Name: investigating object representations in the macaque dorsal visual stream using single-unit recordings
Uploaded: 2018-08-01T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings at JoVE.com

Inez Puttemans, Marc De Paep, Sara De Pril, Wouter oyunculuk, Astrid Hermans, pınar Kayenbergh, Gerrit Meulemans, Christophe Ulens ve Stijn Verstraeten teknik ve idari yardım için teşekkür ederiz.

Tüm teknik prosedürler uyarınca Sağlık Ulusal Enstitüsü Kılavuzu bakım ve kullanım Laboratuvar hayvanlarının ve AB Direktifi 2010/63/AB için gerçekleştirilen ve KU Leuven Etik Komitesi tarafından kabul edildi.
1. genel yöntemleri uyanık davranıyor maymunlar içinde ekstraselüler kayıtları için
<ol><li>Özel araştırma sorunu gidermek için gerekli görsel ve motor görevleri gerçekleştirmek için hayvan tren. Hayvan esnek nöron kapsamlı bir şekilde test ve nöral...

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coding+of+shape+and+position+in+macaque+lateral+intraparietal+area.">Coding of shape and position in macaque lateral intraparietal area.</a> J. Neurosci. 28 (26), 6679-6690 (2008).</li><li>Romero, M. C., Janssen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptive+field+properties+of+neurons+in+the+macaque+anterior+intraparietal+area.">Receptive field properties of neurons in the macaque anterior intraparietal area.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 115 (3), 1542-1555 (2016).</li><li>Decramer, T., Premereur, E., Theys, T., Janssen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-electrode+recordings+in+the+macaque+frontal+cortex+reveal+common+processing+of+eye-,+arm-+and+hand+movements.+Program+No.+495.15/GG14.">Multi-electrode recordings in the macaque frontal cortex reveal common processing of eye-, arm- and hand movements. Program No. 495.15/GG14.</a> Neuroscience Meeting Planner. , (2017).</li><li>Pani, P., Theys, T., Romero, M. C., Janssen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grasping+execution+and+grasping+observation+activity+of+single+neurons+in+macaque+anterior+intraparietal+area.">Grasping execution and grasping observation activity of single neurons in macaque anterior intraparietal area.</a> J. Cogn. 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Davranışsal görevleri ve görsel testler dikkatli bir seçim dorsal akım çalışma için kapsamlı bir yaklaşım gerektirir: görsel ve açgözlü paradigmalar kombine ya da ayrı ayrı bölge belirli özelliklerini bağlı istihdam.
Bu makalede, biz AIP ve F5p yanıt-e doğru görsel ve motor görevlerinin bir alt kümesini kaydedilen sinirsel aktivite örneklerini verir, ama çok benzer yanıt alan 45B gibi ön diğer alanlarda gözlenen ve F5a.
Biz iki dene...

İnsan ve insan dışı primatlar nesne açgözlü dahil olmak üzere karmaşık motor eylemler gerçekleştirme kapasitesine paylaşmak. Başarılı bir şekilde bu görevleri gerçekleştirmek için bizim beyin iç nesne özellikleri dönüşmenin motor komutları tamamlamak gerekiyor. Bu dönüşüm dorsal kortikal alanlarda parietal ve ventral premotor korteks1,2,3 ' te (Şekil 1) bulunan gelişmiş bir ağ kullanır.
Maymunlar ve insanlar4,5lezyon çalışmalardan bildiğimiz - primer görsel korteks kaynaklanan ve posterior parietal korteks doğru yönetmen - dorsal görsel akışı hem mekansal vizyon ve motor planlama yer Eylemler. Ancak, dorsal akım alanları çoğunluğu benzersiz bir işlem türüne sadık değil. Örneğin, ön intraparietal alan (AIP), dorsal görsel akışında son sahne bölgelerinden birinde sadece6,7,8açgözlü sırasında aynı zamanda görsel sırasında yangın nöronlar çeşitli içerir Denetim nesnesi7,8,9,10.
Benzer şekilde AIP, F5, ventral premotor korteks (PMv), bulunan bölgede sinirlerde de görsel fiksasyonu ve motor eylemler11içine görsel bilgiler dönüşümüne önemli olması muhtemeldir açgözlü, nesne sırasında yanıt. Bu bölge (subsector F5a) ön kısmındaki nöronların içeren seçmeli olarak (eşitsizlik tanımlı üç boyutlu 3D için) yanıt gönderilir (F5c) yer alan subsector nöronlar içerirken,12,13, görüntüleri ateş ayna özellikleri1,3tarafından karakterize hem ne zaman bir hayvan gerçekleştirir veya bir eylem gözlemler. Son olarak, posterior F5 (F5p) yüksek oranda visuomotor nöronlar hem gözlem için duyarlı ve 3D nesneler14,15açgözlü ile el ile ilgili bir alan bölgedir. F5 yanındaki alan 45B, arcuate sulkus aşağı ramus içinde bulunan, de şekil işleme16,17 ve açgözlü18bulunabilir.
Bu nöronlar yanıt hangi özellikleri ve bu nöronların alıcı alanlar nelerdir belirlemek zordur çünkü nesne seçicilik parietal ve frontal korteks test, meydan okuyor. Bir tabak, ancak bir koni bir nöron yanıt verirse, örneğin, hangi özellikle bu nesnelerin bu seçicilik kullanıyor: 2D kontur, 3D yapısı, derinlik yönde veya birçok farklı özelliklerini? Nesne fiksasyon ve açgözlü sırasında yanıt nöronlar için kritik nesnesi özellikleri belirlemek için nesnelerin görüntülerini ve aynı görüntülerin sınırlı sürümleri kullanarak çeşitli görsel testleri istihdam gereklidir.
Ne zaman belgili tanımlık hayvan içinde belgili tanımlık karanlık (Yani, görsel bilgi yokluğunda) Bu nesne mezununda AIP ve F5 nöronlarda büyükçe bir kısmı sadece bir nesnenin görsel sunum için ama aynı zamanda yanıt verir. Böyle nöronlar kavramış olamaz bir nesneyi görüntüye yanıt vermeyebilir. Bu nedenle, görsel ve motor bileşenleri yanıt yakından, hangi geçici o zor nöronal nesne temsil bu bölgelerde araştırmak bağlanır. Bu yana visuomotor nöronlar sadece gerçek dünya nesneleri ile test edilebilir, esnek bir sistem özellikleri bunlar için önemli olduğunu belirlemek istiyorsanız, görme alanı farklı pozisyonlarda ve farklı yönler farklı nesneleri sunmak için ihtiyacımız nöronlar. İkincisi sadece görsel alanda farklı konumlardaki farklı nesneleri sunma yeteneğine sahip bir robot aracılığıyla elde edilebilir.
Bu makalede araştırmacılar parieto-cepheden nöronlar çalışmada baktılar için deneysel bir kılavuz sağlamak niyetinde. Aşağıdaki bölümlerde, biz bizim laboratuvarda uyanık makak maymunları (Macaca melez) açgözlü ve görsel nesne yanıtlarında analizi için kullanılan genel protokol sağlayacaktır.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Grasping robot</td>
			<td>GIBAS Universal Robots</td>
			<td>UR-6-85-5-A</td>
			<td>Robot arm equipped with a gripper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carousel motor</td>
			<td>Siboni</td>
			<td>RD066/&#8224;20 MV6, 35x23 F02</td>
			<td>Motor to be implemented in a custom-made vertical carousel. It allows the rotation of the carousel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye tracker</td>
			<td>SR Research</td>
			<td>EyeLink II</td>
			<td>Infrared camera system sampling at 500 Hz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Wavetek Rockland</td>
			<td>852</td>
			<td>Electronic filters perform a variety of signal-processing functions with the purpose of removing a signal&#39;s unwanted frequency components.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Preamplifier</td>
			<td>BAK ELECTRONICS, INC.</td>
			<td>A-1</td>
			<td>The Model A-1 allows to reduce input capacity and noise pickup and allows to test impedance for metal micro-electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrodes</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>UEWLEESE*N4G</td>
			<td>Metal microelectrodes (* = Impedance, to be chosen by the researcher)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CRT monitor</td>
			<td>Vision Research Graphics</td>
			<td>M21L-67S01</td>
			<td>The CRT monitor is equipped with a fast-decay P46-phosphor operating at 120 Hz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferroelectric liquid crystal shutters</td>
			<td>Display Tech</td>
			<td>FLC Shutter Panel; LV2500P-OEM</td>
			<td>The shutters operate at 60 Hz in front of the monkeys and are synchronized to the vertical retrace of the monitor</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigating object representations in the macaque dorsal visual stream using single-unit recordings

Önceki çalışmalar parieto-cepheden alanlarda makak beynin nöronlar benzer bir şekilde gerçek nesneler, eşitsizlik tanımlı eğimli yüzeyler ve gerçek dünya nesneleri (ve eşitsizlik olmadan) görüntüleri için çok seçici olabileceğini göstermiştir ventral görsel akışında nitelendirdi. Buna ek olarak, parieto-cepheden alanlarda el açgözlü sırasında önceden şekillendirme gibi uygun motor çıkış, görsel nesne bilgileri dönüştürmek için inanılıyor. Daha iyi nesne seçicilik kortikal ağındaki karakterize etmek için fiş boşaltmaya karışan visuomotor dönüşümleri, görsel nesne seçicilik nöronların parieto-frontal bölgelerde çözümlemek amacıyla testi sağlar.

Şekil 5 arsalar alan F5p test dört nesneleriyle kaydedilmiş bir örnek nöron yanıt: - bir küre ve bir plaka-iki farklı boyutta (6 ve 3 cm) gösterilen iki farklı şekiller. Bu belirli nöron sadece büyük küreye (en uygun uyarıcı; üst sol kapı), ama aynı zamanda büyük tabak (alt sol panelde) yanıt verdi. Buna karşılık, daha küçük nesneleri yanıt zayıf (alt ve üst sağ kapı aynası).
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings at JoVE.com

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Nesne seçicilik parieto-cepheden nöronların visuomotor dönüşümler ilgili analiz için detaylı bir protokol sunulmuştur.

Tek-unit kayıtları kullanarak nesne temsilcilikleri makak Dorsal Visual akışı soruşturma

Previous studies have shown that neurons in parieto-frontal areas of the macaque brain can be highly selective for real-world objects, disparity-defined ...

This method can help answering key questions in visual and motor systems neuroscience. For example, how do neurons encode objects and and object parts? And how do neural representations change from visual to motor?The main advantage of this method is that neurons can be studied with real-world objects during reaching and grasping, and with images of objects and object parts presented on a display. Demonstrating this procedure will be Maria Romero, a postdoc, and Irene Caprara, a PhD student from my laboratory. Begin with the test subject situated in the testing chair in front of the object-grasping setup.Adjust an infrared camera in front of the subject's eyes to obtain an adequate image of the pupil and corneal reflex. To run the visually-guided grasping task using a carousel setup, first allow the macaque to place the hand contralateral to the recorded hemisphere in the resting position in complete darkness to initiate the sequence. After a variable intertrial interval of 2, 000 to 3, 000 milliseconds, apply a red laser as a fixation point at the base of the object.If the animal maintains its gaze inside an electronically-defined fixation window for 500 milliseconds, illuminate the object from above with a light source. Then, after a variable delay of 300 to 1, 500 milliseconds, program a dimming of the laser as the visual go cue. Instruct the macaque to lift the hand from the resting position and reach, grasp, and hold the object for a randomized variable interval of 300 to 900 milliseconds.Whenever the macaque performs the whole sequence correctly, reward it with a drop of juice. As for the carousel setup, let the macaque place the hand contralateral to the recorded hemisphere in the resting position in complete darkness to initiate the sequence. After 2, 000 to 3, 000 milliseconds, illuminate the LED on the object.Again, if the animal maintains its gaze inside an electronically-defined fixation window, illuminate the object with a white light source. After the delay, switch off the LED as the visual go cue. Again, the monkey lifts the hand from the resting position and reaches, grasps, and holds the object.Reward the monkey with a drop of juice after each correct sequence. Continue the training with additional objects. During the task, the software should measure the reaction time between the go signal and the onset of the hand movement.And the grasping time between the start of the movement and lifting of the object. For the 2D tasks, use a standard LCD monitor. Project all visual stimuli on a black background.For the 3D tests, locate two ferroelectric liquid crystal shutters in front of the monkey's eyes. For the 3D test, locate two ferroelectric liquid crystal shutters in front of the monkey's eyes. Present the stimuli stereoscopically by alternating the left and right eye images on a cathode ray tube monitor equipped with a fast-decay P46 phosphor, while operating the shutters at 60 hertz with synchronization to the vertical retrace of the monitor.Start the trial by presenting a small square in the center of the screen as the fixation point. If the eye position remains within an electronically-defined one-degree-square window for at least 500 milliseconds, present the visual stimulus on the screen for a total time of 500 milliseconds. When the monkey maintains a stable fixation until the stimulus offset, reward it with a drop of juice.To study shape selectivity, run multiple tests with 2D images during the passive fixation task beginning with a search test. Test the visual selectivity of the cell using a wide set of images, including pictures of the object that was grasped in the VGG. For this and all subsequent visual tasks, compare the image evoking the strongest response, termed preferred image, to a second image to which the neuron is responding weakly, termed nonpreferred image.Next, run a contour test. From the original surface images of real objects, obtain progressively simplified versions of the same stimulus shape. Collect at least 10 trials per condition.To determine whether the neuron prefers the original surface, the silhouette, or the outline from the original shape. Then run a receptive field test. Present the images of objects at different positions on a display, covering the central visual field.A total of 35 positions at three degrees are used here. Finally, run a reduction test with contour fragments presented at the center of the receptive field to identify the minimum effective shape feature. Determine the minimum effective shape feature as the smallest shape fragment evoking a response that is at least 70%of the intact outline response.This image shows the responses of an example neuron recorded from area F5p, tested with a sphere and a plate, shown in two different sizes. This particular neuron responded not only to the large sphere optimal stimulus, but also to the large plate. In comparison, the response to the smaller objects was weaker.The following images show results from an example neuron recorded in the anterior intraparietal area, and tested during both the visually-guided grasping task and passive fixation. This neuron was responsive during grasping. The neuron was also responsive to the visual presentation of 2D images of objects, including pictures of the objects used in the grasping task.The preferred was not the object to be grasped, but another 2D picture with which the animal had no previous grasping experience. An example of the responses obtained in the reduction test is shown here. This example neuron responded to the smallest fragments in the test.Once mastered, this technique can be done in less than 90 minutes, if it's performed correctly. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to test neurons in the dorsal visual stream with objects and images of objects to determine the critical features that drive the responses.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Tek birim In vivo</emSıçan, optik kiazma> Kayıtlar

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic ...

Nörobilim

Transretinal ERG Recordings from Mouse Retina: Rod and Cone Photoresponses

Fare Retina gelen Transretinal ERG Kayıtlar: Rod ve Koni Photoresponses

There are two distinct classes of image-forming photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina: rods and cones. Rods are able to detect single photons of light ...

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograd Floresan Etiketleme Belirlenen Nöronlar gelen Hedefli Hücre dışı Tek ünitesi Kayıt izin verir<em&gt; In vivo</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Akut Hipokampal Dilimler içinde Synaptically-uyarılmış astroglial ve Nöronal Cevaplarının İkili Elektrofizyolojik Kayıtlar

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation

Bir Amfibi Retina Dilim hazırlanması Fotoreseptörler ve İkinci dereceden nöronlar eş zamanlı tam hücreli Kayıtlar

One of the central tasks in retinal neuroscience  is to understand the circuitry of retinal neurons and how those connections are  responsible for shaping ...

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

Hayvanlar davranmak, Awake Tek-birim Recordings Microwires Organize Dizileri implantasyon için Usulü

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell ...

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

A Guide<em&gt; In vivo</emOptogenetically Belirlenen Kortikal inhibitör dan&gt; Tek birim Kayıt

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Eşzamanlı<em&gt; Ex vivo</emİki retina&gt; Fonksiyonel Test tarafından<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Elektroretinogram Sistemi

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

Sırt kök ganglion Modeli: Kanserli Sinir Invasion Vitro Modelleme

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These ...

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

Difüzyon tensör görüntüleme ve traktografi kullanarak İnsan Albinizmi İlköğretim Görsel Yolu&#39;ndaki Bağlantı Ölçme

In albinism, the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is significantly reduced. The retina and optic chiasm have been proposed ...