Name: bronchoalveolar lavage exosomes in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic lung injury
Uploaded: 2018-05-21T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bronchoalveolar Lavage Exosomes in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Septic Lung Injury at JoVE.com

Los autores han declarado no hay conflicto de intereses.

El protocolo general requiere de 2 días, incluyendo el primer día de la inducción de la sepsis y el aislamiento del líquido del BAL de la animal y el segundo día para aislamiento de exosomas de ratón BALF. Todos los procedimientos han sido revisados y aprobado por el cuidado institucional de animales y uso centro médico VA de Atlanta.
1. modelo de lesión pulmonar aguda séptica ratón
<ol><li>Use 6-8 semanas - viejo tipo C57BL/6J ratones machos (20-22 g de peso) para el animal modelo...

<ol>
	<li>Rubenfeld, G. D., Herridge, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+and+outcomes+of+acute+lung+injury.">Epidemiology and outcomes of acute lung injury.</a> Chest. 131, 554-562 (2007).</li><li>Baron, R. M., Choi, A. J., Owen, C. A., Choi, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetically+manipulated+mouse+models+of+lung+disease:+potential+and+pitfalls.">Genetically manipulated mouse models of lung disease: potential and pitfalls.</a> American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. , L485-L497 (2012).</li><li>Han, S., Mallampalli, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome:+from+mechanism+to+translation.">The acute respiratory distress syndrome: from mechanism to translation.</a> Journal of immunology. , 855-860 (1950).</li><li>Aeffner, F., Bolon, B., Davis, I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Models+of+Acute+Respiratory+Distress+Syndrome:+A+Review+of+Analytical+Approaches,+Pathologic+Features,+and+Common+Measurements.">Mouse Models of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Review of Analytical Approaches, Pathologic Features, and Common Measurements.</a> Toxicologic pathology. 43, 1074-1092 (2015).</li><li>Matute-Bello, G., Frevert, C. W., Martin, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+acute+lung+injury.">Animal models of acute lung injury.</a> American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. , L379-L399 (2008).</li><li>Terrasini, N., Lionetti, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+in+Critical+Illness.">Exosomes in Critical Illness.</a> Critical care medicine. , (2017).</li><li>Fujita, Y., Kadota, T., Araya, J., Ochiya, T., Kuwano, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+Vesicles:+New+Players+in+Lung+Immunity.">Extracellular Vesicles: New Players in Lung Immunity.</a> American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. , (2017).</li><li>Kubo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+Vesicles+in+Lung+Disease.">Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Disease.</a> Chest. 153, 210-216 (2018).</li><li>Krol, J., Loedige, I., Filipowicz, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+widespread+regulation+of+microRNA+biogenesis,+function+and+decay.">The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay.</a> Nature reviews. Genetics. 11, 597-610 (2010).</li><li>Bartel, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs:+target+recognition+and+regulatory+functions.">MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions.</a> Cell. 136, 215-233 (2009).</li><li>Fanini, F., Fabbri, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CANCER-DERIVED+EXOSOMIC+microRNAs+SHAPE+THE+IMMUNE+SYSTEM+WITHIN+THE+TUMOR+MICROENVIRONMENT:+STATE+OF+THE+ART.">CANCER-DERIVED EXOSOMIC microRNAs SHAPE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WITHIN THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT: STATE OF THE ART.</a> Seminars in cell &amp; developmental biology. , (2016).</li><li>Agarwal, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental,+Systems,+and+Computational+Approaches+to+Understanding+the+MicroRNA-Mediated+Reparative+Potential+of+Cardiac+Progenitor+Cell-Derived+Exosomes+From+Pediatric+Patients.">Experimental, Systems, and Computational Approaches to Understanding the MicroRNA-Mediated Reparative Potential of Cardiac Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes From Pediatric Patients.</a> Circulation research. 120, 701-712 (2017).</li><li>Prattichizzo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+microRNAs+and+endothelial+hyperglycaemic+memory:+a+therapeutic+opportunity?.">Extracellular microRNAs and endothelial hyperglycaemic memory: a therapeutic opportunity?.</a> Diabetes, obesity &amp; metabolism. 18, 855-867 (2016).</li><li>Huang-Doran, I., Zhang, C. Y., Vidal-Puig, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+Vesicles:+Novel+Mediators+of+Cell+Communication+In+Metabolic+Disease.">Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Mediators of Cell Communication In Metabolic Disease.</a> Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM. 28, 3-18 (2017).</li><li>Khalyfa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+Plasma+Extracellular+Microvesicle+MicroRNA+Cargo+and+Endothelial+Dysfunction+in+Children+with+Obstructive+Sleep+Apnea.">Circulating Plasma Extracellular Microvesicle MicroRNA Cargo and Endothelial Dysfunction in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.</a> American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 194, 1116-1126 (2016).</li><li>Thomou, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose-derived+circulating+miRNAs+regulate+gene+expression+in+other+tissues.">Adipose-derived circulating miRNAs regulate gene expression in other tissues.</a> Nature. 542, 450-455 (2017).</li><li>Gregson, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+Exosomal+RNA+Profiles+in+Bronchoalveolar+Lavage+from+Lung+Transplants+with+Acute+Rejection.">Altered Exosomal RNA Profiles in Bronchoalveolar Lavage from Lung Transplants with Acute Rejection.</a> American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 192, 1490-1503 (2015).</li><li>Valadi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome-mediated+transfer+of+mRNAs+and+microRNAs+is+a+novel+mechanism+of+genetic+exchange+between+cells.">Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.</a> Nature cell biology. 9, 654-659 (2007).</li><li>Doxaki, C., Kampranis, S. C., Eliopoulos, A. G., Spilianakis, C., Tsatsanis, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinated+Regulation+of+miR-155+and+miR-146a+Genes+during+Induction+of+Endotoxin+Tolerance+in+Macrophages.">Coordinated Regulation of miR-155 and miR-146a Genes during Induction of Endotoxin Tolerance in Macrophages.</a> Journal of immunology. , 5750-5761 (2015).</li><li>Schulte, L. N., Westermann, A. J., Vogel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+activation+and+functional+specialization+of+miR-146+and+miR-155+in+innate+immune+sensing.">Differential activation and functional specialization of miR-146 and miR-155 in innate immune sensing.</a> Nucleic acids research. 41, 542-553 (2013).</li><li>Alexander, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome-delivered+microRNAs+modulate+the+inflammatory+response+to+endotoxin.">Exosome-delivered microRNAs modulate the inflammatory response to endotoxin.</a> Nature communications. 6, 7321 (2015).</li><li>Yuan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TREM-1+is+induced+in+tumor+associated+macrophages+by+cyclo-oxygenase+pathway+in+human+non-small+cell+lung+cancer.">TREM-1 is induced in tumor associated macrophages by cyclo-oxygenase pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer.</a> PloS one. 9, e94241 (2014).</li><li>Xu, R., Richards, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+In+Vitro+Co-Culture+Model+in+Anti-Cancer+Drug+Development+Cascade.">Development of In Vitro Co-Culture Model in Anti-Cancer Drug Development Cascade.</a> Combinatorial chemistry &amp; high throughput screening. 20, 451-457 (2017).</li><li>Yuan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TREM-1-accentuated+lung+injury+via+miR-155+is+inhibited+by+LP17+nanomedicine.">TREM-1-accentuated lung injury via miR-155 is inhibited by LP17 nanomedicine.</a> American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. , L426-L438 (2016).</li><li>Sadikot, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-dose+dexamethasone+accentuates+nuclear+factor-kappa+b+activation+in+endotoxin-treated+mice.">High-dose dexamethasone accentuates nuclear factor-kappa b activation in endotoxin-treated mice.</a> American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 164, 873-878 (2001).</li><li>Yuan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Curcumin+mediated+epigenetic+modulation+inhibits+TREM-1+expression+in+response+to+lipopolysaccharide.">Curcumin mediated epigenetic modulation inhibits TREM-1 expression in response to lipopolysaccharide.</a> The international journal of biochemistry &amp; cell biology. 44, 2032-2043 (2012).</li><li>Chauret, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chlorine+dioxide+inactivation+of+Cryptosporidium+parvum+oocysts+and+bacterial+spore+indicators.">Chlorine dioxide inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and bacterial spore indicators.</a> Applied and environmental microbiology. 67, 2993-3001 (2001).</li><li>Cizmar, P., Yuana, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+Characterization+of+Extracellular+Vesicles+by+Transmission+and+Cryo-Transmission+Electron+Microscopy.">Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles by Transmission and Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy.</a> Methods in molecular biology. , 221-232 (2017).</li><li>Yuan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-related+proteins+prolong+macrophage+survival+through+induction+of+Triggering+receptor+expressed+on+myeloid+cells-1.">HIV-related proteins prolong macrophage survival through induction of Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1.</a> Scientific reports. 7, 42028 (2017).</li><li>Jackson, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Mitochondrial+Transfer+in+Direct+Co-cultures+of+Human+Monocyte-derived+Macrophages+(MDM)+and+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells+(MSC).">Analysis of Mitochondrial Transfer in Direct Co-cultures of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages (MDM) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC).</a> Bio-protocol. 7, (2017).</li><li>Fujita, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+Vesicles:+New+Players+in+Lung+Immunity.">Extracellular Vesicles: New Players in Lung Immunity.</a> American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 17, 474-484 (2017).</li><li>Gunasekaran, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Donor-Derived+Exosomes+With+Lung+Self-Antigens+in+Human+Lung+Allograft+Rejection.">Donor-Derived Exosomes With Lung Self-Antigens in Human Lung Allograft Rejection.</a> American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 17, 474-484 (2017).</li><li>Kalra, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+proteomics+evaluation+of+plasma+exosome+isolation+techniques+and+assessment+of+the+stability+of+exosomes+in+normal+human+blood+plasma.">Comparative proteomics evaluation of plasma exosome isolation techniques and assessment of the stability of exosomes in normal human blood plasma.</a> Proteomics. 13, 3354-3364 (2013).</li><li>Baranyai, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+Exosomes+from+Blood+Plasma:+Qualitative+and+Quantitative+Comparison+of+Ultracentrifugation+and+Size+Exclusion+Chromatography+Methods.">Isolation of Exosomes from Blood Plasma: Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Ultracentrifugation and Size Exclusion Chromatography Methods.</a> PloS one. 10, e0145686 (2015).</li><li>Nordin, J. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafiltration+with+size-exclusion+liquid+chromatography+for+high+yield+isolation+of+extracellular+vesicles+preserving+intact+biophysical+and+functional+properties.">Ultrafiltration with size-exclusion liquid chromatography for high yield isolation of extracellular vesicles preserving intact biophysical and functional properties.</a> Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine. 11, 879-883 (2015).</li></ol>

Modelos murinos de enfermedades se utilizan comúnmente para evaluar la función fisiológica de genes específicos y reducir el costo de experimentación2. La lesión pulmonar aguda séptica descrita aquí imita la respuesta inflamatoria en los seres humanos con SDRA. Este modelo es pertinente para investigar la patogenesia molecular, desarrollo de biomarcadores y para probar terapias de nuevo potencial5.
Sistemas de co-cultivo son relevantes pa...

LPA y el SDRA es las formas mortales de la insuficiencia respiratoria con hipoxemia severa causada por edema pulmonar no cardiogénico que afecta aproximadamente de 1 millón personas anualmente1. La etiología del SDRA incluye una lesión directa a los pulmones de las infecciones o aspiración y una variedad de insultos indirectos. En la última década ha habido una mayor comprensión de la patogenia molecular del SDRA, sin embargo, tratamientos específicos específicos para ARDS todavía ser desarrollado2,3.
Se han desarrollado varios modelos animales de lesión pulmonar aguda que proporcionan un puente para la traducción de terapias experimentales para los estudios en humanos4,5. Modelos comúnmente usados incluyen la instalación local de ácido oleico, bacterias, LPS y bleomicina. Otros métodos incluyen isquemia-reperfusión, punción cecal ligadura, lesión de estiramiento inducido por la ventilación mecánica, hiperoxia o la administración sistémica de bacterias y LPS5. Estos modelos proporcionan un sistema biológico útil para probar las hipótesis clínicas y para el desarrollo de terapias potenciales. Para simular el SDRA humano, modelos animales deben reproducir la inflamación y la lesión aguda a las células epiteliales y endoteliales con defectos en la función de barrera en los pulmones.
Exosomas son vesículas de membrana con 20 y 200 nm de diámetro, cuyo contenido molecular contiene proteínas, ADN, ARN y lípidos, y facilitan la comunicación inter celular en el microambiente del tejido mediante transferencia de composición molecular. Exosomas son secretadas por varios tipos de células, como células endoteliales, células epiteliales, las células musculares lisas y células del tumor y existen en el líquido de cuerpo humano. Estudios indican que los exosomas regulan entre las células inmunes y células del estroma durante enfermedades inflamatorias infecciosas y estériles, y su liberación anormal parece ser regulada por diversos estímulos naturales y experimentales durante fisiológico y procesos patológicos6. Dicha red de comunicación puede jugar un papel importante en la patogenesia de enfermedades pulmonares y puede afectar la progresión fisiopatológica7,8. 18-22 como nucleotide RNAs no codificantes, los miRNAs existen en tejidos y líquidos corporales, plasma, sueros y modulan la expresión del mRNA a poste-de translación nivel9,10.
Envasados miRNAs en exosomas influyen en la diferenciación y función de múltiples tipos de células, y niveles excesivos están asociados con una variedad de enfermedades, incluyendo cáncer, enfermedades pulmonares, obesidad, diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular11, 12,13,14,15,16. Entrada en las células del receptoras y realizar trayectos de miRNAs de exosomal facilitar la comunicación intercelular modificando la hemostasia del microambiente17,18. Lesión pulmonar aguda es un procesos complejos, que involucran a múltiples tipos de células con extensas comunicaciones intercelulares a través de exosomas8. miR-155 y miR-146a comparten el mecanismo de regulación transcripcional común y contribuyan a la respuesta inflamatoria y la tolerancia inmunológica19,20. Estudios recientes indican que ambos modulan la respuesta inflamatoria mediante exosomal miRNAs realizar la transición entre las células inmunes21. Sin embargo, todavía no están claros los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes a efectos moduladores de miRNAs exosomal alveolar respuesta a endotoxinas, sin lugar a dudas el potencial relevancia clínica y traslacional implicación mérito más investigación.
Modelos de cocultivo se están empleando para definir la interacción de los tipos de células específicas en el entorno complejo, como inflamación y cáncer22,23. Estas plataformas proporcionan una estrategia alternativa para interrogar entre tipos celulares especialmente para las células inmunes y estructurales.
Intra-traqueal, administración aerosolizada, intraperitoneal o sistémica de LPS son ampliamente utilizados para inducir lesiones de pulmón experimental24,25,26y han demostrado para inducir la permeabilidad endotelial y epitelial defectos. Aquí utilizamos LPS intraperitoneales para inducir un modelo séptico de lesión pulmonar aguda en ratones. Dentro de las 24 h de la administración intraperitoneal de LPS, defectos de la permeabilidad son inducidos en los pulmones con el reclutamiento de células inflamatorias. Además, demostramos que los exosomas de BAL contienen miRNA-155 y miR-146a, y exosomas de líquido del BAL inducen la expresión de citoquinas proinflamatorias en células epiteliales receptores, incluyendo IL-6 y TNF-α. Estos datos son los primeros en Mostrar exosomal miRNAs son secretadas en BAL en este modelo de lesión pulmonar aguda séptica.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1276px;" width="1276">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:691px;">lipopolysaccharide</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Escherichia coli 055:B5</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS pH7.2(1X)</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>20012-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">mirVana miRNA isolation kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">449774</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4369016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">mmu-miR-155 (002571) primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4427975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">has-miR-146a (000468) primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4427975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">U6snRNA primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4427975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TNF-&#945;(Mm00443258_m1 ) primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4331182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">IL-6 (Mm00446190_m1&#160;&#160; )primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4331182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ZO-1 (Mm00493699_m1&#160; )primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4331182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">minimal essential medium (MEM)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>11095-072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trysin-EDTA solution(0.05%)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Exosomes were labeled with PKH67 through PKH67 Green Fluorescent Cell linker Mini Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>MINI67-1KT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Exosome Spin Columns (MW3000)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">4484449</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Beckman Coulter Optima L-100XP ultracentrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>L-100XP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultra-clear centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right">344058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">transmission electron microscopes (TEM)</td>
			<td>JEOL Ltd</td>
			<td>120 kV TEM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Olympus BX41 microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX41</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bronchoalveolar lavage exosomes in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic lung injury

Lesión pulmonar aguda (ALI) y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria agudo (ARDS) representan un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades pulmonares que sigue teniendo una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. La patogenia molecular de ALI está mejor definido; sin embargo, debido a la compleja naturaleza de la enfermedad terapias moleculares han desarrollado. Aquí utilizamos un modelo del ratón inducida por lipopolisacárido (LPS) de la lesión pulmonar aguda séptica para delinear el papel de los exosomas en la respuesta inflamatoria. Usando este modelo, hemos podido demostrar que ratones expuestos a LPS intraperitoneales secretan exosomas en el líquido del lavado (BAL) Bronco-alveolar de los pulmones que se empaquetan con miRNA y citoquinas que regulan la respuesta inflamatoria. Además utiliza un sistema de modelo de co-cultivo, mostramos que exosomas liberados de los macrófagos alteran la expresión de proteínas de Unión estrecha en células epiteliales bronquiales. Estos resultados sugieren que 1) diafonía entre células inmunes y estructurales innatas a través de la exosomal realizar trayectos contribuyen a la respuesta inflamatoria y alteración de la barrera estructural y 2) dirigidos a estos miRNAs puede proporcionar una nueva plataforma para tratar ALI y SDRA.

Para inducir lesión pulmonar séptico, los ratones fueron tratados con LPS intraperitoneales (15 mg/kg). Dentro de las 24 h de la administración de LPS, neutrophilic afluencia fue visto en los pulmones, como se muestra en la figura 1A. Líquido del BAL de ratón fue dibujado, seguido por el aislamiento y purificación de exosomas. Morfología de exosomas BALF fue confirmado por microscopia electrónica de transmisión (figura 1B</strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bronchoalveolar Lavage Exosomes in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Septic Lung Injury at JoVE.com

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Exosomes in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Septic Lung Injury

Lavado broncoalveolar exosomas en lesión pulmonar séptica inducida por lipopolisacárido

Ratones expuestos a LPS intraperitoneales secretan exosomas en el líquido del lavado (BAL) Bronco-alveolar que se empaquetan con miRNAs. Utiliza un sistema de cocultivo, demostramos que los exosomas liberados en el líquido del BAL interrumpen la expresión de proteínas de Unión estrecha en células epiteliales bronquiales y aumentan la expresión de citoquinas pro-inflamatorias que acentúan la lesión pulmonar.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represent a heterogeneous group of lung diseases which continues to have a high ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to delineate the role of exosomes in the inflammatory responses in an LPS induced, acute septic lung injury mouse model. So this method can help answer key questions related to cell cross talk in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Especially intercellular communication within the alveolar-micro environment via exosome shuttling.The main advantage of this technique is that it allows the isolation and characterization of highly purified bronchoalveolar lavage exosomes derived from endotoxin treated septic mice with acute lung injury. Demonstrating the procedure is Dr.Zhihong Yuan and Dr.Chetna Bedi. To begin, load a one milliliter syringe equipped with a 27 gauge needle with 0.1 milliliters of LPS and PBS per mouse and manually restrain the first six to eight week old male C57 black 6J mouse.Deliver the LPS intra-peritoneally and return the animal to its cage. 24 hours later, make a five millimeter incision in the center of the neck of the first animal and use blunt forceps to gently separate the muscles to expose the trachea. Next, gently insert a 27 gauge needle attached to a sterile 10 milliliter syringe into the trachea and inject one milliliter of sterile PBS.Then immediately replace the 10 milliliter syringe with a three milliliter syringe equipped with a new 27 gauge needle. Aspirate the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or BOLF and add the BOLF to an appropriately labeled 15 milliliter conical tube on ice. To isolate the exosomes, centrifuge the BOLF samples and transfer the supernatants to new 15 milliliter tubes.Centrifuge the samples again and transfer the supernatants to ultra-centrifuge tubes to remove the larger, cellular particles. Transfer the supernatants to new conical tubes and load the samples into 0.2 micron syringe filters to remove any remaining larger particles. Add the filtered samples to new ultra-centrifuge tubes to pellet the exosomes.Carefully discard the supernatants and re-suspend the pellets in 100 microliters of PBS per tube. Then transfer the exosome samples into individual 1.5 milliliter tubes for their minus 80 degree Celsius storage. To purify the exosomes, add 0.4 microliters of the appropriate exosome dye to one tube containing 100 microliters of suspension solution per sample and quickly add one thawed exosome sample to each tube of dye.Thoroughly mix the exosomes with the dye and incubate the samples at room temperature for five minutes, protected from light. At the end of the incubation, place one exosome spin column per sample into a 1.5 milliliter illusion tube and transfer the exosome solutions to the center of each spin column. Then centrifuge the samples, discard the columns, and store the alluded samples at minus 20 degrees Celsius.To measure exosome uptake by recipient cells, first seed one times 10 to the fourth mouse lung epithelial 12 cells in 0.5 milliliters of medium into each well of an eight well chamber slide for a 16 hour culture at 37 degrees Celsius in 5%carbon dioxide. After thawing, add 10 microliters of the purified fluorescent labeled exosomes to each well and return the cell cultures to the incubator for one hour. At the end of the incubation, wash the cells with PBS and fix each co-culture with 1%paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes at room temperature.Remove the medium and then mount the slide with medium supplemented with DAPI and image the samples by fluorescence microscopy at a 40 times magnification. To verify exosome interaction with recipient cells, seed two times 10 to the fifth mouse lung epithelial 12 cells in two milliliters of medium per well in a 12 well culture plate containing the appropriate culture medium for a two hour incubation at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. At the end of the incubation, add 20 micrograms of exosomes to three wells of epithelial cells per experimental group and return the cells to the incubator.After 24 hours, remove the medium, wash the cells with PBS, and add 600 microliters of lysis buffer to each well with gentle shaking. Then transfer the entire contents of each well into individual 1.5 milliliter tubes and analyze the samples according to the standard real time PCR protocols. Within 24 hours of LPS administration, neutrophilic influx is observed in the lungs of LPS treated animals.After their isolation and purification as just demonstrated, the presence of exosomes in the BOLF from septic lung injury animals can be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The expression of select pro-inflammatory micro RNA is significantly increased in bronchoalveolar fluid exosomes from LPS treated animals compared to controlled PBS treated mice. LPS treated exosomes are taken up by mouse bronchiole epithelial cells as evidenced by the co-localization of fluorescent dye labeled exosomes with DAPI labeled cells after one hour of co-culture.Pro-inflammatory mediator expression is significantly increased in epithelial cells co-cultured with exosomes from LPS treated animals compared to co-culture with exosomes from control PBS treated mice. Further, cells treated with exosomes from LPS treated mice demonstrate a significantly attenuated expression of zonula occludens one compared to controls indicating a less intact cell integrity after LPS treated exosome co-culture. The intra-peritoneal injection of LPS, the bronchoalveolar lavage extraction, and exosome delegation from the bronchoalveolar lavage all the steps can be completed in a relatively short amount of time.Following this procedure, other methods like exosome and epithelial cell co-culture can be performed to answer additional questions about the cross talk between innate and structural cells in the lung alveolar micro-environment. Cross talk between innate immune and structural cells via exosome shuttling contributes to the inflammatory response and to structural barrier disruption suggesting exosomal micro-RNA targeting may provide a normal platform for treating acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to induce septic lung injury in mice, isolate bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice, isolate exosomes from the lavage fluid, and use a co-culture model for interrogating intracellular cross talk.Don't forget that working with LPS can be hazardous and that precautions such as wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment should always be taken while performing this procedure.

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

siRNA Transfection and EMSA Analyses on Freshly Isolated Human Villous Cytotrophoblasts

Los análisis de siRNA transfección y EMSA en recién aisladas vellosos citotrofoblastos Humanos

Human primary villous cytotrophoblasts are a very useful source of primary cells to study placental functions and regulatory mechanisms, and to comprehend ...

Investigación

Genética

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

In Situ marcaje de ADN mitocondrial de replicación en Drosophila ovarios adultos por Edu tinción

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and ...

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Optogenética aleatoria de mutagénesis, utilizando la histona-miniSOG en<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

La cría y el doble-stranded RNA mediada gen desmontables en el Hide Escarabajo,<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

Pooled shRNA Screen for Reactivation of MeCP2 on the Inactive X Chromosome

ShRNAs combinados pantalla para reactivación de MeCP2 en el cromosoma de X inactivo

Forward genetic screens using reporter genes inserted into the heterochromatin have been extensively used to investigate mechanisms of epigenetic control ...

Formaldehyde-assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements to Measure Chromatin Accessibility in Mammalian Cells

Formaldehído-asistida aislamiento de elementos reguladores para medir accesibilidad de la cromatina en células de mamíferos

Appropriate gene expression in response to extracellular cues, that is, tissue- and lineage-specific gene transcription, critically depends on highly ...

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

Mediada por CRISPR reorganización de la estructura de bucles de cromatina

Recent studies have clearly shown that long-range, three-dimensional chromatin looping interactions play a significant role in the regulation of gene ...

Identification of Homologous Recombination Events in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Southern Blotting and Polymerase Chain Reaction

Identificación de eventos de recombinación homóloga en células madre embrionarias del ratón mediante Southern blot y reacción en cadena de polimerasa

Relative to the issues of off-target effects and the difficulty of inserting a long DNA fragment in the application of designer nucleases for genome ...

Characterizing Histone Post-translational Modification Alterations in Yeast Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy Models

Caracterización de la histona modificación post-translacional alteraciones en modelos neurodegenerativos Proteinopathy de levadura

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), cause the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives ...

Determining the Egg Fertilization Rate of Bemisia tabaci Using a Cytogenetic Technique

Determining the Egg Fertilization Rate of Bemisia tabaci Using a Cytogenetic Technique

Determinar la tasa de fertilización de huevos de Bemisia tabaci mediante una técnica citogenética

A few species of sap-sucking whiteflies are some of the most damaging terrestrial pests worldwide because of the crop damage they inflict and plant ...