Name: bronchoalveolar lavage exosomes in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic lung injury
Uploaded: 2018-05-21T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bronchoalveolar Lavage Exosomes in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Septic Lung Injury at JoVE.com

Os autores declararam que não há conflito de interesses.

O protocolo global requer 2 dias, incluindo o primeiro dia da indução de sepse e isolamento do fluido BAL de animais e o segundo dia para isolamento de exosomes do mouse BALF. Todos os procedimentos foram revistos e aprovados pelo Comitê de uso no centro médico do VA de Atlanta e institucional Cuidado Animal.
1. modelo de lesão pulmonar aguda séptico Mouse
<ol><li>Use 6-8 semanas - velho selvagem-tipo C57BL/6J camundongos machos (20 a 22 g de peso) para o animal modelo e executar todos...

<ol>
	<li>Rubenfeld, G. D., Herridge, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+and+outcomes+of+acute+lung+injury.">Epidemiology and outcomes of acute lung injury.</a> Chest. 131, 554-562 (2007).</li><li>Baron, R. M., Choi, A. J., Owen, C. A., Choi, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetically+manipulated+mouse+models+of+lung+disease:+potential+and+pitfalls.">Genetically manipulated mouse models of lung disease: potential and pitfalls.</a> American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. , L485-L497 (2012).</li><li>Han, S., Mallampalli, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome:+from+mechanism+to+translation.">The acute respiratory distress syndrome: from mechanism to translation.</a> Journal of immunology. , 855-860 (1950).</li><li>Aeffner, F., Bolon, B., Davis, I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Models+of+Acute+Respiratory+Distress+Syndrome:+A+Review+of+Analytical+Approaches,+Pathologic+Features,+and+Common+Measurements.">Mouse Models of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Review of Analytical Approaches, Pathologic Features, and Common Measurements.</a> Toxicologic pathology. 43, 1074-1092 (2015).</li><li>Matute-Bello, G., Frevert, C. W., Martin, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+acute+lung+injury.">Animal models of acute lung injury.</a> American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. , L379-L399 (2008).</li><li>Terrasini, N., Lionetti, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+in+Critical+Illness.">Exosomes in Critical Illness.</a> Critical care medicine. , (2017).</li><li>Fujita, Y., Kadota, T., Araya, J., Ochiya, T., Kuwano, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+Vesicles:+New+Players+in+Lung+Immunity.">Extracellular Vesicles: New Players in Lung Immunity.</a> American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. , (2017).</li><li>Kubo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+Vesicles+in+Lung+Disease.">Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Disease.</a> Chest. 153, 210-216 (2018).</li><li>Krol, J., Loedige, I., Filipowicz, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+widespread+regulation+of+microRNA+biogenesis,+function+and+decay.">The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay.</a> Nature reviews. Genetics. 11, 597-610 (2010).</li><li>Bartel, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs:+target+recognition+and+regulatory+functions.">MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions.</a> Cell. 136, 215-233 (2009).</li><li>Fanini, F., Fabbri, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CANCER-DERIVED+EXOSOMIC+microRNAs+SHAPE+THE+IMMUNE+SYSTEM+WITHIN+THE+TUMOR+MICROENVIRONMENT:+STATE+OF+THE+ART.">CANCER-DERIVED EXOSOMIC microRNAs SHAPE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WITHIN THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT: STATE OF THE ART.</a> Seminars in cell &amp; developmental biology. , (2016).</li><li>Agarwal, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental,+Systems,+and+Computational+Approaches+to+Understanding+the+MicroRNA-Mediated+Reparative+Potential+of+Cardiac+Progenitor+Cell-Derived+Exosomes+From+Pediatric+Patients.">Experimental, Systems, and Computational Approaches to Understanding the MicroRNA-Mediated Reparative Potential of Cardiac Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes From Pediatric Patients.</a> Circulation research. 120, 701-712 (2017).</li><li>Prattichizzo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+microRNAs+and+endothelial+hyperglycaemic+memory:+a+therapeutic+opportunity?.">Extracellular microRNAs and endothelial hyperglycaemic memory: a therapeutic opportunity?.</a> Diabetes, obesity &amp; metabolism. 18, 855-867 (2016).</li><li>Huang-Doran, I., Zhang, C. Y., Vidal-Puig, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+Vesicles:+Novel+Mediators+of+Cell+Communication+In+Metabolic+Disease.">Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Mediators of Cell Communication In Metabolic Disease.</a> Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM. 28, 3-18 (2017).</li><li>Khalyfa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+Plasma+Extracellular+Microvesicle+MicroRNA+Cargo+and+Endothelial+Dysfunction+in+Children+with+Obstructive+Sleep+Apnea.">Circulating Plasma Extracellular Microvesicle MicroRNA Cargo and Endothelial Dysfunction in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.</a> American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 194, 1116-1126 (2016).</li><li>Thomou, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose-derived+circulating+miRNAs+regulate+gene+expression+in+other+tissues.">Adipose-derived circulating miRNAs regulate gene expression in other tissues.</a> Nature. 542, 450-455 (2017).</li><li>Gregson, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+Exosomal+RNA+Profiles+in+Bronchoalveolar+Lavage+from+Lung+Transplants+with+Acute+Rejection.">Altered Exosomal RNA Profiles in Bronchoalveolar Lavage from Lung Transplants with Acute Rejection.</a> American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 192, 1490-1503 (2015).</li><li>Valadi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome-mediated+transfer+of+mRNAs+and+microRNAs+is+a+novel+mechanism+of+genetic+exchange+between+cells.">Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.</a> Nature cell biology. 9, 654-659 (2007).</li><li>Doxaki, C., Kampranis, S. C., Eliopoulos, A. G., Spilianakis, C., Tsatsanis, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinated+Regulation+of+miR-155+and+miR-146a+Genes+during+Induction+of+Endotoxin+Tolerance+in+Macrophages.">Coordinated Regulation of miR-155 and miR-146a Genes during Induction of Endotoxin Tolerance in Macrophages.</a> Journal of immunology. , 5750-5761 (2015).</li><li>Schulte, L. N., Westermann, A. J., Vogel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+activation+and+functional+specialization+of+miR-146+and+miR-155+in+innate+immune+sensing.">Differential activation and functional specialization of miR-146 and miR-155 in innate immune sensing.</a> Nucleic acids research. 41, 542-553 (2013).</li><li>Alexander, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome-delivered+microRNAs+modulate+the+inflammatory+response+to+endotoxin.">Exosome-delivered microRNAs modulate the inflammatory response to endotoxin.</a> Nature communications. 6, 7321 (2015).</li><li>Yuan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TREM-1+is+induced+in+tumor+associated+macrophages+by+cyclo-oxygenase+pathway+in+human+non-small+cell+lung+cancer.">TREM-1 is induced in tumor associated macrophages by cyclo-oxygenase pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer.</a> PloS one. 9, e94241 (2014).</li><li>Xu, R., Richards, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+In+Vitro+Co-Culture+Model+in+Anti-Cancer+Drug+Development+Cascade.">Development of In Vitro Co-Culture Model in Anti-Cancer Drug Development Cascade.</a> Combinatorial chemistry &amp; high throughput screening. 20, 451-457 (2017).</li><li>Yuan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TREM-1-accentuated+lung+injury+via+miR-155+is+inhibited+by+LP17+nanomedicine.">TREM-1-accentuated lung injury via miR-155 is inhibited by LP17 nanomedicine.</a> American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. , L426-L438 (2016).</li><li>Sadikot, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-dose+dexamethasone+accentuates+nuclear+factor-kappa+b+activation+in+endotoxin-treated+mice.">High-dose dexamethasone accentuates nuclear factor-kappa b activation in endotoxin-treated mice.</a> American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 164, 873-878 (2001).</li><li>Yuan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Curcumin+mediated+epigenetic+modulation+inhibits+TREM-1+expression+in+response+to+lipopolysaccharide.">Curcumin mediated epigenetic modulation inhibits TREM-1 expression in response to lipopolysaccharide.</a> The international journal of biochemistry &amp; cell biology. 44, 2032-2043 (2012).</li><li>Chauret, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chlorine+dioxide+inactivation+of+Cryptosporidium+parvum+oocysts+and+bacterial+spore+indicators.">Chlorine dioxide inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and bacterial spore indicators.</a> Applied and environmental microbiology. 67, 2993-3001 (2001).</li><li>Cizmar, P., Yuana, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+Characterization+of+Extracellular+Vesicles+by+Transmission+and+Cryo-Transmission+Electron+Microscopy.">Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles by Transmission and Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy.</a> Methods in molecular biology. , 221-232 (2017).</li><li>Yuan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-related+proteins+prolong+macrophage+survival+through+induction+of+Triggering+receptor+expressed+on+myeloid+cells-1.">HIV-related proteins prolong macrophage survival through induction of Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1.</a> Scientific reports. 7, 42028 (2017).</li><li>Jackson, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Mitochondrial+Transfer+in+Direct+Co-cultures+of+Human+Monocyte-derived+Macrophages+(MDM)+and+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells+(MSC).">Analysis of Mitochondrial Transfer in Direct Co-cultures of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages (MDM) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC).</a> Bio-protocol. 7, (2017).</li><li>Fujita, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+Vesicles:+New+Players+in+Lung+Immunity.">Extracellular Vesicles: New Players in Lung Immunity.</a> American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 17, 474-484 (2017).</li><li>Gunasekaran, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Donor-Derived+Exosomes+With+Lung+Self-Antigens+in+Human+Lung+Allograft+Rejection.">Donor-Derived Exosomes With Lung Self-Antigens in Human Lung Allograft Rejection.</a> American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 17, 474-484 (2017).</li><li>Kalra, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+proteomics+evaluation+of+plasma+exosome+isolation+techniques+and+assessment+of+the+stability+of+exosomes+in+normal+human+blood+plasma.">Comparative proteomics evaluation of plasma exosome isolation techniques and assessment of the stability of exosomes in normal human blood plasma.</a> Proteomics. 13, 3354-3364 (2013).</li><li>Baranyai, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+Exosomes+from+Blood+Plasma:+Qualitative+and+Quantitative+Comparison+of+Ultracentrifugation+and+Size+Exclusion+Chromatography+Methods.">Isolation of Exosomes from Blood Plasma: Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Ultracentrifugation and Size Exclusion Chromatography Methods.</a> PloS one. 10, e0145686 (2015).</li><li>Nordin, J. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafiltration+with+size-exclusion+liquid+chromatography+for+high+yield+isolation+of+extracellular+vesicles+preserving+intact+biophysical+and+functional+properties.">Ultrafiltration with size-exclusion liquid chromatography for high yield isolation of extracellular vesicles preserving intact biophysical and functional properties.</a> Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine. 11, 879-883 (2015).</li></ol>

Modelos de mouse de doenças são comumente usados para avaliar a função fisiológica de genes específicos e para reduzir o custo de experimentação2. A lesão pulmonar aguda séptico descrita aqui imita a resposta inflamatória nos seres humanos com SDRA. Este modelo é relevante para investigar a patogénese molecular, desenvolvimento de biomarcadores e testar potenciais novas terapias5.
Sistemas de co-cultura são relevantes para estudos <...

ALI e Sara é as formas de vida-ameaçando de insuficiência respiratória com hipoxemia grave causada por edema pulmonar não-cardiogênico, que afeta cerca de 1 milhão pessoas no mundo anualmente1. A etiologia da SDRA inclui lesão direta para os pulmões de infecções ou aspiração e uma variedade de insultos indiretas. Na última década, tem havido uma maior compreensão da patogênese molecular da SDRA, no entanto, tratamentos alvo específicos para SDRA estão ainda a ser desenvolvido,2,3.
Foram desenvolvidos vários modelos animais de lesão pulmonar aguda que fornecem uma ponte para traduzir terapias experimentais para estudos humanos4,5. Modelos comumente usados incluem a instalação local do ácido oleico, bactérias, LPS e bleomicina. Outras abordagens incluem isquémia-reperfusão, punção cecal ligadura, lesão de estiramento induzida pela ventilação mecânica, hiperóxia ou administração sistémica de bactérias e LPS-5. Esses modelos fornecem um sistema biológico útil para testar hipóteses clínicas e para o desenvolvimento de terapias potenciais. Para simular a SDRA humana, modelos animais devem reproduzir inflamação e lesão aguda para as células epiteliais e endoteliais com defeitos na função de barreira nos pulmões.
Exosomes são vesículas de membrana com 20-200 nm de diâmetro, cujo conteúdo molecular contém proteínas, DNA, RNA e lipídios, e facilitar a comunicação intercelular no microambiente tecido via transferência de composição molecular. Exosomes são secretadas por vários tipos de células, como células endoteliais, células epiteliais, células musculares lisas e células tumorais e existem em fluidos do corpo humano. Estudos indicam que a exosomes regular conversas cruzadas entre células do estroma e células do sistema imunológico durante doenças inflamatórias, infecciosas e estéril, e sua liberação anormal parece ser regulada por vários estímulos naturais e experimentais durante fisiológica e processos patológicos6. Essa rede de comunicação pode desempenhar um importante papel na patogênese de doenças pulmonares e pode afetar a progressão fisiopatológicos7,8. 18-22 como nucleotídeos RNAs não-codificantes, miRNAs existem em ambos os tecidos e fluidos corporais, plasma, soro e modulam a expressão de RNAm no nível pós-traducional9,10.
MiRNAs embalados em exosomes influenciam a diferenciação e função dos vários tipos de células, e níveis excessivos são associados com uma variedade de doenças, incluindo câncer, doenças pulmonares, obesidade, diabetes e doença cardiovascular11, 12,13,14,15,16. Entrada em células da destinatários e vaivém de miRNAs exosomal facilitar a comunicação intercelular, modificando a hemostasia do microambiente17,18. Lesão pulmonar aguda é um processos complexos, envolvendo vários tipos de células com extensa comunicação intercelular através de exosomes8. miR-155 e miR-146 compartilham o mecanismo regulador transcricional comum e contribuam para a resposta inflamatória e a tolerância imunológica19,20. Estudos recentes indicam que ambos modulam a resposta inflamatória via exosomal miRNAs vaivém entre células do sistema imunológico21. No entanto, os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes moduladora efeitos de miRNAs exosomal na resposta alveolar a endotoxina permanecem pouco claras, sem dúvida, o potencial relevância clínica e translacional implicação mérito mais investigações.
Modelos de co-cultura estão sendo empregados para definir a interação dos tipos de célula específica no complexo ambiente, tais como inflamação e câncer22,23. Estas plataformas fornecem uma estratégia alternativa para interrogar conversas cruzadas entre tipos de células, particularmente por células imunes e estruturais.
Intratraqueal, aerossol, intraperitoneal ou sistêmica administração de LPS são amplamente utilizados para induzir a lesão de pulmão experimental a24,25,26e mostraram para induzir permeabilidade endotelial e epitelial defeitos de fabricação. Aqui usamos LPS intraperitoneal para induzir um fossa séptico modelo de lesão pulmonar aguda em camundongos. Dentro de 24 horas da administração intraperitoneal de LPS, permeabilidade defeitos são induzidos nos pulmões com recrutamento de células inflamatórias. Além disso, mostramos que exosomes de BAL contêm miRNA-155 e miR-146, e exosomes de fluido BAL induzir a expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em pilhas epithelial do destinatários, incluindo IL-6 e TNF-α. Estes dados são os primeiros a mostrar que os miRNAs exosomal são secretadas no BAL neste modelo de lesão pulmonar aguda séptico.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1276px;" width="1276">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:691px;">lipopolysaccharide</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Escherichia coli 055:B5</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS pH7.2(1X)</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>20012-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">mirVana miRNA isolation kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">449774</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4369016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">mmu-miR-155 (002571) primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4427975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">has-miR-146a (000468) primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4427975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">U6snRNA primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4427975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TNF-&#945;(Mm00443258_m1 ) primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4331182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">IL-6 (Mm00446190_m1&#160;&#160; )primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4331182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ZO-1 (Mm00493699_m1&#160; )primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4331182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">minimal essential medium (MEM)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>11095-072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trysin-EDTA solution(0.05%)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Exosomes were labeled with PKH67 through PKH67 Green Fluorescent Cell linker Mini Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>MINI67-1KT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Exosome Spin Columns (MW3000)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4484449</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Beckman Coulter Optima L-100XP ultracentrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>L-100XP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultra-clear centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right">344058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">transmission electron microscopes (TEM)</td>
			<td>JEOL Ltd</td>
			<td>120 kV TEM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Olympus BX41 microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX41</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bronchoalveolar lavage exosomes in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic lung injury

Lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) e síndrome da angústia respiratória (Sara) representam um grupo heterogêneo de doenças pulmonares, que continua a ter uma alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade. A patogénese molecular de ALI está sendo melhor definido; no entanto, devido à natureza complexa da doença terapias moleculares ainda precisam ser desenvolvido. Aqui nós usamos um modelo de rato induzida de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de lesão pulmonar aguda séptico para delinear o papel do exosomes na resposta inflamatória. Usando este modelo, fomos capazes de mostrar que os ratos expostos a LPS intraperitoneal secretam exosomes no líquido de lavagem (BAL) bronco-alveolar dos pulmões que são embalados com miRNA e citocinas que regulam a resposta inflamatória. Ainda mais usando um sistema de modelo co-cultura, mostramos que exosomes lançados de macrófagos interromper a expressão de proteínas de junção apertada nas células epiteliais brônquicas. Estes resultados sugerem que 1) conversas cruzadas entre inatas células imunes e estruturais através do vaivém exosomal contribuem para a resposta inflamatória e rompimento de barreira estrutural e 2) segmentação destes miRNAs pode fornecer uma nova plataforma para tratar ALI e SDRA.

Para induzir lesão pulmonar séptico, os ratos foram tratados com LPS intraperitoneal (15 mg/kg). Dentro de 24 horas da administração de LPS, neutrofílico influxo foi visto nos pulmões, conforme mostrado na figura 1A. Fluido de mouse BAL foi desenhado, seguido pelo isolamento e purificação de exosomes. Morfologia do LBA exosomes foi confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (figura 1B).
<p class="jove_cont...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bronchoalveolar Lavage Exosomes in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Septic Lung Injury at JoVE.com

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Exosomes in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Septic Lung Injury

Exosomes de lavagem broncoalveolar em lesão pulmonar séptico induzidas pelo lipopolissacarídeo

Os ratos expostos ao LPS intraperitoneal secretam exosomes no líquido de lavagem (BAL) bronco-alveolar que são embalados com miRNAs. Usando um sistema de co-cultura, mostramos que exosomes lançados no fluido BAL perturbará a expressão de proteínas de junção apertada nas células epiteliais brônquicas e aumentar a expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias que acentuam a lesão pulmonar.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represent a heterogeneous group of lung diseases which continues to have a high ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to delineate the role of exosomes in the inflammatory responses in an LPS induced, acute septic lung injury mouse model. So this method can help answer key questions related to cell cross talk in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Especially intercellular communication within the alveolar-micro environment via exosome shuttling.The main advantage of this technique is that it allows the isolation and characterization of highly purified bronchoalveolar lavage exosomes derived from endotoxin treated septic mice with acute lung injury. Demonstrating the procedure is Dr.Zhihong Yuan and Dr.Chetna Bedi. To begin, load a one milliliter syringe equipped with a 27 gauge needle with 0.1 milliliters of LPS and PBS per mouse and manually restrain the first six to eight week old male C57 black 6J mouse.Deliver the LPS intra-peritoneally and return the animal to its cage. 24 hours later, make a five millimeter incision in the center of the neck of the first animal and use blunt forceps to gently separate the muscles to expose the trachea. Next, gently insert a 27 gauge needle attached to a sterile 10 milliliter syringe into the trachea and inject one milliliter of sterile PBS.Then immediately replace the 10 milliliter syringe with a three milliliter syringe equipped with a new 27 gauge needle. Aspirate the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or BOLF and add the BOLF to an appropriately labeled 15 milliliter conical tube on ice. To isolate the exosomes, centrifuge the BOLF samples and transfer the supernatants to new 15 milliliter tubes.Centrifuge the samples again and transfer the supernatants to ultra-centrifuge tubes to remove the larger, cellular particles. Transfer the supernatants to new conical tubes and load the samples into 0.2 micron syringe filters to remove any remaining larger particles. Add the filtered samples to new ultra-centrifuge tubes to pellet the exosomes.Carefully discard the supernatants and re-suspend the pellets in 100 microliters of PBS per tube. Then transfer the exosome samples into individual 1.5 milliliter tubes for their minus 80 degree Celsius storage. To purify the exosomes, add 0.4 microliters of the appropriate exosome dye to one tube containing 100 microliters of suspension solution per sample and quickly add one thawed exosome sample to each tube of dye.Thoroughly mix the exosomes with the dye and incubate the samples at room temperature for five minutes, protected from light. At the end of the incubation, place one exosome spin column per sample into a 1.5 milliliter illusion tube and transfer the exosome solutions to the center of each spin column. Then centrifuge the samples, discard the columns, and store the alluded samples at minus 20 degrees Celsius.To measure exosome uptake by recipient cells, first seed one times 10 to the fourth mouse lung epithelial 12 cells in 0.5 milliliters of medium into each well of an eight well chamber slide for a 16 hour culture at 37 degrees Celsius in 5%carbon dioxide. After thawing, add 10 microliters of the purified fluorescent labeled exosomes to each well and return the cell cultures to the incubator for one hour. At the end of the incubation, wash the cells with PBS and fix each co-culture with 1%paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes at room temperature.Remove the medium and then mount the slide with medium supplemented with DAPI and image the samples by fluorescence microscopy at a 40 times magnification. To verify exosome interaction with recipient cells, seed two times 10 to the fifth mouse lung epithelial 12 cells in two milliliters of medium per well in a 12 well culture plate containing the appropriate culture medium for a two hour incubation at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. At the end of the incubation, add 20 micrograms of exosomes to three wells of epithelial cells per experimental group and return the cells to the incubator.After 24 hours, remove the medium, wash the cells with PBS, and add 600 microliters of lysis buffer to each well with gentle shaking. Then transfer the entire contents of each well into individual 1.5 milliliter tubes and analyze the samples according to the standard real time PCR protocols. Within 24 hours of LPS administration, neutrophilic influx is observed in the lungs of LPS treated animals.After their isolation and purification as just demonstrated, the presence of exosomes in the BOLF from septic lung injury animals can be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The expression of select pro-inflammatory micro RNA is significantly increased in bronchoalveolar fluid exosomes from LPS treated animals compared to controlled PBS treated mice. LPS treated exosomes are taken up by mouse bronchiole epithelial cells as evidenced by the co-localization of fluorescent dye labeled exosomes with DAPI labeled cells after one hour of co-culture.Pro-inflammatory mediator expression is significantly increased in epithelial cells co-cultured with exosomes from LPS treated animals compared to co-culture with exosomes from control PBS treated mice. Further, cells treated with exosomes from LPS treated mice demonstrate a significantly attenuated expression of zonula occludens one compared to controls indicating a less intact cell integrity after LPS treated exosome co-culture. The intra-peritoneal injection of LPS, the bronchoalveolar lavage extraction, and exosome delegation from the bronchoalveolar lavage all the steps can be completed in a relatively short amount of time.Following this procedure, other methods like exosome and epithelial cell co-culture can be performed to answer additional questions about the cross talk between innate and structural cells in the lung alveolar micro-environment. Cross talk between innate immune and structural cells via exosome shuttling contributes to the inflammatory response and to structural barrier disruption suggesting exosomal micro-RNA targeting may provide a normal platform for treating acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to induce septic lung injury in mice, isolate bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice, isolate exosomes from the lavage fluid, and use a co-culture model for interrogating intracellular cross talk.Don't forget that working with LPS can be hazardous and that precautions such as wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment should always be taken while performing this procedure.

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

siRNA Transfection and EMSA Analyses on Freshly Isolated Human Villous Cytotrophoblasts

As análises siRNA transfecção e EMSA sobre recentemente isolados das vilosidades citotrofoblastos Humanos

Human primary villous cytotrophoblasts are a very useful source of primary cells to study placental functions and regulatory mechanisms, and to comprehend ...

Genética

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

In Situ Rotulagem de replicação de DNA mitocondrial em Drosophila Adulto Ovários por Edu Coloração

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and ...

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

A mutagénese aleatória optogenetic Usando Histona-miniSOG em<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Criação e Double-stranded mediada por RNA silenciamento de genes na Esconder Beetle,<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

Pooled shRNA Screen for Reactivation of MeCP2 on the Inactive X Chromosome

Em pool shRNA tela para reativação de MeCP2 no cromossomo X inativo

Forward genetic screens using reporter genes inserted into the heterochromatin have been extensively used to investigate mechanisms of epigenetic control ...

Formaldehyde-assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements to Measure Chromatin Accessibility in Mammalian Cells

Formaldeído-assistida isolamento de elementos reguladores para acessibilidade de cromatina medida em células de mamíferos

Appropriate gene expression in response to extracellular cues, that is, tissue- and lineage-specific gene transcription, critically depends on highly ...

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

Mediada por CRISPR reorganização da estrutura de Loop de cromatina

Recent studies have clearly shown that long-range, three-dimensional chromatin looping interactions play a significant role in the regulation of gene ...

Identification of Homologous Recombination Events in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Southern Blotting and Polymerase Chain Reaction

Identificação de eventos de recombinação homóloga em células-tronco embrionárias de camundongo usando Southern Blotting e reação em cadeia da polimerase

Relative to the issues of off-target effects and the difficulty of inserting a long DNA fragment in the application of designer nucleases for genome ...

Characterizing Histone Post-translational Modification Alterations in Yeast Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy Models

Caracterizando a histona modificação pós-traducional alterações nos modelos de Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy de levedura

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), cause the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives ...

Determining the Egg Fertilization Rate of Bemisia tabaci Using a Cytogenetic Technique

Determining the Egg Fertilization Rate of Bemisia tabaci Using a Cytogenetic Technique

Determinação da taxa de fertilização do ovo de Bemisia tabaci usando uma técnica citogenética

A few species of sap-sucking whiteflies are some of the most damaging terrestrial pests worldwide because of the crop damage they inflict and plant ...