Name: single-cell analysis of immunophenotype and cytokine production in peripheral whole blood via mass cytometry
Uploaded: 2018-06-26T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry at JoVE.com

We zouden graag bedanken Aimee Pugh-Bernard voor haar intellectuele input en nuttige opmerkingen. Dit werk werd gesteund door de biomedische Research Award Boettcher Stichting Webb-Waring en getal K23-1K23AR070897 van de NIH tot Elena W.Y. Hsieh. Ze werd ook ondersteund door award aantal K12-HD000850 van het nationale Instituut van Eunice Kennedy Shriver Child Health en menselijke ontwikkeling en de Lucile Packard Foundation voor kinderen gezondheid, Stanford CTSA UL1 TR001085 en kind gezondheidsonderzoek Instituut van Stanford University.

Alle methoden die hier worden beschreven zijn goedgekeurd door de Colorado meerdere institutionele Review Board (COMIRB) van de Universiteit van Colorado. Alle onderstaande beschreven procedures moeten worden uitgevoerd in een steriele weefselkweek kap, tenzij anders aangegeven, met gefilterde Pipetteer tips, en alle reagentia gefilterd.
1. bereiding van reagentia voor perifere bloed verwerking
<ol><li>Bereiden ruxolitinib voorraad aliquots (10 – 15 μl/injectieflacon voor eenpersoonsgebru...

<ol>
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Hier beschrijven we een roman, eencellige, proteomic aanpak gelijktijdig controleren meerdere soorten van immuun cellen en hun verschillende cytokine verstoringen op te sporen in de omgeving van de patiënt specifieke "pathogene" perifere bloed plasma circulerende factoren. Deze methode maakt gebruik van perifere bloed als het analytische voertuig, en de massale cytometry als instrument voor de evaluatie van immuun cellulaire fenotypische en functionele afwijkingen. De methode is gemakkelijk van toepassing op de mens en ...

Auto-immune ziekten zijn een belangrijke oorzaak van morbiditeit en mortaliteit 3-8% van de bevolking. In de Verenigde Staten, auto-immune aandoeningen behoren tot de belangrijkste doodsoorzaken onder jonge en middelbare leeftijd vrouwen (leeftijden < 65 jaar)1,2. Auto-immune aandoeningen worden gekenmerkt door heterogene Vaatwandpathologie en diverse onderliggende immunologische processen. Het spectrum van heterogeniteit is goed vertegenwoordigd in verschillende aandoeningen, zoals gezamenlijke betrokkenheid bij reumatoïde artritis (RA) en neurologische ziekte bij multiple sclerose (MS). Echter, dit niveau van heterogeniteit ook binnen een enkele stoornis, zoals systemische lupus erythematosus (SLE) wordt geïllustreerd: sommige patiënten kunnen presenteren met Renale pathologie, terwijl anderen van hematologic of gezamenlijke betrokkenheid3 last.
De onderliggende immunopathogenese in auto-immune aandoeningen komt overeen met de klinische heterogeniteit, met betrekking tot auto - en hyper-activering van meerdere aangeboren en adaptieve immuun cel subsets, en daarmee gepaard gaande dysregulated cytokine productie. Hoewel cytokines een centrale rol in de pathogenese van auto-immune ziekte spelen, heeft inzicht in hun specifieke rol in het mechanisme van de ziekte bewezen uitdagend. Cytokines worden gekenmerkt door Pleiotropie (een cytokine kan het hebben van meerdere effecten op verschillende soorten cellen), redundantie (meerdere cytokines kan hetzelfde effect hebben), dualiteit (een cytokine kan pro - of anti - inflammatory effecten onder verschillende omstandigheden hebben), en plasticiteit (cytokines kan worden gegoten in een rol die verschillend van de "originele", afhankelijk van de omgeving)4,5,6. Bijgevolg onderscheiden niet populatieniveau methoden heterogene cellulaire reacties op de dezelfde "cytokine milieu". Studie ontwerpen die zich richten op een specifiek aspect van het immuunsysteem (één celtype of cytokine), bieden ook niet een algemene beoordeling van alle elementen die betrokken zijn bij complexe auto-immuunziekte. Terwijl de patiënt sera gebaseerde studies veroorloofd hebben belangrijke inzichten in autoimmuniteit, bieden ze niet de specifieke cellulaire bron van de dysregulated cytokines gedetecteerd.
Onlangs, we een eencellige proteomic benadering om gelijktijdig controleren meerdere immuun celtypes, en sporen van hun verschillende cytokine verstoringen in de omgeving van de patiënt specifieke "pathogene" perifere bloed plasma circulerende factoren ontwikkeld. De hier beschreven werkstroom wordt gekenmerkt door het gebruik van intact perifere bloedmonsters, in tegenstelling tot geïsoleerde perifere bloed mononucleaire cellen (PBMCs). Perifere bloed vertegenwoordigt het meest fysiologisch desbetreffende voertuig te bestuderen van systemische immuun-gemedieerde ziekte, met inbegrip van 1) niet-mononucleaire bloedcellen vaak betrokken in de auto-immune ziekte (d.w.z., neutrofielen, bloedplaatjes), en 2) plasma factoren, zoals nucleïnezuren, immuuncomplexen en cytokines, circuleren die immuun activerend rollen hebben. Te vangen de "intrinsieke pathogene" dysregulated cytokine productie, perifeer bloed monsters worden verwerkt onmiddellijk na de loting van het bloed (T0, tijd nul), en na 6 uur incubatie bij 37 ° C (fysiologische lichaamstemperatuur) met een eiwit transport de Inhibitor van de omwenteling in het ontbreken van een exogene stimulerende aandoening (T6, tijd 6 h), om op te sporen van cytokine productie (accumulatie, T6-T0) dat bij de status van "intrinsieke" ziekte (Figuur 1 aansluiten zou). Om te studeren van dysregulated processen die weerspiegelen over of onder activering van signalering trajecten die betrokken zijn bij de immuunrespons die relevant zijn voor de ziekte, perifeer bloedmonsters zijn behandeld (6 uur incubatie bij 37 ° C met een eiwit vervoer-remmer) een exogene stimuleren van de voorwaarde dat weerspiegelt de pathogenese van de ziekte, zoals Toll-Like-Receptor (TLR) agonisten in het geval van SLE (T6 + R848, tijd 6 h met 1 µg/mL R848), op te sporen van cytokine productie die bij een reactie op nucleic zuren aansluiten zou (T0 vs. T6 vs. T6 vergelijken + R848, Figuur 1). Studeren immunomodulerende effecten van beschikbare therapeutics ex vivo, aangezien ze betrekking op de precieze immuun dysregulated processen voor specifieke patiënten hebben, worden perifeer bloedmonsters behandeld met een JAK-remmer bij de relevante therapeutische concentratie (hier, 5 uM ruxolitinib; T6 + 5R, tijd 6 h met 5 uM ruxolitinib), aan de opsporing van wijzigingen in "intrinsieke" ziekte staat naar aanleiding van de drug (T0 vs. T6 vs. T6 + 5R, Figuur 1). Een JAK-remmer werd gekozen voor deze studie omdat JAK-remmers is gebleken dat succesvol te zijn in de behandeling van auto-immune aandoeningen zoals RA.
Om tegelijkertijd het evalueren van de processen van de dysregulated in meerdere immuun cel subsets perifeer bloedmonsters van SLE hierboven beschreven werden patiënten en gezonde controles verwerkt zoals hierboven beschreven en geanalyseerd door massale cytometry. Massa cytometry, ook bekend als Cytometry-Time-Of-Flight, biedt eencellige analyse van meer dan 40 parameters zonder problemen van spectrale overlap7,8,9. Deze techniek maakt gebruik van zeldzame aarden metalen isotopen in de vorm van oplosbare metaalionen als tags gebonden aan antilichamen, in plaats van fluorophores10. Aanvullende gegevens met betrekking tot de massa cytometry technologische platform (dat wil zeggen, tuning en kalibratie, monster overname) kunnen worden gevonden in Leipold et al. en McCarthy et al. 11 , 12 de hoge-dimensionaliteit van massale cytometry waardoor gelijktijdige meting van meerdere cytokines in aangeboren en adaptieve immuun cel subsets met eencellige granulariteit (Tabel van materialen).
Huidige conventionele klinische en laboratorium parameters zijn vaak niet gevoelige of specifiek genoeg is voor het opsporen van voortdurende ziekte-activiteit of het antwoord op de specifieke immunomodulators13, als gevolg van de noodzaak om het beter af te bakenen de onderliggende immuun wijzigingen die flare-ups rijden. Gezien de alomtegenwoordigheid van cytokine disregulatie in auto-immuunziekte, een overvloed aan behandeling benaderingen die gebruikmaken van antilichamen of kleine moleculaire remmers targeting cytokines of signalering eiwitten die betrokken zijn in de regulatie van cytokine productie hebben onlangs naar voren gekomen. In zijn elementaire vorm biedt de hier beschreven perifeer bloed analytische aanpak een platform om patiënt-specifieke dysregulated cel subsets en hun abnormale cytokine productie in auto-immune ziekten met systemische weerslag te identificeren. Deze methode zorgt voor de personalisatie van therapeutische keuzes, zoals specifieke dysregulated cytokines kunnen worden geïdentificeerd, en specifieke behandeling opties kunnen ex vivo getest te beoordelen van hun vermogen om te immunomodulate de patiënt specifieke ziekte proces.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ruxolitinib</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-364729A</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: 10 mM; Final Conc: 5 &#956;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R848</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>tlrl-r848-5</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: 1 &#956;g/&#956;L; Final Conc: 1 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LPS-EK</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>tlrl-eklps</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: 1 &#956;g/&#956;L; Final Conc: 0.1 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile PBS</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-516F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lyse/Fix Buffer</td>
			<td>BD biosciences</td>
			<td>558049</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: 5X; Final Conc: 1X (dilute in ddH2O)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;BD Phosflow perm/wash buffer I</td>
			<td>BD biosciences</td>
			<td>557885</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: 10X; Final Conc: 1:10 (dilute in ddH2O)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21870-076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide (NaN3)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S-8032</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: &#62;99.9%; Final Conc: 0.0002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein Transport Inhibitor (PTI)</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>00-4980-93</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: 500X; Final Conc: 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Intercalator</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201192B</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: 500 &#956;M; Final Conc: 0.1 &#956;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Staining Media (CSM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PBS + 0.5% BSA, 0.02% NaN3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MaxPar Barcode Perm Buffer</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201057</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: 10X; Final Conc: 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20-plex Pd Barcode Set</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>S0014</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: n/a; Final Conc: n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EQ TM Four Element Calibration Beads</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201078</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: 10X; Final Conc: 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% MeOH-free Formaldehyde Solution</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>28908</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: 16% (w/v); Final Conc: 1.6% (w/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile round bottom polystyrene tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>60818-496</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: n/a; Final Conc: n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene cluster tubes</td>
			<td>Light Labs</td>
			<td>A-9001</td>
			<td>Stock Conc: n/a; Final Conc: n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helios CyTOF instrument</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>Helios</td>
			<td>All solutions to be used in CyTOF analysis need to be free of metal contamination. ddH2O is used in the preparation of any solutions should have a resistivity of at least 18.0 M&#937;.cm. ddH2O and any self-prepared solutions should be stored in new plastic or glass bottles that have never been autoclaved.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibodies used for Mass Cytometry</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surface markers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD1c</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>L161</td>
			<td>Mass: 161</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>UCHT1</td>
			<td>Mass: 144</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>SK3</td>
			<td>Mass: 174</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD7</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>M-T701</td>
			<td>Mass: 149</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD8</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>SK1</td>
			<td>Mass: 142</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD11b</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>ICRF44</td>
			<td>Mass: 209</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD11c</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>B-ly6</td>
			<td>Mass: 152</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD15</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>HI98</td>
			<td>Mass: 115</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD14</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>M5E2</td>
			<td>Mass: 154</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD16</td>
			<td>eBioscience/Thermo</td>
			<td>B73.1</td>
			<td>Mass: 165</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD19</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SJ25C1</td>
			<td>Mass: 163</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD21</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>Bu32</td>
			<td>Mass: 141</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD27</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>L128</td>
			<td>Mass: 155</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD38</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>HIT2</td>
			<td>Mass: 172</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45 total</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>HI30</td>
			<td>Mass: 89</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45RA</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>HI100</td>
			<td>Mass: 153</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD56</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>REA196</td>
			<td>Mass: 168</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD66</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>B1.1/CD66</td>
			<td>Mass: 113</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD86</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>IT2.2</td>
			<td>Mass: 150</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD123</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>6H6</td>
			<td>Mass: 143</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD278/ICOS</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>C398.4A</td>
			<td>Mass: 156</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD179/PD1</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>EH12.2H7</td>
			<td>Mass: 162</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgD</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>IA6-2</td>
			<td>Mass: 146</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgM</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>MHM-88</td>
			<td>Mass: 151</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CXCR5</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>RF8B2</td>
			<td>Mass: 173</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HLADR</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>L243</td>
			<td>Mass: 167</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytokines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-1&#945;</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>364-3B3-14</td>
			<td>Mass: 147</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-1&#946;</td>
			<td>Biolegend&#160;</td>
			<td>H1b-98</td>
			<td>Mass: 169</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-1RA</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz&#160;</td>
			<td>AS17</td>
			<td>Mass: 157</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-6</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>MQ2-13A5</td>
			<td>Mass: 164</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-8</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>E8N1</td>
			<td>Mass: 160</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-12/IL-23p40</td>
			<td>Biolegend&#160;</td>
			<td>C8.6</td>
			<td>Mass: 171</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-17A</td>
			<td>Biolegend&#160;</td>
			<td>BL168</td>
			<td>Mass: 148</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL23p19</td>
			<td>eBioscience/Thermo</td>
			<td>23dcdp</td>
			<td>Mass: 176</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MIP1&#946;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>D21-1351</td>
			<td>Mass: 158</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MCP1</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>5D3-F7</td>
			<td>Mass: 170</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IFN&#945;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi&#160;</td>
			<td>LT27:295</td>
			<td>Mass: 175</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IFN&#947;</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>4S.B3</td>
			<td>Mass: 165</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTEN</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>A2B1</td>
			<td>Mass: 159</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNF&#945;</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>Mab11</td>
			<td>Mass: 166</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Note: If the manufacturer is stated as Fluidigm, this antibody was purchased from Fluidigm with metal pre-conjugated. If the manufacturer is stated as other than Fluidigm, this antibody was self-conjugated using the MaxPar Multi-Metal Labeling&#160; Kit (Fluidigm Cat: 201300) according to manufacturer protocol.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single-cell analysis of immunophenotype and cytokine production in peripheral whole blood via mass cytometry

Cytokines spelen een centrale rol in de pathogenese van auto-immune ziekten. Vandaar, de meting van cytokine niveaus is de focus van meerdere onderzoeken in een poging om de precieze mechanismen die tot de verdeling van self-tolerance en latere autoimmuniteit leiden begrijpen. Benaderingen tot nu toe zijn gebaseerd op de studie van een specifiek aspect van het immuunsysteem (een single of paar celtypes of cytokines), en bieden niet een algemene beoordeling van ingewikkelde auto-immuunziekte. Terwijl de patiënt sera gebaseerde studies veroorloofd hebben belangrijke inzichten in autoimmuniteit, bieden ze niet de specifieke cellulaire bron van de dysregulated cytokines gedetecteerd. Een totaalaanpak van de eencellige te evalueren van cytokine productie in meerdere immuun cel subsets, in het kader van "intrinsieke" plasma van de patiënt-specifieke factoren, circulerende wordt hier beschreven. Deze aanpak maakt controle van de patiënt-specifieke immune fenotype (oppervlakte markeringen) en functie (cytokines), beide in de native "intrinsieke pathogene" ziekte staat, of in de aanwezigheid van therapeutische agenten (in vivo of ex vivo).

Figuur 1 toont de workflow voor de stimulatie en verwerking van de monsters van perifeer bloed, met inbegrip van de toewijzing van bloed monster aliquots, timing van de toevoeging van stimulatie agenten, eiwit transport remmer cocktail en incubatie maal totdat de lysis van de rode bloedcellen (RBC) en fixatie. De keuze van de stimulerende agenten zal afhangen van de signalering en cytokine trajecten die voor beoordeling gericht zijn. Bijvoorbeeld, in het prot...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry at JoVE.com

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Eencellige analyse van Immunophenotype en Cytokine productie in perifere bloed via massale Cytometry

Hier beschrijven we een eencellige proteomic aanpak om te evalueren van immuun fenotypische en functionele (intracellulaire cytokine inductie) veranderingen in het perifere bloedmonsters geanalyseerd via massale cytometry.

Cytokines play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Hence, the measurement of cytokine levels has been the focus of multiple studies ...

This method can help answer questions in the autoimmunity field such as identifying cell frequency abnormalities and function differences such as production of key cytokines in the setting of autoimmune disease. The main advantage of this method is that it can capture a broad repertoire or different cell types and function differences from a easily obtainable peripheral blood sample. Generally, individuals new to this process may struggle with getting the timing of the blood processing steps right, the antibody panel design, the barcoding process itself, and analysis of high dimensional single cell data.This systems immunology approach is particularly suitable for autoimmune diseases like SLE where immune dysregulation is pervasive and evident in peripheral blood. Visual demonstration of this method is important to clarify the timing of steps and also to show how multiple samples can be barcoded and pooled prior to mass cytometry analysis. To begin this procedure, place the labeled round bottom polystyrene tubes of five different conditions for whole blood processing on a rack.Next, add one milliliter of 37 degree Celsius RPMI to each tube. Then, add one milliliter of whole blood to each tube and pipette up and down several times to mix thoroughly with RPMI. Subsequently, add 10 microliters of pre-diluted ruxolitinib to the tube labeled T six plus five R and mix thoroughly.Place the rack of tubes in the incubator at 37 degrees Celsius and begin timing the incubation. To process the T zero sample, pipette the entire content of the T zero tube into a labeled conical tube containing 20 milliliters of 37 degree Celsius lyse/fix buffer at working concentration. To optimize cell recovery, rinse the tube with lyse/fix buffer and mix by inverting the conical tube.Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes to allow for lysis and fixation. Then, centrifuge the cells at 500 times G for five minutes at room temperature. Afterward, decant the supernatant and re-suspend the cells in one milliliter of ice cold PBS to break up the pellet.Then, fill the conical tube to a 15 milliliter volume with PBS. Subsequently, centrifuge the cells at 500 times G for five minutes at room temperature. Re-suspend the cells in one milliliter of CSM to break up the pellet.Then, transfer the sample to a labeled microcentrifuge tube for antibody staining. Using an automated cell counter, count the cells with a 10 microliter sample. Next, centrifuge the cells at 500 times G for five minutes at room temperature.Afterward, aspirate the supernatant, leaving the pellet in about 60 microliters of residual. Keep this pellet on ice until the samples from other conditions have completed processing. At T equals 30 minutes, transfer the tube rack to the tissue culture hood.Add 10 microliters of R848 at 0.1 grams per microliter to the T six plus R848 tube and mix thoroughly. Then, add 10 microliters of LPS at 0.01 micrograms per microliter to the T six plus LPS tube and mix thoroughly. Afterward, add four microliters of protein transport inhibitor to the tubes labeled T six, T six plus five R, and T six plus LPS and return the samples to the incubator until T equals six hours.Mix the samples thoroughly with a P1000 pipette every two hours. At T equals two hours, add four microliters of protein transport inhibitor cocktail to the T six plus R848 tube. Mix all samples and return the rack to the incubator until T equals six hours.At T equals four hours, mix the samples with a P1000 pipette one more time. At T equals six hours, process T six, T six plus LPS, T six plus R848, and T six plus five R blood sample tubes as described for the T zero sample. Then, store the pellets in residual CSM volume at minus 80 degrees Celsius to process later.To barcode the lysed, fixed cells, thaw the samples from the minus 80 degrees Celsius storage slowly on ice. Dilute the 10X barcoding perm buffer with PBS by one to 10 and make enough buffer for three milliliters per sample. Fill one non-sterile trough with CSM and one with the one X barcoding perm buffer.Then, add one milliliter of ice cold CSM to the freshly thawed samples, mix thoroughly, and transfer to the respective pre-labeled polypropylene cluster tubes. Now, take a 10 microliter sample and count the cells using an automated cell counter. Normalize the cell counts in each cluster tube by removing the volume of excess cells.Then, centrifuge the cells at 600 times G for five minutes at room temperature. Re-suspend the cells in one milliliter of one X barcoding perm buffer with a multichannel pipette and centrifuge at 600 times G for five minutes at room temperature. Afterward, aspirate off the supernatant.Line up the cluster tubes on a rack in the same order as indicated on the barcode key so the sample matches with its barcode. Add 800 microliters of one X barcoding perm buffer by multichannel pipette to all samples in the cluster tubes without touching the cell pellet to reduce cell loss. Then, set aside the rack with the cluster tubes.Remove the 20-plex palladium barcoding kit tube strips from minus 20 degrees Celsius and thaw at room temperature. Add 100 microliters of one X barcoding perm buffer, mix thoroughly, and transfer 120 microliters of the re-suspended barcode mix into the corresponding cell samples in the cluster tubes. Mix thoroughly by multichannel pipette so that there is no cross-contamination between individually barcoded samples.Incubate cluster tubes for 30 minutes at room temperature to allow the barcodes to label the cells. After 30 minutes, centrifuge the samples at 600 times G for five minutes at room temperature. Aspirate the supernatant, then re-suspend them in one milliliter of CSM.Subsequently, centrifuge and re-suspend in CSM again. Afterward, centrifuge at 600 times G for five minutes at room temperature and aspirate the supernatant. With a single pipette and using the same tip, transfer all cell pellets in about 70 to 80 microliters of residual volume to one polystyrene tube.Do not eject the pipette tip. Set aside the single pipette with this tip. With a multichannel pipette and new tips, add 100 microliters of CSM to each original cluster tube to maximize cell recovery.Using the single pipette with the tip that was set aside, transfer all cell pellets in 100 microliters of residual volume to the same polystyrene tube. Add CSM to top off the polystyrene tube to about three milliliters. Count and record the cell number of the pooled barcode set.Then, centrifuge at 600 times G for five minutes at room temperature and aspirate the supernatant. Proceed to staining the barcoded samples on the same day. This schematic demonstrates the workflow for the stimulation and processing of the peripheral blood samples, including allocation of blood sample aliquots, timing of the addition of stimulation agents, protein transport inhibitor cocktail, and incubation times until the red blood cell lysis and fixation.The choice of stimulating agents will depend on the signaling and cytokine pathways that are targeted for assessment. Following fixation and RBC lysis, the individual lysed, fixed cell samples from a healthy donor were barcoded, labeled with 26 antibodies against surface markers, permeabilized, and stained with 14 antibodies against cytokines. The limited gating strategy representing the identification of CD14 high monocytes is shown here.From left to right, each 2D plot represented is a population subset from the parent population that is gated from the 2D plot immediately to the left. Using CD14 high monocytes as representative in eight immune cell subsets, a mass cytometry analysis was performed on peripheral blood samples from a healthy donor at time zero unstimulated and following stimulation with TLR agonist LPS and R848 and the T-cell activator PMA ionomycin. An example of the cytokine induction in CD14 high monocytes is shown and selected cytokines with specificity to the stimulating agent used are depicted.R848 selectively induces IL-12p40 subunit and MCP1 in CD14 high monocytes while LPS does not. In contrast, PMA ionomycin does not induce cytokines in CD14 high monocytes. Once mastered, the blood stimulations can be done in about seven hours and the barcoding step can get done in just about an hour.When attempting this procedure, it's important to be mindful of the timing of the steps and to plan ahead accordingly. Once you have this procedure in place, you can consider altering the blood stimulation conditions in the mass cytometry panel in order to assess the immune cell responses that are specific to your own research aims. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to elicit cytokine responses from whole blood samples and how to pool multiple samples into a barcoded set for mass cytometry analysis.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Single-cell analyse van Bacillus subtilis Biofilms met fluorescentie microscopie en Flow cytometrie

Biofilm formation is a general attribute to almost all bacteria 1-6. When bacteria form biofilms, cells are encased in extracellular matrix that is mostly ...

Enumeration of Major Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Populations for Multicenter Clinical Trials Using a Whole Blood Phenotyping Assay

Opsomming van belangrijke perifeer bloed leukocyten populaties voor Multicenter klinische proeven met behulp van een volbloed Fenotypering Assay

Cryopreservation of peripheral blood leukocytes is widely used to preserve cells for immune response evaluations in clinical trials and offers many ...

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Ontleden Innate Immune Signalering in Viral Evasion van cytokine productie

In response to a viral infection, the host innate immune response is activated to up-regulate gene expression and production of antiviral cytokines. ...

Detecting Glycogen in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Periodic Acid Schiff Staining

Detecteren Glycogeen in perifeer bloed mononucleaire cellen met Periodic Acid Schiff kleuring

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Genereren van menselijke allogeen-specifieke T-cellen uit perifeer bloed

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

A Semi-automated Approach to Preparing Antibody Cocktails for Immunophenotypic Analysis of Human Peripheral Blood

Een semi-automatische Aanpak Voorbereiding Antibody Cocktails voor Immunophenotypic Analyse van de humane perifere bloed

Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood by flow cytometry determines changes in the frequency and activation status of peripheral leukocytes during disease ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glioma-infiltrating Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Isolatie en Flow cytometrische analyse van Glioom infiltreren perifere mononucleaire bloedcellen

Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells are capable of eradicating orthotopically implanted mouse GL26 and rat CNS-1 ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

Flow cytometrische analyse van de NK-cel lytische activiteit in humaan volbloed

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

Bead Based Multiplex Assay for Analysis of Tear Cytokine Profiles

Kraal gebaseerd Multiplex Assay voor analyse van Tear Cytokine profielen

Tear film is a complex mixture of lipids, proteins and minerals which covers the external surface of the eye, thereby providing lubrication, nutrition and ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte Subsets by Whole Blood Flow Cytometry Analysis

Karakterisatie van menselijke monocyt deelverzamelingen door volbloed Stroom Cytometry analyse

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can ...