Name: an invasive method for the activation of the mouse dentate gyrus by high-frequency stimulation
Uploaded: 2018-06-02T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation at JoVE.com

由中国国家自然科学基金资助31522029、31770929和 31371149 (对海涛), 项目 973 (2014CB542203) 从国家重点发展计划为中国的基础研究 (对海涛), 并且授予 Z161100000216154 从北京市科学技术委员会 (对海涛)。作者感谢海涛吴实验室所有成员的鼓励和讨论。作者非常感谢振威刘为他的帮助调试仪器。

动物实验程序遵循北京基础医学研究所 (北京, 中国) 的机构指南和中国政府对实验室动物的护理和使用规定。小鼠 (成年男性, 26 ~ 30 克) 被安置并且保持在恒定的温度23°c, 与水和食物ad 随意, 在12小时 light/12-h 黑暗的周期 (灯在上午7:00)。所有实验程序都是在光周期中进行的。
1. 外科准备
注意: 自定义电极是使用从 Halpern 的报告23中?...

<ol>
	<li>Perlmutter, J. S., Mink, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation.">Deep brain stimulation.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 29, 229-257 (2006).</li><li>Lozano, A. M., Lipsman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+and+regulating+dysfunctional+circuits+using+deep+brain+stimulation.">Probing and regulating dysfunctional circuits using deep brain stimulation.</a> Neuron. 77 (3), 406-424 (2013).</li><li>Kohl, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+for+treatment-refractory+obsessive+compulsive+disorder:+a+systematic+review.">Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review.</a> BMC Psychiatry. 14, 214 (2014).</li><li>Schlaepfer, T. E., Bewernick, B. H., Kayser, S., Madler, B., Coenen, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+effects+of+deep+brain+stimulation+for+treatment-resistant+major+depression.">Rapid effects of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 73 (12), 1204-1212 (2013).</li><li>Fisher, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+stimulation+of+the+anterior+nucleus+of+thalamus+for+treatment+of+refractory+epilepsy.">Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy.</a> Epilepsia. 51 (5), 899-908 (2010).</li><li>Greenberg, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+of+the+ventral+internal+capsule/ventral+striatum+for+obsessive-compulsive+disorder:+worldwide+experience.">Deep brain stimulation of the ventral internal capsule/ventral striatum for obsessive-compulsive disorder: worldwide experience.</a> Molecular Psychiatry. 15 (1), 64-79 (2010).</li><li>Kalia, S. K., Sankar, T., Lozano, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+for+Parkinson's+disease+and+other+movement+disorders.">Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.</a> Current Opinion in Neurology. 26 (4), 374-380 (2013).</li><li>Garcia, L., D'Alessandro, G., Bioulac, B., Hammond, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-frequency+stimulation+in+Parkinson's+disease:+more+or+less.">High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson's disease: more or less.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 28 (4), 209-216 (2005).</li><li>Guercio, L. A., Schmidt, H. D., Pierce, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+of+the+nucleus+accumbens+shell+attenuates+cue-induced+reinstatement+of+both+cocaine+and+sucrose+seeking+in+rats.">Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens shell attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of both cocaine and sucrose seeking in rats.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 281, 125-130 (2015).</li><li>Bossert, J. M., Marchant, N. J., Calu, D. J., Shaham, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reinstatement+model+of+drug+relapse:+recent+neurobiological+findings,+emerging+research+topics,+and+translational+research.">The reinstatement model of drug relapse: recent neurobiological findings, emerging research topics, and translational research.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 229 (3), 453-476 (2013).</li><li>Grubert, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropsychological+safety+of+nucleus+accumbens+deep+brain+stimulation+for+major+depression:+effects+of+12-month+stimulation.">Neuropsychological safety of nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation for major depression: effects of 12-month stimulation.</a> The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 12 (7), 516-527 (2011).</li><li>Lyons, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation:+current+and+future+clinical+applications.">Deep brain stimulation: current and future clinical applications.</a> Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86 (7), 662-672 (2011).</li><li>McIntyre, C. C., Hahn, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Network+perspectives+on+the+mechanisms+of+deep+brain+stimulation.">Network perspectives on the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 38 (3), 329-337 (2010).</li><li>Kringelbach, M. L., Green, A. L., Owen, S. L., Schweder, P. M., Aziz, T. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sing+the+mind+electric+-+principles+of+deep+brain+stimulation.">Sing the mind electric - principles of deep brain stimulation.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (7), 1070-1079 (2010).</li><li>Toda, H., Hamani, C., Fawcett, A. P., Hutchison, W. D., Lozano, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+regulation+of+adult+rodent+hippocampal+neurogenesis+by+deep+brain+stimulation.">The regulation of adult rodent hippocampal neurogenesis by deep brain stimulation.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 108 (1), 132-138 (2008).</li><li>Selvakumar, T., Alavian, K. N., Tierney, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+gene+expression+changes+in+the+rat+hippocampus+after+deep+brain+stimulation+of+the+anterior+thalamic+nucleus.">Analysis of gene expression changes in the rat hippocampus after deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamic nucleus.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (97), e52457 (2015).</li><li>Hattiangady, B., Shetty, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implications+of+decreased+hippocampal+neurogenesis+in+chronic+temporal+lobe+epilepsy.">Implications of decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy.</a> Epilepsia. 49, 26-41 (2008).</li><li>Hattiangady, B., Rao, M. S., Shetty, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+temporal+lobe+epilepsy+is+associated+with+severely+declined+dentate+neurogenesis+in+the+adult+hippocampus.">Chronic temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with severely declined dentate neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 17 (3), 473-490 (2004).</li><li>Madsen, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+neurogenesis+in+a+model+of+electroconvulsive+therapy.">Increased neurogenesis in a model of electroconvulsive therapy.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 47 (12), 1043-1049 (2000).</li><li>Feldman, L. A., Shapiro, M. L., Nalbantoglu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel,+rapidly+acquired+and+persistent+spatial+memory+task+that+induces+immediate+early+gene+expression.">A novel, rapidly acquired and persistent spatial memory task that induces immediate early gene expression.</a> Behavioral and Brain Functions. 6, 35 (2010).</li><li>Feng, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch1+deficiency+in+postnatal+neural+progenitor+cells+in+the+dentate+gyrus+leads+to+emotional+and+cognitive+impairment.">Notch1 deficiency in postnatal neural progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus leads to emotional and cognitive impairment.</a> The FASEB Journal. 31 (10), 4347-4358 (2017).</li><li>Alberi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-induced+Notch+signaling+in+neurons+requires+Arc/Arg3.1+and+is+essential+for+synaptic+plasticity+in+hippocampal+networks.">Activity-induced Notch signaling in neurons requires Arc/Arg3.1 and is essential for synaptic plasticity in hippocampal networks.</a> Neuron. 69 (3), 437-444 (2011).</li><li>Halpern, C. H., Attiah, M. A., Tekriwal, A., Baltuch, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+step-wise+approach+to+deep+brain+stimulation+in+mice.">A step-wise approach to deep brain stimulation in mice.</a> Acta Neurochirurgica.(Wien). 156 (8), 1515-1521 (2014).</li><li>Batra, V., Guerin, G. F., Goeders, N. E., Wilden, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+General+method+for+evaluating+deep+brain+stimulation+effects+on+intravenous+methamphetamine+self-administration.">A General method for evaluating deep brain stimulation effects on intravenous methamphetamine self-administration.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (107), e53266 (2016).</li><li>Fluri, F., Bieber, M., Volkmann, J., Kleinschnitz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microelectrode+guided+implantation+of+electrodes+into+the+subthalamic+nucleus+of+rats+for+long-term+deep+brain+stimulation.">Microelectrode guided implantation of electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus of rats for long-term deep brain stimulation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (104), e53066 (2015).</li><li>Resendez, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+cortical,+subcortical+and+deep+brain+neural+circuit+dynamics+during+naturalistic+mammalian+behavior+with+head-mounted+microscopes+and+chronically+implanted+lenses.">Visualization of cortical, subcortical and deep brain neural circuit dynamics during naturalistic mammalian behavior with head-mounted microscopes and chronically implanted lenses.</a> Nature Protocols. 11 (3), 566-597 (2016).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Franklin, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+brain+in+stereotaxic+coordinates.">The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates.</a> The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 3rd edition. 28 (03), 6 (2007).</li><li>McHugh, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dentate+gyrus+NMDA+receptors+mediate+rapid+pattern+separation+in+the+hippocampal+network.">Dentate gyrus NMDA receptors mediate rapid pattern separation in the hippocampal network.</a> Science. 317 (5834), 94-99 (2007).</li><li>Gonzalez, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medial+prefrontal+cortex+is+a+crucial+node+of+a+rapid+learning+system+that+retrieves+recent+and+remote+memories.">Medial prefrontal cortex is a crucial node of a rapid learning system that retrieves recent and remote memories.</a> Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 103, 19-25 (2013).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. R., Shain, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+animal+perfusion+fixation+for+rodents.">Whole animal perfusion fixation for rodents.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (65), e3564 (2012).</li><li>Tse, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuromuscular+junction:+measuring+synapse+size,+fragmentation+and+changes+in+synaptic+protein+density+using+confocal+fluorescence+microscopy.">The neuromuscular junction: measuring synapse size, fragmentation and changes in synaptic protein density using confocal fluorescence microscopy.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (94), e52220 (2014).</li><li>Pizzolato, G., Mandat, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+for+movement+disorders.">Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.</a> Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 6, 2 (2012).</li><li>Tierney, T. S., Sankar, T., Lozano, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+recent+trends+and+further+promising+directions+in+functional+neurosurgery.">Some recent trends and further promising directions in functional neurosurgery.</a> Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement. 117 (117), 87-92 (2013).</li><li>Laxton, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phase+I+trial+of+deep+brain+stimulation+of+memory+circuits+in+Alzheimer's+disease.">A phase I trial of deep brain stimulation of memory circuits in Alzheimer's disease.</a> Annals of Neurology. 68 (4), 521-534 (2010).</li><li>Min, H. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+induces+BOLD+activation+in+motor+and+non-motor+networks:+an+fMRI+comparison+study+of+STN+and+EN/GPi+DBS+in+large+animals.">Deep brain stimulation induces BOLD activation in motor and non-motor networks: an fMRI comparison study of STN and EN/GPi DBS in large animals.</a> NeuroImage. 63 (3), 1408-1420 (2012).</li><li>Kukurba, K. R., Montgomery, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> RNA sequencing and analysis. 2015 (11), 951-969 (2015).</li><li>Kawashima, T., Okuno, H., Bito, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+era+for+functional+labeling+of+neurons:+activity-dependent+promoters+have+come+of+age.">A new era for functional labeling of neurons: activity-dependent promoters have come of age.</a> Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 8, 37 (2014).</li><li>Liu, J., Solway, K., Messing, R. O., Sharp, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+neurogenesis+in+the+dentate+gyrus+after+transient+global+ischemia+in+gerbils.">Increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus after transient global ischemia in gerbils.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (19), 7768-7778 (1998).</li><li>Kuhn, H. G., Dickinson-Anson, H., Gage, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogenesis+in+the+dentate+gyrus+of+the+adult+rat:+age-related+decrease+of+neuronal+progenitor+proliferation.">Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 16 (6), 2027-2033 (1996).</li></ol>

短波星展卫星技术已被广泛用作治疗自二十世纪九十年代以来许多神经系统疾病的有力工具。目前, 短波星展的标志性工作是治疗帕金森病和原发性震颤, 在临床和科学界引起了广泛的关注和兴趣。在某些神经和精神疾病的治疗应用中, 许多组正在进行的 hf-星展研究有多种类型, 如32,33。其中一些研究目前处于临床试验的不同阶段2,</...

HF-星展是一种神经外科技术, 在大脑中进行电刺激, 这是自十九世纪七十年代1以来发展起来的。在二十世纪八十年代代末, 痉挛症首次被用作治疗帕金森病和其他运动紊乱的潜在疗法2。在过去的几十年中, HF-星展已越来越广泛地应用于治疗脑部疾病, 目前无法治愈的传统治疗策略。特别是, 由于痉挛电极的准确性提高, 高效率的结果, 和最小的副作用, 在过去几十年中, HF 星展集团治疗的脑部疾病的数量显著增加了3,4, 5。例如, HF-DBS 已被美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 批准, 用于治疗帕金森病 (PD)、阿尔茨海默氏型痴呆、基本震颤和其他类型的运动障碍2,6,7. 在 PD 患者中, 多巴胺能药物在 HF-星展8期间减少到50%。除了成功地治疗运动障碍, HF-星展还显示了它在治疗精神病的临床上的强大效果, 并为认知增强以及2,9,10,11. 值得注意的是, 对治疗其他精神疾病的痉挛的研究处于不同的阶段, 对患者的12提供了很大的承诺。
虽然许多研究表明, 在整个大脑中, 一个焦点痉挛有局部和远程影响13, 影响的神经和分子机制仍然是难以捉摸的2,14。在临床上, 治疗 hf-星展病毒通常用于治疗帕金森病和慢性疼痛,等.许多人提出了一些意见来解释 HF-星展集团治疗所产生的改善, 其中一种可能性痉挛电流调节神经元网络活动, 可能是在植入痉挛电极附近的轴突的重复退极化。或者, HF-DBS 可能会改变输出神经元的放电速率和投射的目标。此外, HF-星展公司可能会导致长期的突触变化, 包括长期增强 (LTP) 和长期抑郁症 (), 这可能有助于改善症状。到目前为止, 还不清楚痉挛是否 inﬂuences 了调节细胞过程的关键分子事件, 如成人神经发生在体内。几行研究表明, 啮齿类动物的痉挛可能模仿临床应用的 DBS15,16类似的神经反应。为了了解 HF-DBS 的基本细胞机制, 在本研究中, 我们首先在急性 (一天) 或慢性 (五天) 的小鼠中建立了体内痉挛方法。其次, 我们建立了活化分析方法, 以确定在 HF-星展酶传递后神经元活动和神经发生的改变。
由于神经干细胞在胚胎发育过程中具有丰富的神经元产量, 但在整个成年期仍在继续, 海马 subgranular 区是发生神经再生的主要区域之一。神经发生的过程受许多生理和病理因素的影响。在某些癫痫病例中, 海马神经发生明显减少17,18。此外, 单一的抽搐治疗可以显著增加神经元的生产在齿状回19。这些观察表明, 电生理活性在调节海马神经元神经发生和突触可塑性方面起着至关重要的作用。因此, 为了进一步证明 HF-DBS 对神经元活动和神经发生的影响, 我们首先进行染色的早期基因 (腿部) c-fos 的检测, 这是一个众所周知的短期神经元活动的标志, 导致体验20。还检测到 Notch1 信号, 以监视痉挛传递21、22之后的信号激活。此外, 我们还通过 BrdU 标记分析在不同的行为方式下检测出神经元的产生, 但 BrdU 染色也可以作为 gliogenesis 的标志。
本研究采用两种痉挛方法对海马 DG 的直接和间接活化进行了定位。电极直接植入到 DG 中, 或植入内侧 perforant 路径 (PP) 中, 发送投射激活 dg 神经元。对于 HF-星展的感应, 一个可编程的刺激器被提出为连续刺激通过固定电极到鼠标头上。为了确定痉挛对神经元活化和神经发生的影响, 我们通过免疫荧光染色和海马 DG 区 BrdU 阳性神经元的数目分别检测了 Notch1 的表达, 并在痉挛治疗。特别地, HF-星展集团对 DG 的神经发生的影响比较急性和慢性刺激方式, 或直接和间接刺激方式之间, 分别。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:975px;" width="975">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:255px;">Brain stereotaxic instrument</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">51730D</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Stereotactic intracranial implantation for mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">A-M systems</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Model 3800</td>
			<td>MultiStim 8-Channel programmable stimulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Dental driller</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Saeshin Precision Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">STRONG 90</td>
			<td>For drilling and crainiotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Burr</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Meisinger</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">HM1 005#</td>
			<td>For drilling and crainiotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Digidata 1550 Digitizer</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">AXON 1550</td>
			<td>High-resolution data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Cryotome</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Thermo Cryotome FSE</td>
			<td>Cutting frozen sections of specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">FV-1200</td>
			<td>Japan, with 20x Objective (NA 0.45)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:255px;">Mouse surgery tools</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">14084-08,11254-20,16109-14</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Scissors, forceps, bone cutter, holders etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4579</td>
			<td>20-50mg/kg for i.p. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Penicillin G&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">P3032</td>
			<td>75,000 U for i.m. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Carprofen</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">SML1713</td>
			<td>5-10mg/kg, for s.c. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Beijing Solarbio Sci-Tech Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">P1110</td>
			<td>stocking solution for tissue fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Phosphate buffer (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">10010023</td>
			<td>pH7.4, 500ml in stocking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T. compound</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sakura</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4583</td>
			<td>Formulation of water-soluble glycols and resins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-BrdU antibody</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab6326</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-c-fos antibody</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab209794</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:255px;">Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 568)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">A11036</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Donkey Anti-Rat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">712-546-150</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:255px;">Antifade mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">H-1200</td>
			<td>Counterstaining with DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-Notch1 antibody (C-20)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">sc-6014</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:255px;">Donkey Anti-Goat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab150073</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/1000</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an invasive method for the activation of the mouse dentate gyrus by high-frequency stimulation

电高频刺激 (痉挛), 使用植入电极靶向不同的大脑区域, 已被证明是一种有效的治疗各种神经和精神疾病。脑深部痉挛, 也称为深脑刺激 (DBS) 在临床试验中变得越来越重要。最近在高频星展 (HF 星展) 手术领域的进展已经开始传播利用这种侵入性技术的可能性到其他情况, 如治疗大萧条症 (MDD), 强迫性障碍 (强迫症), 等等上.
尽管有这些不断扩大的迹象, 但 HF-DBS 的有益影响的潜在机制仍然是谜。为了解决这个问题, 一种方法是使用植入电极, 疏生通过痉挛激活神经元的分散亚群。据报道, 丘脑前核痉挛可用于临床治疗难治性癫痫。潜在的机制可能与增加的神经发生和改变的神经元活动有关。因此, 我们对在痉挛治疗前后小鼠齿状回 (DG) 神经元活性的检测和神经发生发生的生理变化有兴趣。
在这篇手稿中, 我们描述了痉挛的方法, 目的是以急性或慢性方式直接或间接地激活 DG 在小鼠体内的活化。此外, 我们描述了一个详细的协议, 以准备的脑切片的 c-fos 和 Notch1 免疫荧光染色监测神经元活动和信号激活和 bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) 标记, 以确定高频-星展诱导后神经发生。在 HF-星展治疗后神经元活动和神经发生的激活提供了直接的神经生物学证据和潜在的治疗效果。特别是, 这种方法可以修改和应用于其他感兴趣的大脑区域, 如基底神经节和丘脑地区的特定脑功能紊乱的临床。

继 HF-星展集团对海马 DG 分区域直接或 PP 分区域的刺激后, 通过立体定向调整将 DG 间接的通过插入电极激活, 这些啮齿动物被戊巴比妥麻醉并取样3小时。在最后的 HF-星展集团刺激后的c-fos和 Notch1 染色。对于 BrdU 染色, 36 小时后的最后 BrdU 注射后1天或5天的 HF-星展集团的刺激, 啮齿类动物被麻醉的戊巴比妥用于准备大脑部分。图 3显示了?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation at JoVE.com

An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation

该协议说明如何在小鼠中建立可靠的痉挛方法。整个海马齿状回的神经元由痉挛直接和间接的在体内电刺激。神经活动和分子信号由c-fos和 Notch1 免疫荧光染色分别检查;bromodeoxyuridine 标记法对神经发生进行量化。

高频刺激激活小鼠齿状回的侵袭方法

Electrical high-frequency stimulation (HFS), using implanted electrodes targeting various brain regions, has been proven as an effective treatment for ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to observe the effect of high-frequency stimulation on neuronal activity in neurogenesis. This method can help answer key questions in an aligned cellular and molecular mechanisms of high-frequency deep brain stimulation, such as the induction of neuron activity and the neurogenesis in hippocampus. The advantage of this technique is that it demonstrates the powerful effect of high-frequency TBS on neuron activity and the neurogenesis in the adult brain.Though this method can provide insight into the effects of high-frequency TBS on the mouse dentate gyrus, it can also be applied to other systems such as the basal ganglia and the subthalamic regions for the brain disorders in the clinic. To begin this procedure, place an anesthetized mouse onto the stereotactic frame. Align the ear bands with its head, and gently tighten them to support the centered head.Grasp the skin anterior to its ears and remove about one square centimeter of it over the skull. Then remove the muscle and other attachment overlying the skull with a cotton swab to expose the skull surface. Next, apply hydrogen peroxide solution to dry the skull in order to identify the sagittal and lambda suture lines.Then, identify the bregma and lambda. The bregma point will be used as the original point to set the nucleus position. After that, level the skull on the horizontal plane using these two points.Make sure that the heights of these two points are almost the same in the dorsal ventral plane. In addition, make sure that the skull is leveled in the medial lateral plane. Next, mount a homemade two channel copper micro wire electrode into the rotating electrode holder on the stereotactic surgical frame.Place the electrode directly above the bregma and set it as original site. Then, move the electrode gently to the correct position above the skull, without touching it. Use the digital display on the stereotactic surgical frame to indicate the anterior posterior, medial lateral, and dorsoventral positions.When the desired site is identified for the electrode insertion mark the position with a black marker. Afterward, use the dorsoventral stereotactic adjustments to raise the electrode holder. Then, sterilize the drill bit with 70%ethanol.Use a handheld micromanipulator assisted drill, make a burr hole precisely at the marked position. Use a sterile cotton swab to stop any bleeding during the operation. Keep drilling until dura is exposed.Use a bent needle to remove any bone scraps that are generated during the drilling, and make a pinhole on the dura without damaging the underlying soft brain tissue. To confirm that the burr hole is made properly at the desired position, lower the electrode to make sure that it inserts through the burr hole smoothly without touching any obstacle. If no resistance is detected, slowly insert the electrode to the target depth from the surface of the skull.Then, apply dental cement using a small spatula to hold the electrode in place. As the cement thickens, mold it around the inserted electrode and other bone screws to form a nice, smooth cap. Next, disengage the electrode from the electrode holder.Remove the mouse from the stereotactic frame, and return it to a warm cage. Let the mouse move freely and allow it to recover for two days in the cage. To deliver stimulation, connect the implanted electrode to a programmable stimulator via leads.Set up the software interface. Then, set the HFS parameters as six series of six trains of six pulses at 400 Hertz, and the stimulation intensity of 200 milliamps. Deliver HFS for the desired period of time as set up.For the control group, implant electrodes in the mice without delivering any stimulation. For CFAS staining, stimulate the experimental mice two times for one day. For BrdU labeling, apply appropriate stimulations to both the acute stimulation group and the chronic stimulation group.During the course of the stimulation, make sure the mouse is awake. Remember to insure the leads are not twisted. When the stimulation is done, carefully disconnect the electrode pin from the electrode holder in the connector of the recording system.For the CFAS and notch one staining, about three hours after the last HFDBS, anesthetize the mice by injecting pentobarbital to achieve a surgical plane of anesthesia. For BrdU labeling, about 12 hours after the last HFDBS stimulation, give six injects of BrdU to the control and the stimulated mice at two hour intervals. 36 hours after the last injection, deeply anesthetize the mice with pentobarbital and transcardially profuse it with 50 milliliters of cold PBS followed by 50 milliliters of cold 4%paraformaldehyde.Remove its head and make an incision on the skin to expose the skill. Using forceps, chip off the skull slightly and carefully remove the whole brain. Then, post fix the brain is 4%paraformaldehyde for an additional two days, and transfer it to 30%sucrose solution at four degrees Celsius overnight.Using a cryostat, slice the brain into 20 micron coronal sections. Transfer and mount the sections to the glass slide with a brush, and store them a minus 20 degrees Celsius. Afterward, transfer the slides into normal PBS containing no fixative.Wash the sections with PBS three to four times for five minutes each to remove any excess fixative. For the BrdU labeled group, incubate the sections in two molar HCL for 30 minutes at 37 degree Celsius, and rinse them in a 0.1 molar borate buffer. After 10 minutes, wash the sections two times in PBS for five minutes each time.Subsequently, incubate the sections in blocking solution for one hour at room temperature. Then, incubate the sections with anti-CFAS polyclonal antibody, anti-notch one antibody, or anti-BrdU antibody in a blocking solution at four degrees Celsius overnight. Was the sections three times in PBS for 10 minutes each time, then incubate them with Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated anti-rabid, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-goat, or Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-rat secondary antibody for one hour at room temperature.Was the sections three times in PBS for 10 minutes each time. Subsequently, cover the immuno labeled brain sections using an antifade reagent mounting medium containing DAPI. Let the sections air dry, and store them protected from light at four degrees Celsius.Shown here is an experimental paradigm for the HFS treatment in the generation of BrdU labeled proliferating neurons in the DG.The animals were divided into an acute and a chronic group to receive different patterns of stimulations. Afterward, the animals in both groups were injected with BrdU on day six. On day eight, the animals were anesthetized and profused for the preparation of cryostat sections.Here are the images of the BrdU immunofluorescent staining post-HFDBS in the DG.A quantitative analysis of the neuronal production indicated that the acute stimulation in the DG could not enhance neurogenesis. While the chronic stimulation in the DG significantly up regulated the neurogenesis. Compared to the control group, the number of BrdU labeling cells increased significantly in the chronic group, both in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere.These are the images of the BrdU immunofluorescent staining post-HFDBS in the PP sub-region. A quantitative analysis of the neuronal production indicated that either the acute or chronic stimulation in the PP could not enhance the neurogenesis significantly. The number of BrdU labeling cells was relatively stable with or without the HFS treatment.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to locate the electrode properly, and to deliver the stimulation successfully. After it's development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field neuroscience high-frequency stimulation enrolled in the models. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to deliver high-frequency stimulation to deep brain nucleus.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

结合经颅磁刺激和功能磁共振成像检查默认模式网络

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

科研

神经科学

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS：使用的Theta突发协议，以探索个人与脆性X综合征与孤独症的可塑性Mechasnism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

NeuroStar TMS的设备进行美国FDA批准用于治疗抑郁症的议定书“

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

非侵入性的脑实质，血管和代谢高频超声和光声大鼠深脑成像

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

树突分支中的海马区对小鼠的齿状回评

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Generation of Local CA1 &#947; Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation

本地CA1γ振荡通过强直刺激生成

Neuronal network oscillations are important features of brain activity in health and disease and can be modulated by a range of clinically used drugs. A ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

为记录细胞内电压响应电法<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;光感受器和中间对光刺激<em&gt;在体内</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

经颅磁刺激在线联合方法对经颅交流电刺激对原发性运动皮层的影响

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

气相臭受体活化的实时体外监测

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

电刺激在大鼠中建立急性庞廷梗死

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...