Name: an invasive method for the activation of the mouse dentate gyrus by high-frequency stimulation
Uploaded: 2018-06-02T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation at JoVE.com

Ondersteund door de nationale natuurlijke Science Foundation van China subsidies 31522029, 31770929 en 31371149 (aan Haitao Wu), Program 973 (2014CB542203) van het programma staat belangrijke ontwikkeling voor fundamenteel onderzoek van China (aan Haitao Wu) en Grant Z161100000216154 van de Beijing gemeentelijke wetenschap en technologie Commissie (Haitao Wu). De auteurs bedanken alle leden van het laboratorium Haitao Wu voor hun aanmoediging en discussies. De auteurs zijn Zhenwei Liu zeer dankbaar voor zijn hulp bij het debuggen van het apparaat.

Dierlijke experimentele procedures gevolgd de institutionele richtlijnen van de Beijing Institute van fundamentele medische wetenschappen (Peking, China) en de Chinese gouvernementele verordeningen voor de zorg en het gebruik van proefdieren. De muizen (volwassen mannelijke, 26 ~ 30 g) waren gehuisvest en gehouden op een constante temperatuur van 23 ° C, met water en voedsel ad libitum, onder een donkere 12-h licht/12-h cyclus (licht op om 7:00 uur). Alle experimentele procedures werden uitgevoerd tijdens de li...

<ol>
	<li>Perlmutter, J. S., Mink, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation.">Deep brain stimulation.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 29, 229-257 (2006).</li><li>Lozano, A. M., Lipsman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+and+regulating+dysfunctional+circuits+using+deep+brain+stimulation.">Probing and regulating dysfunctional circuits using deep brain stimulation.</a> Neuron. 77 (3), 406-424 (2013).</li><li>Kohl, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+for+treatment-refractory+obsessive+compulsive+disorder:+a+systematic+review.">Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review.</a> BMC Psychiatry. 14, 214 (2014).</li><li>Schlaepfer, T. E., Bewernick, B. H., Kayser, S., Madler, B., Coenen, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+effects+of+deep+brain+stimulation+for+treatment-resistant+major+depression.">Rapid effects of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 73 (12), 1204-1212 (2013).</li><li>Fisher, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+stimulation+of+the+anterior+nucleus+of+thalamus+for+treatment+of+refractory+epilepsy.">Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy.</a> Epilepsia. 51 (5), 899-908 (2010).</li><li>Greenberg, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+of+the+ventral+internal+capsule/ventral+striatum+for+obsessive-compulsive+disorder:+worldwide+experience.">Deep brain stimulation of the ventral internal capsule/ventral striatum for obsessive-compulsive disorder: worldwide experience.</a> Molecular Psychiatry. 15 (1), 64-79 (2010).</li><li>Kalia, S. K., Sankar, T., Lozano, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+for+Parkinson's+disease+and+other+movement+disorders.">Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.</a> Current Opinion in Neurology. 26 (4), 374-380 (2013).</li><li>Garcia, L., D'Alessandro, G., Bioulac, B., Hammond, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-frequency+stimulation+in+Parkinson's+disease:+more+or+less.">High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson's disease: more or less.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 28 (4), 209-216 (2005).</li><li>Guercio, L. A., Schmidt, H. D., Pierce, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+of+the+nucleus+accumbens+shell+attenuates+cue-induced+reinstatement+of+both+cocaine+and+sucrose+seeking+in+rats.">Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens shell attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of both cocaine and sucrose seeking in rats.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 281, 125-130 (2015).</li><li>Bossert, J. M., Marchant, N. J., Calu, D. J., Shaham, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reinstatement+model+of+drug+relapse:+recent+neurobiological+findings,+emerging+research+topics,+and+translational+research.">The reinstatement model of drug relapse: recent neurobiological findings, emerging research topics, and translational research.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 229 (3), 453-476 (2013).</li><li>Grubert, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropsychological+safety+of+nucleus+accumbens+deep+brain+stimulation+for+major+depression:+effects+of+12-month+stimulation.">Neuropsychological safety of nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation for major depression: effects of 12-month stimulation.</a> The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 12 (7), 516-527 (2011).</li><li>Lyons, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation:+current+and+future+clinical+applications.">Deep brain stimulation: current and future clinical applications.</a> Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86 (7), 662-672 (2011).</li><li>McIntyre, C. C., Hahn, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Network+perspectives+on+the+mechanisms+of+deep+brain+stimulation.">Network perspectives on the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 38 (3), 329-337 (2010).</li><li>Kringelbach, M. L., Green, A. L., Owen, S. L., Schweder, P. M., Aziz, T. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sing+the+mind+electric+-+principles+of+deep+brain+stimulation.">Sing the mind electric - principles of deep brain stimulation.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (7), 1070-1079 (2010).</li><li>Toda, H., Hamani, C., Fawcett, A. P., Hutchison, W. D., Lozano, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+regulation+of+adult+rodent+hippocampal+neurogenesis+by+deep+brain+stimulation.">The regulation of adult rodent hippocampal neurogenesis by deep brain stimulation.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 108 (1), 132-138 (2008).</li><li>Selvakumar, T., Alavian, K. N., Tierney, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+gene+expression+changes+in+the+rat+hippocampus+after+deep+brain+stimulation+of+the+anterior+thalamic+nucleus.">Analysis of gene expression changes in the rat hippocampus after deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamic nucleus.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (97), e52457 (2015).</li><li>Hattiangady, B., Shetty, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implications+of+decreased+hippocampal+neurogenesis+in+chronic+temporal+lobe+epilepsy.">Implications of decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy.</a> Epilepsia. 49, 26-41 (2008).</li><li>Hattiangady, B., Rao, M. S., Shetty, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+temporal+lobe+epilepsy+is+associated+with+severely+declined+dentate+neurogenesis+in+the+adult+hippocampus.">Chronic temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with severely declined dentate neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 17 (3), 473-490 (2004).</li><li>Madsen, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+neurogenesis+in+a+model+of+electroconvulsive+therapy.">Increased neurogenesis in a model of electroconvulsive therapy.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 47 (12), 1043-1049 (2000).</li><li>Feldman, L. A., Shapiro, M. L., Nalbantoglu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel,+rapidly+acquired+and+persistent+spatial+memory+task+that+induces+immediate+early+gene+expression.">A novel, rapidly acquired and persistent spatial memory task that induces immediate early gene expression.</a> Behavioral and Brain Functions. 6, 35 (2010).</li><li>Feng, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch1+deficiency+in+postnatal+neural+progenitor+cells+in+the+dentate+gyrus+leads+to+emotional+and+cognitive+impairment.">Notch1 deficiency in postnatal neural progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus leads to emotional and cognitive impairment.</a> The FASEB Journal. 31 (10), 4347-4358 (2017).</li><li>Alberi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-induced+Notch+signaling+in+neurons+requires+Arc/Arg3.1+and+is+essential+for+synaptic+plasticity+in+hippocampal+networks.">Activity-induced Notch signaling in neurons requires Arc/Arg3.1 and is essential for synaptic plasticity in hippocampal networks.</a> Neuron. 69 (3), 437-444 (2011).</li><li>Halpern, C. H., Attiah, M. A., Tekriwal, A., Baltuch, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+step-wise+approach+to+deep+brain+stimulation+in+mice.">A step-wise approach to deep brain stimulation in mice.</a> Acta Neurochirurgica.(Wien). 156 (8), 1515-1521 (2014).</li><li>Batra, V., Guerin, G. F., Goeders, N. E., Wilden, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+General+method+for+evaluating+deep+brain+stimulation+effects+on+intravenous+methamphetamine+self-administration.">A General method for evaluating deep brain stimulation effects on intravenous methamphetamine self-administration.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (107), e53266 (2016).</li><li>Fluri, F., Bieber, M., Volkmann, J., Kleinschnitz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microelectrode+guided+implantation+of+electrodes+into+the+subthalamic+nucleus+of+rats+for+long-term+deep+brain+stimulation.">Microelectrode guided implantation of electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus of rats for long-term deep brain stimulation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (104), e53066 (2015).</li><li>Resendez, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+cortical,+subcortical+and+deep+brain+neural+circuit+dynamics+during+naturalistic+mammalian+behavior+with+head-mounted+microscopes+and+chronically+implanted+lenses.">Visualization of cortical, subcortical and deep brain neural circuit dynamics during naturalistic mammalian behavior with head-mounted microscopes and chronically implanted lenses.</a> Nature Protocols. 11 (3), 566-597 (2016).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Franklin, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+brain+in+stereotaxic+coordinates.">The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates.</a> The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 3rd edition. 28 (03), 6 (2007).</li><li>McHugh, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dentate+gyrus+NMDA+receptors+mediate+rapid+pattern+separation+in+the+hippocampal+network.">Dentate gyrus NMDA receptors mediate rapid pattern separation in the hippocampal network.</a> Science. 317 (5834), 94-99 (2007).</li><li>Gonzalez, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medial+prefrontal+cortex+is+a+crucial+node+of+a+rapid+learning+system+that+retrieves+recent+and+remote+memories.">Medial prefrontal cortex is a crucial node of a rapid learning system that retrieves recent and remote memories.</a> Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 103, 19-25 (2013).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. R., Shain, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+animal+perfusion+fixation+for+rodents.">Whole animal perfusion fixation for rodents.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (65), e3564 (2012).</li><li>Tse, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuromuscular+junction:+measuring+synapse+size,+fragmentation+and+changes+in+synaptic+protein+density+using+confocal+fluorescence+microscopy.">The neuromuscular junction: measuring synapse size, fragmentation and changes in synaptic protein density using confocal fluorescence microscopy.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (94), e52220 (2014).</li><li>Pizzolato, G., Mandat, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+for+movement+disorders.">Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.</a> Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 6, 2 (2012).</li><li>Tierney, T. S., Sankar, T., Lozano, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+recent+trends+and+further+promising+directions+in+functional+neurosurgery.">Some recent trends and further promising directions in functional neurosurgery.</a> Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement. 117 (117), 87-92 (2013).</li><li>Laxton, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phase+I+trial+of+deep+brain+stimulation+of+memory+circuits+in+Alzheimer's+disease.">A phase I trial of deep brain stimulation of memory circuits in Alzheimer's disease.</a> Annals of Neurology. 68 (4), 521-534 (2010).</li><li>Min, H. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+induces+BOLD+activation+in+motor+and+non-motor+networks:+an+fMRI+comparison+study+of+STN+and+EN/GPi+DBS+in+large+animals.">Deep brain stimulation induces BOLD activation in motor and non-motor networks: an fMRI comparison study of STN and EN/GPi DBS in large animals.</a> NeuroImage. 63 (3), 1408-1420 (2012).</li><li>Kukurba, K. R., Montgomery, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> RNA sequencing and analysis. 2015 (11), 951-969 (2015).</li><li>Kawashima, T., Okuno, H., Bito, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+era+for+functional+labeling+of+neurons:+activity-dependent+promoters+have+come+of+age.">A new era for functional labeling of neurons: activity-dependent promoters have come of age.</a> Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 8, 37 (2014).</li><li>Liu, J., Solway, K., Messing, R. O., Sharp, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+neurogenesis+in+the+dentate+gyrus+after+transient+global+ischemia+in+gerbils.">Increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus after transient global ischemia in gerbils.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (19), 7768-7778 (1998).</li><li>Kuhn, H. G., Dickinson-Anson, H., Gage, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogenesis+in+the+dentate+gyrus+of+the+adult+rat:+age-related+decrease+of+neuronal+progenitor+proliferation.">Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 16 (6), 2027-2033 (1996).</li></ol>

De HF-DBS techniek heeft wijd gebruikt als een krachtig hulpmiddel voor de behandeling van veel neurologische aandoeningen sinds de jaren 1990. Tot nu toe is de mijlpaal werk van HF-DBS voor de behandeling van de ziekte van Parkinson en essentiële tremor, die heeft aangetrokken veel aandacht en belangstelling voor zowel in de kliniek en de wetenschappelijke gemeenschap. Er zijn verschillende soorten van lopende HF-DBS studies door vele groepen voor HF-DBS therapeutische toepassing in bepaalde neurologische en psychiatri...

HF-DBS is een neurochirurgische technologie voor elektrische stimulatie in de hersenen, die sinds de jaren 1870-1heeft ontwikkeld. In de late jaren 1980, HFS werd voor het eerst gebruikt als een potentiële therapeutische interventie voor de ziekte van Parkinson en andere beweging stoornissen2. In de afgelopen decennia, HF-DBS heeft meer en meer wijd verbeid gebruikt in de behandeling van aandoeningen van de hersenen die momenteel onbehandelbaar zijn door een traditionele therapeutische strategie. In het bijzonder als gevolg van de verbetering van de nauwkeurigheid van de elektrode HFS, zeer effectieve resultaten en minimale bijwerkingen, het aantal hersenafwijkingen behandeld door HF-DBS aanzienlijk toegenomen in de afgelopen decennia3,4, 5. Bijvoorbeeld, is HF-DBS goedgekeurd door de Amerikaanse Food and Drug Administration (FDA) voor de behandeling van de ziekte van Parkinson (PD), Alzheimer type dementie, essentiële tremor en andere soorten verkeer stoornissen2,6, 7. bij PD-patiënten, de Dopaminerge medicatie is teruggebracht tot 50% tijdens de HF-DBS8. Naast de succesvolle behandeling van bewegingsstoornissen, heeft HF-DBS ook aangetoond zijn krachtige effecten in de behandeling van psychiatrische ziekten in de kliniek, en voor de vergroting van het cognitieve als goed2,9, 10 , 11. opgemerkt moet worden dat het onderzoek van HFS voor de behandeling van andere psychiatrische stoornissen zijn in verschillende stadia, het aanbieden van veel beloven voor patiënten12.
Hoewel tal van studies hebben aangetoond dat een focale HFS zowel de lokale als de externe effecten gedurende de hersenen13 heeft, blijven de neurologische en moleculaire mechanismen van de effecten elusive2,14. In de kliniek, wordt therapeutische HF-DBS meestal toegepast op wijze op lange termijn voor de behandeling van de ziekte van Parkinson en chronische pijn, etc. die vele adviezen worden verhoogd om uit te leggen van de verbetering die zijn gegenereerd door een HF-DBS behandeling, onder welke één mogelijkheid dat de huidige HFS de neuronale netwerkactiviteit, waarschijnlijk door een repetitieve depolarisatie van de axonen in de nabijheid van de geïmplanteerde HFS-elektrode moduleert. Of, HF-DBS kan de snelheid van de geen kwijting van de neuronen van de uitvoer en de geschatte doelstellingen wijzigen. Ook HF-DBS kan leiden synaptic veranderingen op lange termijn, met inbegrip van lange termijn potentiëring (LTP) en op lange termijn depressie (LTD), die kan bijdragen aan een symptomatische verbetering. Tot nu toe, het is nog onduidelijk of HFS inﬂuences de belangrijkste moleculaire gebeurtenissen die regelen van cellulaire processen zoals als volwassen neurogenesis in vivo. Verschillende lijnen van studies hebben aangetoond dat HFS bij knaagdieren soortgelijke neurale reacties klinisch toegepaste DBS15,16kan nabootsen. Om te begrijpen van de cellulaire mechanismen voor HF-DBS, in deze studie, instellen we eerst een in vivo HFS methodologie in muizen in een acute (één dag) of chronische (vijf dagen) wijze. Ten tweede, we instellen een activering analyse methodologie om de wijziging van de neuronale activiteit en neurogenese na een HF-DBS-levering
Gezien het feit dat de neuronale productie van neurale stamcellen overvloedig tijdens de embryonale ontwikkeling is maar gedurende het hele volwassen leven blijft, is de hippocampal subgranular zone een van de belangrijkste gebieden waar de neurogenese plaatsvindt. Het proces van neurogenese is beïnvloed door vele fysiologische en pathologische factoren. In bepaalde gevallen epileptische is de hippocampal neurogenese drastisch verminderde17,18. Daarnaast kan een enkele elektroconvulsieve therapie de neuronale productie in de getand gyrus19aanzienlijk verhogen. Deze opmerkingen suggereren dat het elektrofysiologische activiteit een cruciale rol in de regulatie van volwassen neurogenesis en synaptische plasticiteit in hippocampal neuronen speelt. Daarom, om te verder demonstreren de effecten van HF-DBS op Neuronale activiteit en neurogenese, eerst voeren we een immunokleuring kwantitatieve analyse van de onmiddellijke vroege gen (IEG) c-fos is een bekende marker van kortlopende Neuronale activiteit als gevolg van ervaring van20. Notch1 signalering wordt ook gedetecteerd om te controleren de signalering activeren na de HFS levering21,22. Bovendien, we ook detecteren de neuronale productie door een BrdU labeling analyse na de inductie van de HF-DBS op verschillende manieren, hoewel BrdU kleuring ook een marker voor gliogenesis kunnen.
In de huidige studie zijn twee HFS methodologieën aangepast aan de doelgroep van de activering van het hippocampal DG, direct en indirect. De elektrode is geïmplanteerd in het DG direct of het mediale perforant pad (PP) die prognoses stuurt te activeren van de DG neuronen ingeplant. Voor de inductie van de HF-DBS, wordt een programmeerbare stimulator gepresenteerd voor een continu stimulatie via de vaste elektrode aan het hoofd van de muis. Om te bepalen van de effecten van HFS op neuronale activering en neurogenese, ontdekken we de expressie van c-fos en Notch1 door immunefluorescentie kleuring en het aantal positieve neuronen BrdU-opgenomen in de hippocampal DG regio, respectievelijk, na de behandeling van HFS. In het bijzonder worden de effecten van de HF-DBS op de neurogenese in de DG vergeleken tussen een acute en een chronische stimulering wijze, of tussen een directe en indirecte stimulatie wijze, respectievelijk.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:975px;" width="975">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:255px;">Brain stereotaxic instrument</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">51730D</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Stereotactic intracranial implantation for mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">A-M systems</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Model 3800</td>
			<td>MultiStim 8-Channel programmable stimulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Dental driller</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Saeshin Precision Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">STRONG 90</td>
			<td>For drilling and crainiotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Burr</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Meisinger</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">HM1 005#</td>
			<td>For drilling and crainiotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Digidata 1550 Digitizer</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">AXON 1550</td>
			<td>High-resolution data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Cryotome</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Thermo Cryotome FSE</td>
			<td>Cutting frozen sections of specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">FV-1200</td>
			<td>Japan, with 20x Objective (NA 0.45)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:255px;">Mouse surgery tools</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">14084-08,11254-20,16109-14</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Scissors, forceps, bone cutter, holders etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4579</td>
			<td>20-50mg/kg for i.p. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Penicillin G&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">P3032</td>
			<td>75,000 U for i.m. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Carprofen</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">SML1713</td>
			<td>5-10mg/kg, for s.c. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Beijing Solarbio Sci-Tech Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">P1110</td>
			<td>stocking solution for tissue fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Phosphate buffer (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">10010023</td>
			<td>pH7.4, 500ml in stocking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T. compound</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sakura</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4583</td>
			<td>Formulation of water-soluble glycols and resins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-BrdU antibody</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab6326</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-c-fos antibody</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab209794</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:255px;">Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 568)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">A11036</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Donkey Anti-Rat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">712-546-150</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:255px;">Antifade mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">H-1200</td>
			<td>Counterstaining with DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-Notch1 antibody (C-20)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">sc-6014</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:255px;">Donkey Anti-Goat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab150073</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/1000</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an invasive method for the activation of the mouse dentate gyrus by high-frequency stimulation

Elektrische hoogfrequente stimulatie (HFS), met behulp van geïmplanteerde elektroden targeting verschillende hersengebieden, heeft bewezen als een effectieve behandeling voor verschillende neurologische en psychiatrische aandoeningen. HFS diepe regio van de hersenen, diepe hersenstimulatie (DBS), ook wel genoemd wordt steeds belangrijker in klinische proeven. Recente vooruitgang op het gebied van hoge-frequentie DBS (HF-DBS) chirurgie is begonnen met het verspreiden van de mogelijkheid van het gebruik van deze invasieve techniek naar andere situaties, zoals de behandeling van ernstige depressie stoornis (MDD), obsessief-compulsieve stoornis (OCS), en zo op.
Ondanks deze groeiende aanwijzingen blijven de onderliggende mechanismen van de positieve effecten van HF-DBS raadselachtige. Om aan deze vraag, is een benadering om het gebruik van geïmplanteerde elektroden die dun gedistribueerde subpopulaties van neuronen door HFS activeren. Er werd gemeld dat HFS in de voorste nucleus van de thalamus kan worden gebruikt voor de behandeling van refractaire epilepsie in de kliniek. De onderliggende mechanismen kunnen worden gerelateerd aan de verhoogde neurogenese en neuronale activiteit gewijzigd. Daarom zijn we geïnteresseerd in het verkennen van de fysiologische veranderingen door de detectie van neuronale activiteit, alsmede de neurogenese in de muis getand gyrus (DG) voor en na behandeling van HFS.
In dit manuscript beschrijven we methodologieën voor HFS te richten op de activering van het DG in muizen, direct of niet indirect en op een acute of chronische wijze. Daarnaast beschrijven we een gedetailleerd protocol voor de bereiding van hersenen segmenten voor c-fos en Notch1 immunefluorescentie kleuring voor het controleren van de neuronale activiteit en signalering van activering en bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelen om vast te stellen de neurogenese na de inductie van de HF-DBS. De activering van de neuronale activiteit en neurogenese na de behandeling van de HF-DBS biedt direct neurobiologische bewijs en potentiële therapeutische voordelen. Bijzonder, kan deze methode worden aangepast en toegepast te richten op andere interesse hersengebieden zoals de basale ganglia en subthalamicus regio's voor specifieke hersenafwijkingen in de kliniek.

Na de stimulatie van de HF-DBS de hippocampal DG subregio direct of de subregio PP te activeren van het DG niet indirect via ingevoegd elektroden met behulp van de stereotactische aanpassingen, de knaagdieren werden verdoofd met pentobarbital en bemonsterd 3 h na de laatste HF-DBS stimulatie voor de c-fos en Notch1 immunokleuring. Voor de BrdU kleuring, 36 uur na de laatste injectie BrdU na 1 dag of 5 dagen van HF-DBS stimulatie, waren de knaagdieren verdoofd met pentoba...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation at JoVE.com

An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation

Dit protocol laat zien hoe u een betrouwbare HFS-methode in muizen. Neuronen in de hippocampal getand gyrus zijn elektrisch gestimuleerd door HFS direct en niet indirect in vivo. Neuronale activiteit en moleculaire signalering zijn onderzocht door c-fos en Notch1 immunefluorescentie kleuring, respectievelijk; neurogenese wordt gekwantificeerd door bromodeoxyuridine labeling assay.

Een invasieve methode voor de activatie van de muis getand Gyrus door hoogfrequente stimulatie

Electrical high-frequency stimulation (HFS), using implanted electrodes targeting various brain regions, has been proven as an effective treatment for ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to observe the effect of high-frequency stimulation on neuronal activity in neurogenesis. This method can help answer key questions in an aligned cellular and molecular mechanisms of high-frequency deep brain stimulation, such as the induction of neuron activity and the neurogenesis in hippocampus. The advantage of this technique is that it demonstrates the powerful effect of high-frequency TBS on neuron activity and the neurogenesis in the adult brain.Though this method can provide insight into the effects of high-frequency TBS on the mouse dentate gyrus, it can also be applied to other systems such as the basal ganglia and the subthalamic regions for the brain disorders in the clinic. To begin this procedure, place an anesthetized mouse onto the stereotactic frame. Align the ear bands with its head, and gently tighten them to support the centered head.Grasp the skin anterior to its ears and remove about one square centimeter of it over the skull. Then remove the muscle and other attachment overlying the skull with a cotton swab to expose the skull surface. Next, apply hydrogen peroxide solution to dry the skull in order to identify the sagittal and lambda suture lines.Then, identify the bregma and lambda. The bregma point will be used as the original point to set the nucleus position. After that, level the skull on the horizontal plane using these two points.Make sure that the heights of these two points are almost the same in the dorsal ventral plane. In addition, make sure that the skull is leveled in the medial lateral plane. Next, mount a homemade two channel copper micro wire electrode into the rotating electrode holder on the stereotactic surgical frame.Place the electrode directly above the bregma and set it as original site. Then, move the electrode gently to the correct position above the skull, without touching it. Use the digital display on the stereotactic surgical frame to indicate the anterior posterior, medial lateral, and dorsoventral positions.When the desired site is identified for the electrode insertion mark the position with a black marker. Afterward, use the dorsoventral stereotactic adjustments to raise the electrode holder. Then, sterilize the drill bit with 70%ethanol.Use a handheld micromanipulator assisted drill, make a burr hole precisely at the marked position. Use a sterile cotton swab to stop any bleeding during the operation. Keep drilling until dura is exposed.Use a bent needle to remove any bone scraps that are generated during the drilling, and make a pinhole on the dura without damaging the underlying soft brain tissue. To confirm that the burr hole is made properly at the desired position, lower the electrode to make sure that it inserts through the burr hole smoothly without touching any obstacle. If no resistance is detected, slowly insert the electrode to the target depth from the surface of the skull.Then, apply dental cement using a small spatula to hold the electrode in place. As the cement thickens, mold it around the inserted electrode and other bone screws to form a nice, smooth cap. Next, disengage the electrode from the electrode holder.Remove the mouse from the stereotactic frame, and return it to a warm cage. Let the mouse move freely and allow it to recover for two days in the cage. To deliver stimulation, connect the implanted electrode to a programmable stimulator via leads.Set up the software interface. Then, set the HFS parameters as six series of six trains of six pulses at 400 Hertz, and the stimulation intensity of 200 milliamps. Deliver HFS for the desired period of time as set up.For the control group, implant electrodes in the mice without delivering any stimulation. For CFAS staining, stimulate the experimental mice two times for one day. For BrdU labeling, apply appropriate stimulations to both the acute stimulation group and the chronic stimulation group.During the course of the stimulation, make sure the mouse is awake. Remember to insure the leads are not twisted. When the stimulation is done, carefully disconnect the electrode pin from the electrode holder in the connector of the recording system.For the CFAS and notch one staining, about three hours after the last HFDBS, anesthetize the mice by injecting pentobarbital to achieve a surgical plane of anesthesia. For BrdU labeling, about 12 hours after the last HFDBS stimulation, give six injects of BrdU to the control and the stimulated mice at two hour intervals. 36 hours after the last injection, deeply anesthetize the mice with pentobarbital and transcardially profuse it with 50 milliliters of cold PBS followed by 50 milliliters of cold 4%paraformaldehyde.Remove its head and make an incision on the skin to expose the skill. Using forceps, chip off the skull slightly and carefully remove the whole brain. Then, post fix the brain is 4%paraformaldehyde for an additional two days, and transfer it to 30%sucrose solution at four degrees Celsius overnight.Using a cryostat, slice the brain into 20 micron coronal sections. Transfer and mount the sections to the glass slide with a brush, and store them a minus 20 degrees Celsius. Afterward, transfer the slides into normal PBS containing no fixative.Wash the sections with PBS three to four times for five minutes each to remove any excess fixative. For the BrdU labeled group, incubate the sections in two molar HCL for 30 minutes at 37 degree Celsius, and rinse them in a 0.1 molar borate buffer. After 10 minutes, wash the sections two times in PBS for five minutes each time.Subsequently, incubate the sections in blocking solution for one hour at room temperature. Then, incubate the sections with anti-CFAS polyclonal antibody, anti-notch one antibody, or anti-BrdU antibody in a blocking solution at four degrees Celsius overnight. Was the sections three times in PBS for 10 minutes each time, then incubate them with Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated anti-rabid, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-goat, or Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-rat secondary antibody for one hour at room temperature.Was the sections three times in PBS for 10 minutes each time. Subsequently, cover the immuno labeled brain sections using an antifade reagent mounting medium containing DAPI. Let the sections air dry, and store them protected from light at four degrees Celsius.Shown here is an experimental paradigm for the HFS treatment in the generation of BrdU labeled proliferating neurons in the DG.The animals were divided into an acute and a chronic group to receive different patterns of stimulations. Afterward, the animals in both groups were injected with BrdU on day six. On day eight, the animals were anesthetized and profused for the preparation of cryostat sections.Here are the images of the BrdU immunofluorescent staining post-HFDBS in the DG.A quantitative analysis of the neuronal production indicated that the acute stimulation in the DG could not enhance neurogenesis. While the chronic stimulation in the DG significantly up regulated the neurogenesis. Compared to the control group, the number of BrdU labeling cells increased significantly in the chronic group, both in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere.These are the images of the BrdU immunofluorescent staining post-HFDBS in the PP sub-region. A quantitative analysis of the neuronal production indicated that either the acute or chronic stimulation in the PP could not enhance the neurogenesis significantly. The number of BrdU labeling cells was relatively stable with or without the HFS treatment.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to locate the electrode properly, and to deliver the stimulation successfully. After it's development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field neuroscience high-frequency stimulation enrolled in the models. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to deliver high-frequency stimulation to deep brain nucleus.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

De combinatie van Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation en fMRI om de standaard-modus Netwerk Onderzoek

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS: Met behulp van de Theta-Burst protocol bij Mechasnism van plasticiteit Ontdek bij mensen met fragiele X syndroom en autisme

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

De NeuroStar TMS-apparaat: Het uitvoeren van de FDA goedgekeurde protocol voor de behandeling van depressie

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Niet-invasieve Parenchymale, Vasculaire en Metabole Hoogfrequent Ultrasound en Fotoakoestisch Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Beoordeling van Dendritische arborization in de gyrus dentatus van de hippocampus regio in Muizen

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Generation of Local CA1 &#947; Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation

Generatie van Local CA1 γ Oscillations door Tetanische Stimulation

Neuronal network oscillations are important features of brain activity in health and disease and can be modulated by a range of clinically used drugs. A ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Elektrofysiologische Methode voor opname intracellulaire Voltage Reacties van<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Fotoreceptoren en Interneurons naar Light Stimuli<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Effecten van Transcraniële wisselstroom stimulatie op de primaire motorische Cortex door Online-gecombineerde aanpak met Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Real-Time In Vitro Monitoring van Odorant Receptor activering door een Odorant in de damp-fase

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

Oprichting van acute Pontine Infarct in Ratten door elektrische stimulatie

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...