 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Y., Kastenmuller, W., Ifrim, I., Kabat, J., Germain, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histo-Cytometry:+A+Method+for+Highly+Multiplex+Quantitative+Tissue+Imaging+Analysis+Applied+to+Dendritic+Cell+Subset+Microanatomy+in+Lymph+Nodes.">Histo-Cytometry: A Method for Highly Multiplex Quantitative Tissue Imaging Analysis Applied to Dendritic Cell Subset Microanatomy in Lymph Nodes.</a> Immunity. 37 (2), 364-376 (2012).</li><li>Bayne, L. J., Vonderheide, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicolor+Flow+Cytometric+Analysis+of+Immune+Cell+Subsets+in+Tumor-Bearing+Mice.">Multicolor Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets in Tumor-Bearing Mice.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2013 (10), (2013).</li><li>Goodyear, A. W., Kumar, A., Dow, S., Ryan, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+murine+small+intestine+leukocyte+isolation+for+global+immune+phenotype+analysis.">Optimization of murine small intestine leukocyte isolation for global immune phenotype analysis.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 405, 97-108 (2014).</li><li>Casadevall, A., Fang, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rigorous+Science:+A+How-To+Guide.">Rigorous Science: A How-To Guide.</a> mBio. 7 (6), 01902-01916 (2016).</li><li>Yao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CyTOF+supports+efficient+detection+of+immune+cell+subsets+from+small+samples.">CyTOF supports efficient detection of immune cell subsets from small samples.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 415, 1-5 (2014).</li><li>Kay, A. W., Strauss-Albee, D. M., Blish, C. 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時間は、多様で複雑な細胞成分と分子で構成されます。最近の証拠は、この環境の正確な特性評価が治療の成功または障害のよりよい理解を提供できる治療抵抗性のメカニズムを特定するを助けてもいいこと示唆しています。たとえば、エフェクター免疫反応を軽減することができ、免疫療法の効果を破棄する腫瘍様々 な免疫細胞 (すなわちMDSCs、T 細胞など) のレベルを上げま?...

抑制時間は、最近、癌の特徴として認識されているし、開発、進行固形腫瘍癌の保護に重要な役割を果たすだけでなく、免疫療法1感受性を緩和する知られています。時間は、多数の細胞サブセットと腫瘍の免疫学的状態に重要な洞察力を提供するすべての表現型で構成されます。これらの免疫のサブセットは、一緒に自然免疫と適応免疫応答2,3の大半を構成するリンパ球や骨髄由来の細胞にさらに層化できます。がん免疫療法の分野の最近の進歩は免疫療法戦略(すなわち、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤、キメラ抗原受容体の T 細胞等)に耐久性のある癌を誘発する可能性があることを示しています。リグレッションただし、固形腫瘍の癌4,5で比較的効果が残ります。多数のグループでは、時間治療成功6、7、遊ぶことができる、したがって、特に中心前臨床設定の新しい免疫療法を正確に評価する必要があるいる、重要なハードルを示されている、変調または8時間を克服する機能。
通常時間を特徴付ける現在の努力はどちらか顕微鏡を利用またはフローサイトメトリー抗体の免疫細胞サブセットと9,10代の機能を識別するための戦略を分類と共に。これらの 2 つの戦略顕微鏡により細胞サブセットの空間感謝されフローサイトメトリー高スループット、携帯電話の変更のより広範な定量化一意に異なる情報を提供します。今まで 7 つのパラメーターをサポートできる、スペクトル イメージング システムの最適化多重免疫組織染色の最近の改善にもかかわらず限定パネル サイズ広範なレベル プロファイリング免疫困難は、したがってこの手法はしばしば予約詳細解析に焦点を当てた。その結果、フローサイトメトリーはプロファイリング技術最も広く使われている免疫の一つであります。時間評価技術の広範な使用、にもかかわらず処理と染色に使用される方法は非常に変数です。多くの場合プロトコル利用酵素の分離腫瘍 (すなわちコラゲナーゼ、DNase、等) と単一細胞懸濁液を達成するために手動の解離メソッドの後に抗体染色と分析7。それぞれの方法の利点があるにもかかわらず多数のグループはこれらテクニック11まで誘導することができます大規模な変動を示しています。これにより、同じマウス腫瘍モデルを評価する際にも、腫瘍微小環境のプロファイリングのクロス研究比較が非常に困難になります。さらに、これらのメソッドは、腫瘍細胞を評価する限られた可能性を提供し、腫瘍免疫侵入、独立していないコンポーネント消化後両方のコンポーネントが点在するので。サンプル量は、マルチパネル染色とまれな免疫学的サブセットを特徴付けるように試みとが主要な問題の分析を制限 (すなわち、腫瘍特定の T 細胞)12。質量 cytometry など (CyTOF)、飛行時間によってフローサイトメトリー最新技術は、42 の独立したパラメーター13以上のパネル デザインをサポートいくつかのシステムと細胞サブセットの高次元の表現型解析を許可します。CyTOF 免疫プロファイリング技術の驚異的なパワー、にもかかわらず、それは費用、解析の専門知識、および機器へのアクセスのため限られています。さらに、CyTOF プロトコルの多くは、信号対雑音比の14を改善するために免疫のサブセットの浄化をお勧めします、したがって私たちの濃縮方法を使用できることを提案 CyTOF 分析データの品質を向上させるための上流。
本腫瘍微小環境消化と腫瘍免疫を組み込む方法は侵入分離解析について述べる。このメソッドの目的は、腫瘍免疫浸潤、腫瘍微小環境の広範な評価の腫瘍細胞の一部分の独立した高スループット プロファイルを許可することです。このメソッドを使用すると、さらに示す全腫瘍の分析の重要性と皮下腫瘍モデル発見された重要な免疫不.全体的にみて、このメソッドより正確かつ一貫して比較できますサンプル間腫瘍内免疫細胞サブセットの豊か、独立した腫瘍細胞と腫瘍の免疫分数のプロファイリングが可能になります。

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			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">6 to 12 week old male C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Jackson Laboratory&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Mice used in our tumor studies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="81">
			<td height="81" style="height:81px;width:216px;">MEER Murine Syngeneic Cancer Cell line</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Acquired from collaborator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">E6/E7 HPV antigen expressing murine tonsillar epithelial cancer cell line&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">70% isopropyl alcohol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">EMD Milipore&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PX1840</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Murine surgical tool kit</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MOUSEKIT</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Primarily only need scissors, tweezers, and a scalpel.&#160;</td>
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			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">24-well plate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Denville Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T1024</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or any 24-well flat bottom plate.&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI-1640 media</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R0883</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Collagenase I&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">EMD Milipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">234153</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Collagenase IV</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LS004189</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DNase I&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11284932001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Low Speed Orbital Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BioExpress (supplier: Genemate)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S-3200-LS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or any orbital shaker.&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Thermoregulating incubator</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-255-27</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or any other thermo-regulated incubator</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F8192</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">AMRESCO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E177</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">1 mL Pipette and tips</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-690-032</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or any other pipette and tips</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">40 um Cell Strainers</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22363547</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">50 mL Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Denville Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1062-P</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">15 mL Conical Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Denville Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1012</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">10 mL Luer-Lok Syringe without needles</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309604</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Lymphoprep Density Gradient Medium</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7811</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Transfer Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Denville Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P7212</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">96-well U-bottom plates</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Denville Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DPBS</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8573</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">FoxP3 Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">00-5523-00</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fix/Permeabilization Buffer and Permeabilization Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thermoregulated Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Eppendorf&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5810 R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Attune NxT Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For 96-well cell volumetric counting&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:216px;">Purified Rat Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 (Mouse BD Fc Block)&#160;Clone 2.4G2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">553141</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fc Block</td>
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		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">LIVE/DEAD Fixable Blue Dead Cell Stain Kit, for UV excitation</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L34962</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fixable viability stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">CD45 Monoclonal Antibody (30-F11), APC-eFluor 780</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">47-0451-80</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">TCR beta Monoclonal Antibody (H57-597), APC</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-5961-82</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">CD8-&#945; Antibody (KT15), PE</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-53473&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">CD4 Monoclonal Antibody (GK1.5), PE-Cyanine5</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15-0041-81</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">MHC Class II (I-A/I-E) Monoclonal Antibody (M5/114.15.2), Alexa Fluor 700</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">56-5321-82</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">CD11c Monoclonal Antibody (N418), PE-Cyanine5</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15-0114-82</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">F4/80 Monoclonal Antibody (BM8), eFluor 450</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48-4801-80</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">CD11b Monoclonal Antibody (M1/70), APC</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-0112-81</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Ly-6G (Gr-1) Monoclonal Antibody (RB6-8C5), PE</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-5931-82</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">CD274 (PD-L1, B7-H1) Monoclonal Antibody (MIH5), PE-Cyanine7</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-5982-80</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">CD273 (B7-DC) Monoclonal Antibody (122), PerCP-eFluor 710</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">46-9972-82</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Ki-67 Monoclonal Antibody (B56), BV711</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">563755</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enrichment and characterization of the tumor immune and non-immune microenvironments in established subcutaneous murine tumors

腫瘍免疫微小環境 (時間) は最近特に免疫療法のための固形腫瘍の治療反応の重要な仲介人として認識されています。免疫療法の臨床的進歩は、再現可能な方法で正確かつ完全に特徴付ける腫瘍とその関連付けられた免疫潜入の必要性を強調表示します。腫瘍の酵素消化とフローサイトメトリーによる解析により、多数の免疫細胞サブセットおよび表現型; の広範な評価しかし、分析の深さは多くの場合パネルのデザインと大きな腫瘍のサンプルを取得する必要があります興味のまれな免疫個体を観察する fluorophore 制限によって制限されます。したがって、分離・非免疫腫瘍コンポーネントから腫瘍免疫潜入を豊かに高スループットの効果的な方法を開発しました。記載されている腫瘍消化と遠心密度ベースの分離技術により、腫瘍と腫瘍の個別特性免疫潜入分数と細胞生存率を保持し、したがって、腫瘍の広範な評価を提供します免疫学的状態。このメソッドは、さらに一貫性のある全体の腫瘍免疫学的プロファイリング技術の必要性を示す固形腫瘍広範なの空間的免疫不均一を特徴付けるために使用されました。全体として、このメソッドは固体マウス皮下腫瘍の免疫学的特性に対する効果的かつ適応手法を提供します。よい腫瘍の免疫学的機能を特徴付けるためのこのツールの使用など、新しい免疫療法戦略の前臨床評価。

プロトコルで説明したように、非免疫腫瘍コンポーネントから分離までの大きな利点を示した。また、記載されているメソッドを使用して確立された固形腫瘍の重要な免疫学的不均一性を示す.
多くの腫瘍解離技術の大きな問題として、過酷な消化条件 (すなわち、上昇温度、不十分な栄養供給など) の結果と...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors at JoVE.com

Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors

ここで分離し、確立された皮下腫瘍における腫瘍免疫と免疫のない微小環境のコンポーネントを豊かにする方法をについて説明します。この手法は、腫瘍免疫浸潤と非免疫腫瘍腫瘍免疫微小環境の包括的な評価を可能にすることができます独立した分析のためことができます。

濃縮と確立された皮下マウス腫瘍における腫瘍免疫と免疫のない微小のキャラクタリゼーション

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has recently been recognized as a critical mediator of treatment response in solid tumors, especially for ...

The overall goal of this technique is to provide a method for simultaneous profiling of both the immune and cancer cell fractions contributing to the immune microenvironment of solid tumors. This method can help answer key questions in the immune oncology fields, such as what immune and non-immune serial changes occur within the tumor following a given treatment. The main advantage of this technique is that it facilitates the effective enrichment of tumor immune and non-immune components, allowing a thorough profiling of the tumor immunologic state.The overall goal of this method is to efficiently profile the tumor immune microenvironment and identify treatment induced changes. After spraying the mouse with 70%ethanol to prevent hair contamination, surgically remove the subcutaneous tumors, taking care that the tumors are free of any contaminating tissue. Then, place each tumor in 1.8 milliliters of base RPMI 1640 medium without fetal bovine serum in individual wells of a 24-well plate on ice.When all of the tumors have been collected, use scissors to cut the samples into less than one cubic millimeter pieces and add 200 microliters of freshly prepared 10X dissociation cocktail containing collagenase-1, collagenase-4, and DNase one to each well. After one hour at 37 degrees Celsius, in an orbital plate shaker at 60 to 100 RPM, neutralize the reaction with one milliliter of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 5%FBS and two millimolar EDTA, and use a modified one milliliter pipette tip to transfer each tumor slurry sample into individual 50 milliliter conical tubes topped with individual 40 micrometer strainers. Using a 10 milliliter syringe plunger, mechanically disaggregate the tumor pieces through the strainers, periodically rinsing each strainer with two milliliters of RPMI 1640 medium plus 5%FBS until the strainers are clear of tumor.When all of the tumors have been dissociated, add medium to each tube as necessary to bring all of the samples up to the same volume and pellet the cells by centrifugation. Then, use a five milliliter serological pipette to resuspend the pellets in two milliliters of FBS supplemented medium per tube. To separate the immune and tumor cell fractions, add three milliliters of density gradient medium to the bottom of one 15 milliliter conical tube per sample and slowly layer two milliliters of tumor cell suspension down the side of each tube onto each gradient.Take care to ensure that the tumor cell suspensions are mixed well before layering, that the cell suspensions are slowly pipette down the side of the tubes, and that the tubes are handled carefully to prevent mixing of the layers. Separate the cells by density gradient centrifugation and carefully collect the top medium and tumor infiltrating leukocyte layers into one new 15 milliliter tube per sample. Discard the remaining density gradient media and resuspend the tumor pellets in two milliliters of medium plus FBS per tube.Then, centrifuge all of the samples and resuspend the tumor infiltrating leukocytes in 200 microliters and the tumor cells in two milliliters of medium plus FBS per tube on ice. To plate the cells, label one 96-well U-bottom plate for each immune staining panel plus an additional plate for cell counts and aliquot the single cell suspensions into each of the staining panel plates and the calc plate. Wash the cells two times with 200 microliters of Dulbecco's PBS per sample and block the cells with 50 microliters of FC block per well for 20 minutes at four degrees Celsius.At the end of the blocking incubation, add 50 microliters of 2X concentrated extracellular targeting antibody and fixable viability stain mixture to each well for a 30 minute incubation in the dark. At the end of the staining incubation, wash the samples two times with FACS buffer and resuspend the pellets in 200 microliters of fixation and permeabilization solution overnight at four degrees Celsius, protected from light. The next day, collect the cells by centrifugation, followed by a wash with 200 microliters of permeabilization buffer per well.Label the cells with 100 microliters of intracellular antibody staining panel in permeabilization buffer for a 30 minute incubation in the dark, followed by another permeabilization buffer wash. Then, wash the cells again with FACS buffer and resuspend the samples in 300 microliters of fresh FACS buffer for their analysis by flow cytometry. Tumor digestion, as demonstrated, with or without density gradient medium enrichment, results in an approximately 70 to 90%viable whole tumor cell population as assessed by flow cytometry.Density gradient medium enrichment promotes a greater than two-fold increase in the CD45 positive tumor infiltrating leukocyte fraction, compared to non-enriched tumor digestions, as well as numerous immune cell subsets commonly observed in immune microenvironment studies. The CD45 negative tumor cell fraction can also be profiled for numerous tumor features, such as overall tumor viability or apoptosis, proliferation capacity, and the expression of various immunosuppressive markers. To determine how myeloid and lymphocyte immunologic subsets vary throughout a single solid tumor, the tumor can be divided into four equal parts in such a way that each section contains approximately equal intratumoral regions, as well as equal dermal and peritoneal facing portions.Each piece can then be digested separately and analyzed, as demonstrated, for the presence of various immune cell populations. Once mastered, this technique can be completed in four to 8 hours depending on how many samples you have. While attempting this procedure, it's important to work quickly but efficiently to preserve cell viability.Visual demonstration of this method is critical, as the dissociation and separation steps involve techniques that are difficult to learn by written text alone. Following this procedure, flow cytometry can be performed to answer additional questions about how cellular populations change within a tumor, both in terms of abundance and phenotype. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to separate and analyze both the immune and non-immune components of an established subcutaneous murine tumor using the demonstrated digestion and density gradient separation techniques.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

ザ<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;成虫盤腫瘍モデル：遺伝的モザイクを用いた遺伝子発現と腫瘍侵襲性の可視化と定量化

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

がん研究

A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System

マウス同所性膀胱腫瘍モデルおよび腫瘍検出システム

This protocol describes the generation of bladder tumors in female C57BL/6J mice using the murine bladder cancer cell line MB49, which has been modified ...

Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response

腫瘍細胞の挙動および薬物応答の長期的研究のためのゼブラフィッシュ小児脳腫瘍の免疫適格宿主への移植

Tumor cell transplantation is an important technique to define the mechanisms controlling cancer cell growth, migration, and host response, as well as to ...

Target Cell Pre-enrichment and Whole Genome Amplification for Single Cell Downstream Characterization

単一のセル下流解析のターゲット細胞前濃縮と全体のゲノム増幅

Rare target cells can be isolated from a high background of non-target cells using antibodies specific for surface proteins of target cells. A recently ...

Murine Model of Metastatic Liver Tumors in the Setting of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

虚血多灌流損傷の設定における転移性肝腫瘍のマウスモデル

Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, a common clinical challenge, remains an inevitable pathophysiological process that has been shown to induce ...

Establishment and Characterization of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumor Spheroids

小腸神経内分泌腫瘍スフェロイドの確立と特徴付け

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) are rare cancers originating from enterochromaffin cells of the gut. Research in this field has been limited ...

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

直交トピック膵腫瘍の生成と腫瘍浸潤T細胞細胞傷害のEx生体内特性評価

In vivo models of pancreatic cancer provide invaluable tools for studying disease dynamics, immune infiltration and new therapeutic strategies. The ...

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

固形腫瘍移植による骨原発性骨腫瘍と骨転移のモデリング

Primary bone tumors or bone metastasis from solid tumors result in painful osteolytic, osteoblastic, or mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic lesions. These ...

Nuclei Isolation from Fresh Frozen Brain Tumors for Single-Nucleus RNA-seq and ATAC-seq

単核RNA-seqおよびATAC-seqのための新鮮な凍結脳腫瘍からの核分離

Adult diffuse gliomas exhibit inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. Until recently, the majority of large-scale molecular profiling efforts have focused ...

Automated Dissection Protocol for Tumor Enrichment in Low Tumor Content Tissues

低腫瘍含量組織における腫瘍濃縮のための自動解剖プロトコル

Tumor enrichment in low tumor content tissues, those below 20% tumor content depending on the method, is required to generate quality data reproducibly ...