Name: assessing the viability of a synthetic bacterial consortium on the in vitro gut host-microbe interface
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Forfatterne erkjenner takknemlig støtte fra Flandern Research Foundation til Marta Calatayud Arroyo (CVE postdoctoral fellowship-12N2815N). Emma Hernandez-Sanabria er postdoktor støttes av Flandern innovasjon og entreprenørskap (Agentschap voor Innovatie døren Wetenschap no Technologie, IWT).

1. stammer og kultur forhold
Merk: Syntetisk muntlig samfunnet ble komponert av stammer ofte tilstede i muntlig microbiome3.
<ol><li>Få de følgende stammene fra amerikanske Type kultur samling (ATCC): Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43718), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 10953), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277), Prevotella intermedia (ATCC 25611), Streptococcus mutans (A...

<ol>
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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subgingival+microbiota+in+healthy,+well-maintained+elder+and+periodontitis+subjects.">Subgingival microbiota in healthy, well-maintained elder and periodontitis subjects.</a> Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 25, 346-353 (1998).</li><li>Venema, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+metabolites+produced+by+the+colonic+microbiota+as+drivers+for+immunomodulation+in+the+host.">Microbial metabolites produced by the colonic microbiota as drivers for immunomodulation in the host.</a> The FASEB Journal. 27, (2013).</li><li>Marzorati, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+HMI+(TM)+module:+A+new+tool+to+study+the+Host-Microbiota+Interaction+in+the+human+gastrointestinal+tract+in+vitro.">The HMI (TM) module: A new tool to study the Host-Microbiota Interaction in the human gastrointestinal tract in vitro.</a> BMC Microbiology. 14, 133 (2014).</li><li>Tanzer, J. M., Kurasz, A. B., Clive, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Competitive+displacement+of+mutans+streptococci+and+inhibition+of+tooth-decay+by+Streptococcus-Salivarius+Tove-R.">Competitive displacement of mutans streptococci and inhibition of tooth-decay by Streptococcus-Salivarius Tove-R.</a> Infection and Immunity. 48, 44-50 (1985).</li><li>Slomka, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+stimulation+of+commensal+oral+bacteria+suppresses+pathogens:+the+prebiotic+concept.">Nutritional stimulation of commensal oral bacteria suppresses pathogens: the prebiotic concept.</a> Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 44, 344-352 (2017).</li><li>Hernandez-Sanabria, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+increased+respiratory+activity+of+selected+oral+bacteria+may+explain+competitive+and+collaborative+interactions+in+the+oral+microbiome.">In vitro increased respiratory activity of selected oral bacteria may explain competitive and collaborative interactions in the oral microbiome.</a> Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 7, 235 (2017).</li><li>Alvarez, G., Gonzalez, M., Isabal, S., Blanc, V., Leon, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+to+quantify+live+and+dead+cells+in+multi-species+oral+biofilm+by+real-time+PCR+with+propidium+monoazide.">Method to quantify live and dead cells in multi-species oral biofilm by real-time PCR with propidium monoazide.</a> AMB Express. 3, (2013).</li><li>Ehsani, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+evenness+determines+diversity+and+cell+density+dynamics+in+synthetic+microbial+ecosystems.">Initial evenness determines diversity and cell density dynamics in synthetic microbial ecosystems.</a> Scientific Reports. 8, 340 (2018).</li><li>Hernandez-Sanabria, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlation+of+particular+bacterial+PCR-denaturing+gradient+gel+electrophoresis+patterns+with+bovine+ruminal+fermentation+parameters+and+feed+efficiency+traits.">Correlation of particular bacterial PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns with bovine ruminal fermentation parameters and feed efficiency traits.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76, 6338-6350 (2010).</li><li>Masters, J. 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U., Egli, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+and+interpretation+of+bacterial+viability+by+using+the+LIVE/DEAD+BacLight+kit+in+combination+with+flow+cytometry.">Assessment and interpretation of bacterial viability by using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit in combination with flow cytometry.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73, 3283-3290 (2007).</li><li>Props, R., Monsieurs, P., Mysara, M., Clement, L., Boon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+the+biodiversity+of+microbial+communities+by+flow+cytometry.">Measuring the biodiversity of microbial communities by flow cytometry.</a> Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 7, 1376-1385 (2016).</li><li>Yamashita, Y., Takeshita, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+oral+microbiome+and+human+health.">The oral microbiome and human health.</a> Journal of Oral Science. 59, 201-206 (2017).</li><li>Wade, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+oral+microbiome+in+health+and+disease.">The oral microbiome in health and disease.</a> Pharmacological Research. 69, 137-143 (2013).</li><li>Yu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+resource+for+cell+line+authentication,+annotation+and+quality+control.">A resource for cell line authentication, annotation and quality control.</a> Nature. 520, 307 (2015).</li><li>Pelaseyed, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mucus+and+mucins+of+the+goblet+cells+and+enterocytes+provide+the+first+defense+line+of+the+gastrointestinal+tract+and+interact+with+the+immune+system.">The mucus and mucins of the goblet cells and enterocytes provide the first defense line of the gastrointestinal tract and interact with the immune system.</a> Immunological Reviews. 260, 8-20 (2014).</li><li>Bengoa, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulated+gastrointestinal+conditions+increase+adhesion+ability+of+Lactobacillus+paracasei+strains+isolated+from+kefir+to+Caco-2+cells+and+mucin.">Simulated gastrointestinal conditions increase adhesion ability of Lactobacillus paracasei strains isolated from kefir to Caco-2 cells and mucin.</a> Food Research International. 103, 462-467 (2018).</li><li>Kleiveland, C. R., et al., Verhoeckx, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health: in vitro and ex vivo models. , 197-205 (2015).</li><li>Laparra, J. M., Sanz, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+in+vitro+models+to+study+bacterial+adhesion+to+the+intestinal+epithelium.">Comparison of in vitro models to study bacterial adhesion to the intestinal epithelium.</a> Letters in Applied Microbiology. 49, 695-701 (2009).</li><li>Gagnon, M., Berner, A. Z., Chervet, N., Chassard, C., Lacroix, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+Caco-2,+HT-29+and+the+mucus-secreting+HT29-MTX+intestinal+cell+models+to+investigate+Salmonella+adhesion+and+invasion.">Comparison of the Caco-2, HT-29 and the mucus-secreting HT29-MTX intestinal cell models to investigate Salmonella adhesion and invasion.</a> Journal of Microbiological Methods. 94, 274-279 (2013).</li><li>Gro&#223;kopf, T., Soyer, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthetic+microbial+communities.">Synthetic microbial communities.</a> Current Opinion in Microbiology. 18, 72-77 (2014).</li></ol>

Den muntlige microbiome er et nøkkelelement i helse som nylig rapportert av flere forfattere20,21. Tidligere funn tyder på at inntak av spytt inneholder store mengder av bakterier kan påvirke mikrobiell økosystemet i tynntarmen, som er en av de viktigste stedene for immun grunning. Kombinasjonen av en statisk øvre gastrointestinal fordøyelsen modell med vertsgrensesnitt representert av intestinal epitel og Slim-sekresjon celler, servert å avdekke konsekven...

Mennesker cohabit med bakterier, som finnes på samme nummer som menneskelige celler1. Derfor er det av avgjørende viktig å få et konstitusjonelt forståelse av den menneskelige microbiome. Munnhulen er et unikt miljø ved at det er delt inn i flere mindre habitater, dermed inneholder en rekke bakterier og biofilm på de forskjellige stedene. Å være åpen økosystemet, kan noen arter i munnen være forbigående besøkende. Imidlertid kolonisere visse mikroorganismer kort tid etter fødselen og skjemaet organisert biofilm2. Disse finnes i tennene overflaten over gingival kløft, subgingival kløft, tunge, mucosal overflater og dental prosthetics og fyllinger3. Bakterier kan også finnes som flocs og planktoniske celler i lumen av tann kanalen, blandede med nekrotisk masse vev eller suspendert i flytende fase.
Det er aktiv, kontinuerlig kryss-snakk mellom verten cellene og bosatt bakterieflora4. Bakterier kommunisere innenfor og mellom arter, og bare en liten andel av naturlige kolonistene kan følge vev, mens andre bakterier knytte til disse primære kolonisatorer. For eksempel er celle-celle binding mellom mikroorganismer nøkkelen for å integrere sekundære kolonisatorer i muntlig biofilm, og bygge komplekse nettverk av samspill mikrobiell celler4. Rundt er 70% av bakteriell aggregat i en spytt prøve dannet av Porphyromonas sp., Streptococcus sp., Prevotella sp., Veillonella sp. og uidentifisert Bacteroidetes. F. nucleatum er en mellomliggende colonizer i subgingival biofilm og aggregat med sen kolonisatorer P. gingivalis, T. denticola, og Tannerella forsythia, som er innblandet i periodontitt5. I tillegg har Streptococcus mitis både slimhinnene og dental habitater, mens S. sanguinis og S. gordonii foretrekker å kolonisere tenner3. Dermed finnes, S. sanguinis i nedre fortenner og hjørnetenner, mens Actinomyces naeslundii har blitt funnet i øvre anteriors6.
I tillegg spiller til urfolk microbiome en rolle i å opprettholde helse2. Bosatt bakterieflora deltar i immun utdanning og hindre patogene ekspansjon. Denne kolonisering motstanden skyldes innfødte bakterier kan være bedre tilpasset på feste til overflater, og effektiv metabolising tilgjengelig næringsstoffer for vekst. Selv om probiotiske overleve gastrointestinal passering og aktiv, har for autochtonous bakterier svelget en øvre beliggenhet i mage-tarmkanalen ikke blitt fullstendig beskrevet. Derfor utsatt vi et kunstig samfunn, representant i muntlig økosystemet simulert gastrointestinal transitt forhold. Levedyktigheten til bakterielle celler ble vurdert ved hjelp av en multicompartment modell ligner gut epitel. Gjeldende gut simulatorer tilbyr passende reproduserbarhet i analyse av luminal mikrobielle samfunn7. Imidlertid bakteriell vedheft og vert-mikrobe samhandling er separat adressert, som kombinerer linjer med mikrobielle samfunn er utfordrende8. I kontrast, presenterer vi et rammeverk som gir potensielle mekanistisk forklaring av vellykket kolonisering hendelser rapportert om gut grensesnittet. Faktisk kan denne modellen i fellesskap brukes med en statisk gut modell for å evaluere virkningen av mikrobielle samfunn på verten overflaten signalisere.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>STRAINS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans </td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC 43718</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fusobacterium nucleatum </td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC 10953</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Porphyromonas gingivalis </td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC 33277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prevotella intermedia </td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC 25611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptococcus mutans </td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC 25175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptococcus sobrinus </td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC 33478</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Actinomyces viscosus </td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC 15987</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptococcus salivarius&#160; TOVE-R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptococcus mitis </td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC 49456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptococcus sanguinis </td>
			<td>BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection</td>
			<td>LMG 14657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veillonella parvula </td>
			<td>Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures</td>
			<td>DSM 2007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptococcus gordonii </td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC 49818</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CELL LINES</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caco-2 cells</td>
			<td>European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures</td>
			<td>86010202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HT29-MTX cells</td>
			<td>European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures</td>
			<td>12040401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENTS AND CONSUMABLES</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth</td>
			<td>Oxoid</td>
			<td>CM1135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blood Agar 2</td>
			<td>Oxoid</td>
			<td>CM0055</td>
			<td>Blood Agar medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Menadione</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M9429</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H9039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5% sterile defibrinated horse blood</td>
			<td>E&#38;O Laboratories Ltd,</td>
			<td>P030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InnuPREP PCRpure Kit</td>
			<td>Analytik Jena</td>
			<td>845-KS-5010250</td>
			<td>PCR purification kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Big Dye</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4337454</td>
			<td>Dye for sequencing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ABI Prism BigDye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4337456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR&#160;Green I</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>S7585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P1304MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T25 culture flasks uncoated, cell-culture treated, vented, sterile</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>734-2311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3924-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue solution 
			0.4%, liquid, sterile-filtered</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8154&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM cell culture media, with GlutaMAX and Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>31966-047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Transwell polyester membrane cell culture inserts</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS3450-24EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mucin from porcine stomach Type II&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M2378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inactivated fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio One</td>
			<td>758093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15240062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X 100 for molecular biology</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS without calcium, magnesium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce LDH Cytotoxicity Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>88953</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning HTS Transwell-24 well, pore size 0.4 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Corning Costar Corp</td>
			<td>3450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease-free water</td>
			<td>Serva Electrophoresis</td>
			<td>28539010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer counting chamber improved</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>T729.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Accuri C6 Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>653118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerLyzer 24 Homogenizer</td>
			<td>MoBio</td>
			<td>13155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T100 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>186-1096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flush system</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InnOva 4080 Incubator Shaker</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td>8261-30-1007</td>
			<td>Shaker for 2.10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Memmert CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Memmert GmbH &#38; Co.</td>
			<td>ICO150med</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell ERS (Electrical Resistance System)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore, Merck KGaA</td>
			<td>MERS00002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore Milli-Q academic, ultra pure water system</td>
			<td>Millipore, Merck KGaA</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker (ROCKER 3D basic)</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>4000000</td>
			<td>Shaker for 6.10</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing the viability of a synthetic bacterial consortium on the in vitro gut host-microbe interface

Samspillet mellom vert og bakterieflora har lenge anerkjent og grundig beskrevet. Munnen ligner på andre deler av gastrointestinaltraktus, som bosatt bakterieflora skjer og hindrer kolonisering av eksogene bakterier. Faktisk mer enn 600 arter av bakterier finnes i munnhulen, og et enkelt individ kan bære rundt 100 forskjellige når som helst. Oral bakterier har muligheten til å følge de forskjellige nisjene i muntlig økosystemet, bli integrert i bosatt mikrobielle samfunn, og favoriserer vekst og overlevelse. Imidlertid har flyten av bakterier i tarmen under svelging blitt foreslått å forstyrre balansen av tarmen bakterieflora. Faktisk har skiftet peroral administrering av P. gingivalis bakteriell komposisjon i den chymet mikroflora. Vi brukte en syntetisk samfunnet som en forenklet visning av naturlige muntlig økosystemet, for å belyse overlevelse og gjennomførbarheten av oral bakterier utsatt for simulert gastrointestinal transitt forhold. Fjorten arter ble valgt, utsatt for i vitro salivary, mage og intestinal fordøyelsen prosessene og presentert i en multicompartment celle modell som inneholder Caco-2 og HT29-MTX celler for å simulere gut mucosal epitel. Denne modellen fungerte å rakne virkningen av svelget bakterier på celler involvert i enterohepatisk sirkulasjon. Bruker syntetiske communities tillater kontrollerbarhet og reproduserbarhet. Dermed denne metodikken kan tilpasses å vurdere patogen levedyktighet og påfølgende betennelse forbundet endringer, kolonisering kapasitet probiotiske blandinger, og til slutt, potensielle bakteriell innvirkning på presystemic sirkulasjonen.

Denne protokollen fører til generering av en modell som er egnet for Klargjørende overlevelse og gjennomførbarheten av oral bakterier utsatt for simulert gastrointestinal transitt forhold. Grevene av intakt celler fra individuelle stammer er ca 108 celler mL-1 før etableringen av syntetiske samfunnet, mens multispecies mikrokosmos inneholdt over 90% av levedyktige cellers under etableringen av fellesskapet ( Figur 1A </stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface at JoVE.com

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Gut vert-mikrobe interaksjoner ble vurdert ved hjelp av en ny tilnærming som kombinerer et syntetisk muntlig fellesskap, i vitro gastrointestinal fordøyelsen og en modell av tynntarmen epitel. Vi presenterer en metode som kan tilpasses for å vurdere celle invasjon av patogener og flere arter biofilm, eller til å teste probiotiske formuleringer survivability.

Vurdere levedyktigheten til et syntetisk bakteriell konsortium til In Vitro Gut vert-mikrobe-grensesnittet

The interplay between host and microbiota has been long recognized and extensively described. The mouth is similar to other sections of the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Detection of the pH-dependent Activity of Escherichia coli Chaperone HdeB In Vitro and In Vivo

Detection of the pH-dependent Activity of Escherichia coli Chaperone HdeB In Vitro and In Vivo

Påvisning av pH-avhengig aktivitet av<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; Anstand HdeB<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; og<em&gt; I Vivo</em

Bacteria are frequently exposed to environmental changes, such as alterations in pH, temperature, redox status, light exposure or mechanical force. Many ...

Using Scaffold Liposomes to Reconstitute Lipid-proximal Protein-protein Interactions In Vitro

Using Scaffold Liposomes to Reconstitute Lipid-proximal Protein-protein Interactions In Vitro

Bruke Stillas liposomer for å rekonstituere Lipid-proksimale Protein-protein interaksjoner<em&gt; In Vitro</em

Studies of integral membrane proteins in vitro are frequently complicated by the presence of a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. Further complicating ...

Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics

Time-løst elektrospray-ionisering Hydrogen-deuterium Veksling massespektrometri for å studere Protein struktur og dynamikk

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. ...

Purification of Biotinylated Cell Surface Proteins from Rhipicephalus microplus Epithelial Gut Cells

Purification of Biotinylated Cell Surface Proteins from Rhipicephalus microplus Epithelial Gut Cells

Rensing av biotinylerte celleoverflateproteiner fra<em&gt; Rhipicephalus microplus</em&gt; Epiteliale gutceller

Rhipicephalus microplus &#8211; the cattle tick &#8211; is the most significant ectoparasite in terms of economic impact on livestock as a vector of ...

In Vitro Polymerization of F-actin on Early Endosomes

In Vitro Polymerization of F-actin on Early Endosomes

In Vitro Av F-utgangen på tidlig Endosomes

Many early endosome functions, particularly cargo protein sorting and membrane deformation, depend on patches of short F-actin filaments nucleated onto ...

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

En enkel metode for høy gjennomstrømning kjemiske Screening i Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

A Colorimetric Method for Measuring Iron Content in Plants

Kolorimetrisk metode for å måle jerninnhold i planter

Iron, one of the most important micronutrients in living organisms, is involved in basic processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis. Iron content ...

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Toeprinting analyse av oversettelse innvielsen komplekse formasjon på pattedyr mRNAs

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation ...