Name: an invasive method for the activation of the mouse dentate gyrus by high-frequency stimulation
Uploaded: 2018-06-02T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation at JoVE.com

Supportato dalla Fondazione nazionale di scienze naturali di sovvenzioni Cina 31522029, 31770929 e 31371149 (a Haitao Wu), programma 973 (2014CB542203) dal programma di sviluppo chiave dello stato per la ricerca di base della Cina (a Haitao Wu) e Grant Z161100000216154 dalla Beijing Municipal scienza e tecnologia della Commissione (a Haitao Wu). Gli autori ringraziano tutti i membri del laboratorio Haitao Wu per il loro incoraggiamento e discussioni. Gli autori sono estremamente grati al Zhenwei Liu per il suo aiuto con l'apparato di debug.

Procedure sperimentali animali seguito le indicazioni istituzionali di il Beijing Institute di scienze mediche di base (Pechino, Cina) e i regolamenti governativi cinesi per la cura e l'uso di animali da laboratorio. I topi (uomo, adulto 26 ~ 30g) erano stabulati e tenuti ad una temperatura costante di 23 ° C, con acqua e cibo ad libitum, sotto un ciclo di 12-h luce/12-h scuro (luci accese alle 7:00). Tutte le procedure sperimentali sono state effettuate durante il ciclo di luce.
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	<li>Perlmutter, J. S., Mink, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation.">Deep brain stimulation.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 29, 229-257 (2006).</li><li>Lozano, A. 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La tecnica di HF-DBS è stato ampiamente utilizzata come un potente strumento per il trattamento di molti disturbi neurologici dal 1990. Finora, il lavoro di pietra miliare di HF-DBS è per il trattamento della malattia di Parkinson e tremore essenziale, che ha attirato molta attenzione e interesse sia nella comunità scientifica e clinica. Ci sono vari tipi di studi di HF-DBS in corso da molti gruppi per applicazione terapeutica di HF-DBS in alcuni disturbi neurologici e psichiatrici32,</sup...

HF-DBS è una tecnologia neurochirurgica per la stimolazione elettrica del cervello, che è stato sviluppato dal 1870s1. Nel tardo 1980, HFS venne usata come intervento terapeutico potenziale per il morbo di Parkinson e disordini di altri movimento2. Negli ultimi decenni, HF-DBS è stato più ampiamente utilizzato nel trattamento dei disordini del cervello che sono attualmente incurabili di una strategia terapeutica tradizionale. In particolare, grazie al miglioramento della precisione dell'elettrodo HFS, i risultati altamente efficaci e gli effetti collaterali minimi, il numero di disturbi cerebrali trattati da HF-DBS ha aumentato significativamente negli ultimi decenni3,4, 5. Ad esempio, HF-DBS è stato approvato da la US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) per il trattamento della malattia di Parkinson (MDP), demenza di tipo Alzheimer, tremore essenziale e altri tipi di movimento disturbi2,6, 7. nei pazienti del Palladio, il farmaco dopaminergico è ridotto fino al 50% durante la HF-DBS8. Oltre il riuscito trattamento dei disordini di movimento, HF-DBS ha dimostrato anche i suoi potenti effetti nel trattamento di malattie psichiatriche nella clinica e per l'incremento cognitivo come ben2,9, 10 , 11. si deve osservare che la ricerca di HFS per il trattamento di altri disturbi psichiatrici sono in varie fasi, offrendo molta promessa a pazienti12.
Anche se molti studi hanno dimostrato che un HFS focale ha effetti sia locali che remoti in tutto il cervello13, i meccanismi neurologici e molecolari degli effetti rimangono sfuggente2,14. Nella clinica, terapeutica HF-DBS è solitamente applicato in un modo a lungo termine per il trattamento del morbo di Parkinson e dolore cronico, ecc. , che molte opinioni sono sollevate per spiegare il miglioramento generato da un trattamento di HF-DBS, tra cui una possibilità che la corrente HFS modula l'attività di rete neuronale, probabilmente da una depolarizzazione ripetitiva degli assoni in prossimità dell'elettrodo HFS impiantato. In alternativa, HF-DBS possono modificare il tasso di scarico di neuroni di output e gli obiettivi previsti. Inoltre, HF-DBS può portare a cambiamenti sinaptici a lungo termine, tra cui Long-term potentiation (LTP) e depressione a lungo termine (LTD), che può contribuire a un miglioramento sintomatico. Finora, non è ancora chiaro se tali processi di HFS inﬂuenze chiavi eventi molecolari che regolano il cellulare come nella neurogenesi adulta in vivo. Parecchie linee di studi hanno dimostrato che HFS in roditori potrebbero imitare simili risposte neurali di clinicamente applicata DBS15,16. Per comprendere i meccanismi cellulari di HF-DBS, in questo studio, abbiamo innanzitutto impostare un in vivo metodologia HFS nei topi in un acuto (un giorno) o cronica (cinque giorni) modo. In secondo luogo, abbiamo istituito una metodologia di analisi di attivazione per determinare l'alterazione dell'attività neuronale e neurogenesi dopo una consegna di HF-DBS.
Dato che la produzione di un neurone da cellule staminali neurali è abbondante durante lo sviluppo embrionale ma continua per tutta la vita adulta, la zona subgranulare hippocampal è una delle principali aree dove si verifica la neurogenesi. Il processo di neurogenesi è influenzato da molti fattori fisiologici e patologici. In alcuni casi epilettici, il neurogenesis hippocampal è drammaticamente in diminuzione17,18. Inoltre, una singola terapia electroconvulsive potrebbe aumentare considerevolmente la produzione neuronale nel giro dentato19. Queste osservazioni suggeriscono che l'attività elettrofisiologica svolge un ruolo critico nella regolazione della neurogenesi adulta e plasticità sinaptica nei neuroni dell'ippocampo. Pertanto, per illustrare ulteriormente gli effetti di HF-DBS sull'attività neuronale e neurogenesi, prima eseguiamo un'analisi immunostaining del inizio immediato gene (IEG) c-fos che è un indicatore ben noto dell'attività neuronale a breve termine derivanti da Esperienza di20. Segnalazione di Notch1 viene rilevato anche per monitorare l'attivazione di segnalazione dopo il HFS consegna21,22. Inoltre, rileviamo anche la produzione di un neurone di un BrdU etichettatura analisi dopo l'induzione HF-DBS in vari modi, anche se BrdU colorazione può anche essere un indicatore per gliogenesis.
Nello studio presente, due metodologie di HFS sono adattati per l'attivazione della DG hippocampal di destinazione direttamente e indirettamente. L'elettrodo è impiantato nella DG direttamente o impiantato nel percorso perforant mediale (PP) che invia proiezioni per attivare i neuroni DG. Per l'induzione HF-DBS, uno stimolatore programmabile è presentato per una stimolazione continua attraverso l'elettrodo fisso sulla testa del mouse. Per determinare gli effetti di HFS su attivazione neuronale e neurogenesi, rileviamo l'espressione di c-fos e Notch1 dalla macchiatura immunofluorescente e il numero di neuroni positivi incorporato BrdU DG della regione ippocampale, rispettivamente, dopo il trattamento di HFS. In particolare, gli effetti del HF-DBS sulla neurogenesi nella DG vengono confrontati tra un acuto e un modo di stimolazione cronica, o tra un telefono e un modo di stimolazione indiretta, rispettivamente.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:255px;">Brain stereotaxic instrument</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">51730D</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Stereotactic intracranial implantation for mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">A-M systems</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Model 3800</td>
			<td>MultiStim 8-Channel programmable stimulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Dental driller</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Saeshin Precision Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">STRONG 90</td>
			<td>For drilling and crainiotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Burr</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Meisinger</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">HM1 005#</td>
			<td>For drilling and crainiotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Digidata 1550 Digitizer</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">AXON 1550</td>
			<td>High-resolution data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Cryotome</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Thermo Cryotome FSE</td>
			<td>Cutting frozen sections of specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">FV-1200</td>
			<td>Japan, with 20x Objective (NA 0.45)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:255px;">Mouse surgery tools</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">14084-08,11254-20,16109-14</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Scissors, forceps, bone cutter, holders etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4579</td>
			<td>20-50mg/kg for i.p. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Penicillin G&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">P3032</td>
			<td>75,000 U for i.m. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Carprofen</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">SML1713</td>
			<td>5-10mg/kg, for s.c. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Beijing Solarbio Sci-Tech Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">P1110</td>
			<td>stocking solution for tissue fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Phosphate buffer (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">10010023</td>
			<td>pH7.4, 500ml in stocking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T. compound</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sakura</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4583</td>
			<td>Formulation of water-soluble glycols and resins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-BrdU antibody</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab6326</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-c-fos antibody</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab209794</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:255px;">Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 568)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">A11036</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Donkey Anti-Rat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">712-546-150</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:255px;">Antifade mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">H-1200</td>
			<td>Counterstaining with DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-Notch1 antibody (C-20)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">sc-6014</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:255px;">Donkey Anti-Goat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab150073</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/1000</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an invasive method for the activation of the mouse dentate gyrus by high-frequency stimulation

Stimolazione elettrica ad alta frequenza (HFS), utilizzando elettrodi impiantati in varie regioni del cervello, il targeting è stata dimostrata come un efficace trattamento per vari disturbi neurologici e psichiatrici. HFS nella regione profonda del cervello, anche denominato stimolazione cerebrale profonda (DBS), sta diventando sempre più importante negli studi clinici. Recenti progressi nel campo della chirurgia DBS (HF-DBS) ad alta frequenza ha iniziato a diffondersi la possibilità di utilizzare questa tecnica invasiva ad altre situazioni, come trattamento per il disturbo di depressione maggiore (MDD), disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo (OCD) e così su.
Nonostante queste indicazioni in espansione, i meccanismi degli effetti benefici di HF-DBS rimangono enigmatici. Per rispondere a questa domanda, un approccio consiste nell'utilizzare elettrodi impiantati che attivano scarsamente distribuite sottopopolazioni di neuroni di HFS. È stato segnalato che HFS nel nucleo anteriore del talamo potrebbe essere usato per il trattamento dell'epilessia refrattaria in clinica. I meccanismi di fondo potrebbero essere collegati con il neurogenesis aumentato e alterata attività neuronale. Pertanto, siamo interessati ad esplorare le alterazioni fisiologiche tramite la rilevazione di attività neuronale, come pure la neurogenesi nel giro dentato (DG) del mouse prima e dopo trattamento di HFS.
In questo manoscritto, descriviamo metodologie per HFS indirizzare l'attivazione della DG in topi, direttamente o indirettamente e in maniera acuta o cronica. In più, descriviamo un protocollo dettagliato per la preparazione di fette del cervello per c-fos e Notch1 immunofluorescente macchiatura per monitorare l'attività neuronale e l'attivazione di segnalazione e per bromodeossiuridina (BrdU) etichettatura per determinare la neurogenesi dopo l'induzione HF-DBS. L'attivazione dell'attività neuronale e neurogenesi dopo il trattamento di HF-DBS fornisce la prova diretta neurobiologica e potenziali benefici terapeutici. In particolare, questa metodologia può essere modificata e applicata per altre regioni del cervello interessati quali i gangli basali e subtalamica regioni per disturbi cerebrali specifiche nella clinica di destinazione.

Dopo la stimolazione di HF-DBS per la sottoregione hippocampal di DG direttamente o la sottoregione PP per attivare il DG indirettamente tramite inserito elettrodi utilizzando le regolazioni stereotassica, i roditori sono stati anestetizzati con pentobarbital e campionate 3h dopo l'ultima stimolazione di HF-DBS per il c-fos e Notch1 immunostaining. Per la colorazione di BrdU, 36 h dopo l'ultima iniezione di BrdU dopo 1 o 5 giorni di stimolazione HF-DBS, i roditori sono s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation at JoVE.com

An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation

Questo protocollo viene illustrato come impostare un metodo affidabile di HFS in topi. Neuroni nel giro dentato dell'ippocampo sono stimolati elettricamente da HFS direttamente e indirettamente in vivo. Attività neuronale e induzione di segnali molecolari sono esaminate dal c-fos e macchiatura immunofluorescente Notch1, rispettivamente; neurogenesi è quantificata mediante analisi di etichettatura della bromodeossiuridina.

Un metodo invasivo per l'attivazione della circonvoluzione dentata del Mouse dalla stimolazione ad alta frequenza

Electrical high-frequency stimulation (HFS), using implanted electrodes targeting various brain regions, has been proven as an effective treatment for ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to observe the effect of high-frequency stimulation on neuronal activity in neurogenesis. This method can help answer key questions in an aligned cellular and molecular mechanisms of high-frequency deep brain stimulation, such as the induction of neuron activity and the neurogenesis in hippocampus. The advantage of this technique is that it demonstrates the powerful effect of high-frequency TBS on neuron activity and the neurogenesis in the adult brain.Though this method can provide insight into the effects of high-frequency TBS on the mouse dentate gyrus, it can also be applied to other systems such as the basal ganglia and the subthalamic regions for the brain disorders in the clinic. To begin this procedure, place an anesthetized mouse onto the stereotactic frame. Align the ear bands with its head, and gently tighten them to support the centered head.Grasp the skin anterior to its ears and remove about one square centimeter of it over the skull. Then remove the muscle and other attachment overlying the skull with a cotton swab to expose the skull surface. Next, apply hydrogen peroxide solution to dry the skull in order to identify the sagittal and lambda suture lines.Then, identify the bregma and lambda. The bregma point will be used as the original point to set the nucleus position. After that, level the skull on the horizontal plane using these two points.Make sure that the heights of these two points are almost the same in the dorsal ventral plane. In addition, make sure that the skull is leveled in the medial lateral plane. Next, mount a homemade two channel copper micro wire electrode into the rotating electrode holder on the stereotactic surgical frame.Place the electrode directly above the bregma and set it as original site. Then, move the electrode gently to the correct position above the skull, without touching it. Use the digital display on the stereotactic surgical frame to indicate the anterior posterior, medial lateral, and dorsoventral positions.When the desired site is identified for the electrode insertion mark the position with a black marker. Afterward, use the dorsoventral stereotactic adjustments to raise the electrode holder. Then, sterilize the drill bit with 70%ethanol.Use a handheld micromanipulator assisted drill, make a burr hole precisely at the marked position. Use a sterile cotton swab to stop any bleeding during the operation. Keep drilling until dura is exposed.Use a bent needle to remove any bone scraps that are generated during the drilling, and make a pinhole on the dura without damaging the underlying soft brain tissue. To confirm that the burr hole is made properly at the desired position, lower the electrode to make sure that it inserts through the burr hole smoothly without touching any obstacle. If no resistance is detected, slowly insert the electrode to the target depth from the surface of the skull.Then, apply dental cement using a small spatula to hold the electrode in place. As the cement thickens, mold it around the inserted electrode and other bone screws to form a nice, smooth cap. Next, disengage the electrode from the electrode holder.Remove the mouse from the stereotactic frame, and return it to a warm cage. Let the mouse move freely and allow it to recover for two days in the cage. To deliver stimulation, connect the implanted electrode to a programmable stimulator via leads.Set up the software interface. Then, set the HFS parameters as six series of six trains of six pulses at 400 Hertz, and the stimulation intensity of 200 milliamps. Deliver HFS for the desired period of time as set up.For the control group, implant electrodes in the mice without delivering any stimulation. For CFAS staining, stimulate the experimental mice two times for one day. For BrdU labeling, apply appropriate stimulations to both the acute stimulation group and the chronic stimulation group.During the course of the stimulation, make sure the mouse is awake. Remember to insure the leads are not twisted. When the stimulation is done, carefully disconnect the electrode pin from the electrode holder in the connector of the recording system.For the CFAS and notch one staining, about three hours after the last HFDBS, anesthetize the mice by injecting pentobarbital to achieve a surgical plane of anesthesia. For BrdU labeling, about 12 hours after the last HFDBS stimulation, give six injects of BrdU to the control and the stimulated mice at two hour intervals. 36 hours after the last injection, deeply anesthetize the mice with pentobarbital and transcardially profuse it with 50 milliliters of cold PBS followed by 50 milliliters of cold 4%paraformaldehyde.Remove its head and make an incision on the skin to expose the skill. Using forceps, chip off the skull slightly and carefully remove the whole brain. Then, post fix the brain is 4%paraformaldehyde for an additional two days, and transfer it to 30%sucrose solution at four degrees Celsius overnight.Using a cryostat, slice the brain into 20 micron coronal sections. Transfer and mount the sections to the glass slide with a brush, and store them a minus 20 degrees Celsius. Afterward, transfer the slides into normal PBS containing no fixative.Wash the sections with PBS three to four times for five minutes each to remove any excess fixative. For the BrdU labeled group, incubate the sections in two molar HCL for 30 minutes at 37 degree Celsius, and rinse them in a 0.1 molar borate buffer. After 10 minutes, wash the sections two times in PBS for five minutes each time.Subsequently, incubate the sections in blocking solution for one hour at room temperature. Then, incubate the sections with anti-CFAS polyclonal antibody, anti-notch one antibody, or anti-BrdU antibody in a blocking solution at four degrees Celsius overnight. Was the sections three times in PBS for 10 minutes each time, then incubate them with Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated anti-rabid, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-goat, or Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-rat secondary antibody for one hour at room temperature.Was the sections three times in PBS for 10 minutes each time. Subsequently, cover the immuno labeled brain sections using an antifade reagent mounting medium containing DAPI. Let the sections air dry, and store them protected from light at four degrees Celsius.Shown here is an experimental paradigm for the HFS treatment in the generation of BrdU labeled proliferating neurons in the DG.The animals were divided into an acute and a chronic group to receive different patterns of stimulations. Afterward, the animals in both groups were injected with BrdU on day six. On day eight, the animals were anesthetized and profused for the preparation of cryostat sections.Here are the images of the BrdU immunofluorescent staining post-HFDBS in the DG.A quantitative analysis of the neuronal production indicated that the acute stimulation in the DG could not enhance neurogenesis. While the chronic stimulation in the DG significantly up regulated the neurogenesis. Compared to the control group, the number of BrdU labeling cells increased significantly in the chronic group, both in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere.These are the images of the BrdU immunofluorescent staining post-HFDBS in the PP sub-region. A quantitative analysis of the neuronal production indicated that either the acute or chronic stimulation in the PP could not enhance the neurogenesis significantly. The number of BrdU labeling cells was relatively stable with or without the HFS treatment.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to locate the electrode properly, and to deliver the stimulation successfully. After it's development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field neuroscience high-frequency stimulation enrolled in the models. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to deliver high-frequency stimulation to deep brain nucleus.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

La combinazione di stimolazione magnetica transcranica e fMRI per esaminare il modo predefinito della rete

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS: Utilizzo del Theta Burst protocollo Esplora Mechasnism di plasticità in individui con Sindrome X Fragile e autismo

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

Il dispositivo TMS NeuroStar: Condurre la FDA ha approvato protocollo per il trattamento della depressione

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Non invasiva parenchimale, vascolare e metabolica ad alta frequenza ad ultrasuoni e fotoacustico Rat profonda Brain Imaging

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Valutazione della dendritiche arborizzazione nel giro dentato della Regione ippocampale nei topi

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Generation of Local CA1 &#947; Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation

Generazione di locali oscillazioni CA1 γ di Tetanic Stimolazione

Neuronal network oscillations are important features of brain activity in health and disease and can be modulated by a range of clinically used drugs. A ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Metodo elettrofisiologiche per la registrazione intracellulare di tensione Risposte di<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Fotorecettori e Interneuroni a luce stimoli<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Effetti della stimolazione transcranica con corrente alternata la corteccia motoria primaria di approccio combinato Online con stimolazione magnetica transcranica

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

In tempo reale In Vitro monitoraggio dell'attivazione del recettore Odorant da un Odorant in fase gassosa

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

Istituzione dell'infarto pontino acuto nei ratti mediante stimolazione elettrica

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...