Name: an invasive method for the activation of the mouse dentate gyrus by high-frequency stimulation
Uploaded: 2018-06-02T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation at JoVE.com

Støttet af National Natural Science Foundation i Kina tilskud 31522029, 31770929 og 31371149 (til Haitao Wu), programmere 973 (2014CB542203) fra den statslige centrale udviklingsprogram for grundforskning i Kina (til Haitao Wu), og Grant Z161100000216154 fra den Beijing Municipal videnskab og teknologi Kommissionen (til Haitao Wu). Forfatterne takke alle medlemmerne af Haitao Wu laboratorium for deres opmuntring og diskussioner. Forfatterne er meget taknemmelig for Zhenwei Liu for hans hjælp med fejlsøgning apparatet.

Animalske procedurer eksperimentelle institutionelle retningslinjerne i Beijing Institute of grundlæggende Medical Sciences (Beijing, Kina) og de kinesiske statslige forskrifter for pleje og anvendelse af forsøgsdyr. Mus (voksne mandlige, 26 ~ 30 g) blev opstaldet og holdes ved en konstant temperatur på 23 ° C, med vand og mad ad libitum, under en 12-h lys/12-h mørke cyklus (lys på klokken 7:00). Alle eksperimentelle procedurer blev udført i løbet af lys cyklus.
1. kirurgisk for...

<ol>
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HF-DBS teknik har været meget anvendt som et kraftfuldt værktøj til behandling af mange neurologiske lidelser siden 1990s. Hidtil er den skelsættende arbejde af HF-DBS til behandling af Parkinsons sygdom og væsentlige tremor, som har tiltrukket sig megen opmærksomhed og interesse både i klinikken og videnskabelige samfund. Der er forskellige typer af igangværende HF-DBS undersøgelser af mange grupper for HF-DBS terapeutisk anvendelse i visse neurologiske og psykiatriske lidelser32,</...

HF-DBS er en neurokirurgiske teknologi til elektrisk stimulation i hjernen, som er blevet udviklet siden 1870s1. I slutningen af 1980 ' erne, HFS blev først brugt som en potentiel terapeutisk intervention for Parkinsons sygdom og andre bevægelse lidelser2. I de sidste par årtier, har HF-DBS været mere udbredt i behandlingen af hjernen lidelser, der er i øjeblikket uhelbredelige af en traditionel terapeutisk strategi. Især på grund af en nøjagtighed forbedring af HFS elektrode, yderst effektive resultater og minimale bivirkninger, antallet af hjernen lidelser behandles af HF-DBS steget betydeligt i seneste årtier3,4, 5. For eksempel, er HF-DBS blevet godkendt af US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) til behandling af Parkinsons sygdom (PD), Alzheimers type demens, væsentlige tremor og andre typer af bevægelse lidelser2,6, 7. i PD patienter, Dopaminerg medicin er reduceret op til 50% i løbet af HF-DBS8. Ud over den vellykkede behandling af bevægelsesforstyrrelser, har HF-DBS også vist sin kraftfulde effekter i behandlingen af psykiatriske sygdomme i klinikken, og for kognitive augmentation som godt2,9, 10 , 11. det skal bemærkes, at forskning af HFS til behandling af andre psykiatriske lidelser er i forskellige stadier, tilbyder meget løfte om at patienter12.
Selv om mange undersøgelser har vist, at en fokal HFS har både lokale og eksterne virkninger i hele hjernen13, stadig de neurologiske og molekylære mekanismer af virkningerne undvigende2,14. I klinikken anvendes terapeutiske HF-DBS normalt på en langsigtet måde til behandling af Parkinsons sygdom og kroniske smerter, etc. mange udtalelser er rejst for at forklare forbedring genereret af en HF-DBS behandling, blandt hvilke en mulighed at HFS aktuelt modulerer neuronal netværksaktivitet, sandsynligvis af en gentagne depolarisering af axoner i nærheden af den implanterede HFS elektrode. Eller HF-DBS kan ændre decharge rate af output-neuroner og de planlagte mål. Også HF-DBS kan føre til langsigtede synaptic ændringer, herunder langsigtede potensering (LTP) og langvarig depression (LTD), som kan bidrage til en symptomatisk forbedring. Så langt, det er stadig uklart om HFS inﬂuences de molekylære nøglebegivenheder, der regulere cellulære processer såsom som voksen neurogenese in vivo. Flere linjer af undersøgelser har vist, at HFS i gnavere kunne efterligne lignende neurale svar af klinisk anvendt DBS15,16. For at forstå de underliggende cellulære mekanismer af HF-DBS, i denne undersøgelse, definere vi først en i vivo HFS metode i mus i en akut (én dag) eller kronisk (fem dage) måde. For det andet, vi oprette en analyse metode til at bestemme ændringen af neuronal aktivitet og neurogenese efter en HF-DBS levering.
Neuronal produktion fra neurale stamceller er rigelige i den embryonale udvikling men fortsætter gennem hele voksenlivet, er at hippocampus subgranular zone en af de vigtigste områder, hvor neurogenese opstår. Processen med neurogenese påvirkes af mange fysiologiske og patologiske faktorer. I visse epileptiske tilfælde er den hippocampus neurogenese drastisk nedsat17,18. Derudover kunne et enkelt elektrochok behandling betydeligt øge neuronal produktionen i dentate gyrus19. Disse observationer tyder på at den elektrofysiologiske aktivitet spiller en afgørende rolle i reguleringen af voksen neurogenese og synaptisk plasticitet i hippocampus neuroner. Derfor, at yderligere demonstrere virkningerne af HF-DBS neuronal aktivitet og neurogenese, vi først gennemføre en immunfarvning analyse af den umiddelbare tidlig gen (IEG) c-fos som er en velkendt markør af kortsigtede neuronal aktivitet som følge af opleve20. Notch1 signalering er også opdaget for at overvåge signaling aktivering efter HFS levering21,22. Desuden, vi opdager også neuronal produktion af en BrdU mærkning analyse efter HF-DBS induktion i forskellige manerer, selvom BrdU farvning kan også være en markør for gliogenesis.
I den foreliggende undersøgelse er to HFS metoder tilpasset til at målrette aktivisering hippocampus GD direkte og indirekte. Elektroden er implanteret i GD direkte eller implanteres i mediale perforant sti (PP), som sender projektioner til at aktivere GD neuroner. For HF-DBS induktion præsenteres en programmerbar stimulator for en kontinuerlig stimulering via den faste elektrode på musen hoved. For at fastslå virkningerne af HFS på neuronal aktivering og neurogenese, vi opdager udtryk af c-fos og Notch1 af immunfluorescent farvning og antallet af BrdU-indarbejdet positive neuroner i regionen hippocampus GD for henholdsvis efter HFS behandling. Især, sammenlignes virkningerne af HF-DBS på neurogenese i Generaldirektoratet for mellem en akut og en kronisk stimulering måde, eller mellem en direkte og en indirekte stimulering måde, henholdsvis.

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			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:255px;">Brain stereotaxic instrument</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">51730D</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Stereotactic intracranial implantation for mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">A-M systems</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Model 3800</td>
			<td>MultiStim 8-Channel programmable stimulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Dental driller</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Saeshin Precision Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">STRONG 90</td>
			<td>For drilling and crainiotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Burr</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Meisinger</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">HM1 005#</td>
			<td>For drilling and crainiotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Digidata 1550 Digitizer</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">AXON 1550</td>
			<td>High-resolution data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Cryotome</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Thermo Cryotome FSE</td>
			<td>Cutting frozen sections of specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">FV-1200</td>
			<td>Japan, with 20x Objective (NA 0.45)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:255px;">Mouse surgery tools</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">14084-08,11254-20,16109-14</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Scissors, forceps, bone cutter, holders etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4579</td>
			<td>20-50mg/kg for i.p. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Penicillin G&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">P3032</td>
			<td>75,000 U for i.m. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Carprofen</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">SML1713</td>
			<td>5-10mg/kg, for s.c. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Beijing Solarbio Sci-Tech Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">P1110</td>
			<td>stocking solution for tissue fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Phosphate buffer (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">10010023</td>
			<td>pH7.4, 500ml in stocking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T. compound</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sakura</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4583</td>
			<td>Formulation of water-soluble glycols and resins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-BrdU antibody</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab6326</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-c-fos antibody</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab209794</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:255px;">Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 568)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">A11036</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Donkey Anti-Rat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">712-546-150</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:255px;">Antifade mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">H-1200</td>
			<td>Counterstaining with DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-Notch1 antibody (C-20)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">sc-6014</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:255px;">Donkey Anti-Goat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab150073</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/1000</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an invasive method for the activation of the mouse dentate gyrus by high-frequency stimulation

Elektrisk højfrekvente stimulation (HFS), ved hjælp af implanterede elektroder rettet mod forskellige områder af hjernen, er blevet bevist som en effektiv behandling for forskellige neurologiske og psykiatriske lidelser. HFS i den dybe region af hjernen, også kaldet dyb brain stimulation (DBS), bliver stadig vigtigere i kliniske forsøg. De seneste fremskridt inden for høj-frekvens DBS (HF-DBS) kirurgi er begyndt at sprede mulighed for at udnytte denne invasive teknik til andre situationer, som behandling for svær depression lidelse (MDD), obsessiv-kompulsiv sygdom (OCD), og så på.
Trods disse ekspanderende indikationer stadig de underliggende mekanismer af de gavnlige virkninger af HF-DBS gådefulde. For at løse dette spørgsmål, er en metode at bruge implanterede elektroder, der sparsomt aktiverer distribuerede delpopulationer af neuroner af HFS. Det er blevet rapporteret, at HFS i forreste kernen i thalamus kunne bruges til behandling af refraktær epilepsi i klinikken. De underliggende mekanismer kan være relateret til den øgede neurogenese og ændret neuronal aktivitet. Vi er derfor interesserede i at udforske de fysiologiske ændringer ved påvisning af neuronal aktivitet samt neurogenese i mus dentate gyrus (GD) før og efter HFS behandling.
I dette manuskript beskriver vi metoder til HFS at målrette aktivering af GD i mus, direkte eller indirekte og på en måde, akut eller kronisk. Derudover beskriver vi en detaljeret protokol for forberedelse af hjernen skiver for c-fos og Notch1 immunfluorescent farvning for at overvåge den neuronal aktivitet og signalering aktivering og bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) mærkning for at bestemme den neurogenese efter HF-DBS induktion. Aktivering af neuronal aktivitet og neurogenese efter HF-DBS behandling giver direkte neurobiologiske beviser og potentielle terapeutiske fordele. Denne metode kan især, ændres og anvendes for at målrette andre interesserede hjernen såsom de basale ganglier og subthalamic regioner for specifikke hjernen lidelser i klinikken.

Efter HF-DBS stimulation til hippocampus GD underregionen direkte eller PP underregionen at aktivere GD indirekte via indsat elektroder ved hjælp af de stereotactic justeringer, gnavere var anesthetized med pentobarbital og stikprøven 3 h efter den sidste HF-DBS stimulation for c-fos og Notch1 immunfarvning. For BrdU farvning, 36 timer efter den sidste BrdU injektion efter 1 dags eller 5 dage af HF-DBS stimulation, var gnavere anesthetized med pentobarbital til forbere...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation at JoVE.com

An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation

Denne protokol viser, hvordan du konfigurerer en pålidelig HFS metode i mus. Neuroner i hele den hippocampus dentate gyrus stimuleres elektrisk af HFS direkte og indirekte in vivo. Neuronal aktivitet og molekylær signalering er undersøgt af c-fos og Notch1 immunfluorescent farvning, henholdsvis; neurogenese er kvantificeret ved bromodeoxyuridine mærkning assay.

En invasiv metode for aktivering af musen Dentate Gyrus af højfrekvente Stimulation

Electrical high-frequency stimulation (HFS), using implanted electrodes targeting various brain regions, has been proven as an effective treatment for ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to observe the effect of high-frequency stimulation on neuronal activity in neurogenesis. This method can help answer key questions in an aligned cellular and molecular mechanisms of high-frequency deep brain stimulation, such as the induction of neuron activity and the neurogenesis in hippocampus. The advantage of this technique is that it demonstrates the powerful effect of high-frequency TBS on neuron activity and the neurogenesis in the adult brain.Though this method can provide insight into the effects of high-frequency TBS on the mouse dentate gyrus, it can also be applied to other systems such as the basal ganglia and the subthalamic regions for the brain disorders in the clinic. To begin this procedure, place an anesthetized mouse onto the stereotactic frame. Align the ear bands with its head, and gently tighten them to support the centered head.Grasp the skin anterior to its ears and remove about one square centimeter of it over the skull. Then remove the muscle and other attachment overlying the skull with a cotton swab to expose the skull surface. Next, apply hydrogen peroxide solution to dry the skull in order to identify the sagittal and lambda suture lines.Then, identify the bregma and lambda. The bregma point will be used as the original point to set the nucleus position. After that, level the skull on the horizontal plane using these two points.Make sure that the heights of these two points are almost the same in the dorsal ventral plane. In addition, make sure that the skull is leveled in the medial lateral plane. Next, mount a homemade two channel copper micro wire electrode into the rotating electrode holder on the stereotactic surgical frame.Place the electrode directly above the bregma and set it as original site. Then, move the electrode gently to the correct position above the skull, without touching it. Use the digital display on the stereotactic surgical frame to indicate the anterior posterior, medial lateral, and dorsoventral positions.When the desired site is identified for the electrode insertion mark the position with a black marker. Afterward, use the dorsoventral stereotactic adjustments to raise the electrode holder. Then, sterilize the drill bit with 70%ethanol.Use a handheld micromanipulator assisted drill, make a burr hole precisely at the marked position. Use a sterile cotton swab to stop any bleeding during the operation. Keep drilling until dura is exposed.Use a bent needle to remove any bone scraps that are generated during the drilling, and make a pinhole on the dura without damaging the underlying soft brain tissue. To confirm that the burr hole is made properly at the desired position, lower the electrode to make sure that it inserts through the burr hole smoothly without touching any obstacle. If no resistance is detected, slowly insert the electrode to the target depth from the surface of the skull.Then, apply dental cement using a small spatula to hold the electrode in place. As the cement thickens, mold it around the inserted electrode and other bone screws to form a nice, smooth cap. Next, disengage the electrode from the electrode holder.Remove the mouse from the stereotactic frame, and return it to a warm cage. Let the mouse move freely and allow it to recover for two days in the cage. To deliver stimulation, connect the implanted electrode to a programmable stimulator via leads.Set up the software interface. Then, set the HFS parameters as six series of six trains of six pulses at 400 Hertz, and the stimulation intensity of 200 milliamps. Deliver HFS for the desired period of time as set up.For the control group, implant electrodes in the mice without delivering any stimulation. For CFAS staining, stimulate the experimental mice two times for one day. For BrdU labeling, apply appropriate stimulations to both the acute stimulation group and the chronic stimulation group.During the course of the stimulation, make sure the mouse is awake. Remember to insure the leads are not twisted. When the stimulation is done, carefully disconnect the electrode pin from the electrode holder in the connector of the recording system.For the CFAS and notch one staining, about three hours after the last HFDBS, anesthetize the mice by injecting pentobarbital to achieve a surgical plane of anesthesia. For BrdU labeling, about 12 hours after the last HFDBS stimulation, give six injects of BrdU to the control and the stimulated mice at two hour intervals. 36 hours after the last injection, deeply anesthetize the mice with pentobarbital and transcardially profuse it with 50 milliliters of cold PBS followed by 50 milliliters of cold 4%paraformaldehyde.Remove its head and make an incision on the skin to expose the skill. Using forceps, chip off the skull slightly and carefully remove the whole brain. Then, post fix the brain is 4%paraformaldehyde for an additional two days, and transfer it to 30%sucrose solution at four degrees Celsius overnight.Using a cryostat, slice the brain into 20 micron coronal sections. Transfer and mount the sections to the glass slide with a brush, and store them a minus 20 degrees Celsius. Afterward, transfer the slides into normal PBS containing no fixative.Wash the sections with PBS three to four times for five minutes each to remove any excess fixative. For the BrdU labeled group, incubate the sections in two molar HCL for 30 minutes at 37 degree Celsius, and rinse them in a 0.1 molar borate buffer. After 10 minutes, wash the sections two times in PBS for five minutes each time.Subsequently, incubate the sections in blocking solution for one hour at room temperature. Then, incubate the sections with anti-CFAS polyclonal antibody, anti-notch one antibody, or anti-BrdU antibody in a blocking solution at four degrees Celsius overnight. Was the sections three times in PBS for 10 minutes each time, then incubate them with Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated anti-rabid, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-goat, or Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-rat secondary antibody for one hour at room temperature.Was the sections three times in PBS for 10 minutes each time. Subsequently, cover the immuno labeled brain sections using an antifade reagent mounting medium containing DAPI. Let the sections air dry, and store them protected from light at four degrees Celsius.Shown here is an experimental paradigm for the HFS treatment in the generation of BrdU labeled proliferating neurons in the DG.The animals were divided into an acute and a chronic group to receive different patterns of stimulations. Afterward, the animals in both groups were injected with BrdU on day six. On day eight, the animals were anesthetized and profused for the preparation of cryostat sections.Here are the images of the BrdU immunofluorescent staining post-HFDBS in the DG.A quantitative analysis of the neuronal production indicated that the acute stimulation in the DG could not enhance neurogenesis. While the chronic stimulation in the DG significantly up regulated the neurogenesis. Compared to the control group, the number of BrdU labeling cells increased significantly in the chronic group, both in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere.These are the images of the BrdU immunofluorescent staining post-HFDBS in the PP sub-region. A quantitative analysis of the neuronal production indicated that either the acute or chronic stimulation in the PP could not enhance the neurogenesis significantly. The number of BrdU labeling cells was relatively stable with or without the HFS treatment.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to locate the electrode properly, and to deliver the stimulation successfully. After it's development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field neuroscience high-frequency stimulation enrolled in the models. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to deliver high-frequency stimulation to deep brain nucleus.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Ikke-invasiv Parenkymalt, vaskulære og metaboliske højfrekvent ultralyd og Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Vurdering af dendritiske arborization i gyrus dentatus i hippocampus-regionen i mus

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Generation of Local CA1 &#947; Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation

Generation af Lokale CA1 γ Svingninger ved tetanisk Stimulation

Neuronal network oscillations are important features of brain activity in health and disease and can be modulated by a range of clinically used drugs. A ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Elektrofysiologiske Metode til Recording Intracellulær Voltage Responses af<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Fotoreceptorer og interneuroner til Light Stimuli<em&gt; In vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Virkningerne af transkranial vekselstrøm Stimulation på den primære Motor Cortex af Online kombineret tilgang med transkranial magnetisk Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Real-time i Vitro overvågning af lugtstof Receptor aktivering af en lugtstof i fasen for damp

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

Etablering af akut Pontine Infarkt hos rotter ved elektrisk stimulation

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...