Name: an invasive method for the activation of the mouse dentate gyrus by high-frequency stimulation
Uploaded: 2018-06-02T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation at JoVE.com

Apoyado por la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias naturales de China subvenciones 31522029, 31770929 y 31371149 (a Haitao Wu), programa 973 (2014CB542203) del programa estatal desarrollo clave para la investigación básica de China (Wu Haitao) y Grant Z161100000216154 de la Municipal de Beijing de ciencia y tecnología Comisión (Haitao Wu). Los autores agradecen a todos los miembros del laboratorio Haitao Wu para su estímulo y discusiones. Los autores están muy agradecidos a Zhenwei Liu por su ayuda con el aparato de depuración.

Procedimientos experimentales animales siguieron las directrices institucionales de la Beijing Instituto de ciencias médicas básicas (Pekín, China) y las regulaciones gubernamentales chinos para el cuidado y uso de animales de laboratorio. Los ratones (26 masculinos, adultos ~ 30 g) alojado y mantenido a una temperatura constante de 23 ° C, con agua y comida ad libitum, bajo un ciclo oscuro de 12 h luz/12 h (se enciende en 7:00). Todos los procedimientos experimentales se realizaron durante el ciclo de luz.<...

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	<li>Perlmutter, J. S., Mink, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation.">Deep brain stimulation.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 29, 229-257 (2006).</li><li>Lozano, A. M., Lipsman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+and+regulating+dysfunctional+circuits+using+deep+brain+stimulation.">Probing and regulating dysfunctional circuits using deep brain stimulation.</a> Neuron. 77 (3), 406-424 (2013).</li><li>Kohl, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+for+treatment-refractory+obsessive+compulsive+disorder:+a+systematic+review.">Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review.</a> BMC Psychiatry. 14, 214 (2014).</li><li>Schlaepfer, T. E., Bewernick, B. H., Kayser, S., Madler, B., Coenen, V. 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La técnica HF-DBS ha sido ampliamente utilizada como una poderosa herramienta para el tratamiento de muchos trastornos neurológicos desde la década de 1990. Hasta ahora, el trabajo de la señal de HF-DBS es para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson y temblor esencial, que ha atraído mucha atención e interés tanto en la comunidad científica y clínica. Hay varios tipos de estudios en curso HF-DBS por muchos grupos para la aplicación terapéutica de HF-DBS en ciertos trastornos neurológicos y psiquiátrico...

HF-DBS es una tecnología para la estimulación eléctrica en el cerebro, que se ha desarrollado desde la década de 18701. A finales de 1980, HFS primero fue utilizado como una potencial intervención terapéutica para la enfermedad de Parkinson y trastornos del otro movimiento2. En las últimas décadas, HF-DBS ha sido más ampliamente utilizado en el tratamiento de los trastornos cerebrales que son actualmente intratables por una estrategia terapéutica tradicional. En particular, debido a la mejora en la precisión del electrodo HFS, resultados altamente efectivos y efectos secundarios mínimos, el número de trastornos cerebrales tratados por HF-DBS ha aumentado significativamente en los últimos decenios3,4, 5. Por ejemplo, HF-DBS ha sido aprobado por la US Food y Drug Administration (FDA) para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP), de tipo Alzheimer, temblor esencial y otros tipos de trastornos de movimiento2,6, 7. en pacientes con EP, la medicación dopaminérgica se reduce hasta un 50% durante8de HF-DBS. Además del tratamiento acertado de trastornos del movimiento, HF-DBS también ha demostrado sus efectos poderosos en el tratamiento de enfermedades psiquiátricas en la clínica y para el aumento cognitivo como bien2,9, 10 , 11. Cabe señalar que la investigación de HFS para el tratamiento de otros trastornos psiquiátricos están en varias etapas, que ofrece mucha promesa de pacientes12.
Aunque muchos estudios han demostrado que una focal HFS tiene efectos tanto locales como remotos a lo largo de los13del cerebro, los mecanismos neurológicos y moleculares de los efectos siguen siendo escurridizo2,14. En la clínica, terapéutica HF-DBS se suele aplicar de una manera a largo plazo para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson, dolor crónico etc. que muchas opiniones se plantean para explicar la mejora generada por un tratamiento de la HF-DBS, entre que una posibilidad que la corriente HFS modula la actividad de la red neuronal, probablemente por una despolarización repetitiva de los axones en las inmediaciones del electrodo implantado de HFS. O, HF-DBS puede cambiar la tasa de descarga de las neuronas de salida y los objetivos previstos. También, HF-DBS puede conducir a cambios sinápticos a largo plazo, potenciación a largo plazo (LTP) y depresión a largo plazo (LTD), que puede contribuir a una mejora sintomática. Hasta ahora, es todavía incierto si HFS influencias los eventos moleculares claves que regulan el celular procesos tales como la neurogénesis adulta en vivo. Varias líneas de estudios han demostrado que el HFS en roedores podría imitar respuestas neurales similares de DBS clínicamente aplicada15,16. Para entender los mecanismos celulares subyacentes de HF-DBS, en este estudio, en primer lugar establecimos un en vivo metodología HFS en ratones en un agudo (un día) o de manera crónica (cinco días). En segundo lugar, hemos creado una metodología de análisis de activación para determinar la alteración de la actividad neuronal y de neurogénesis después de una entrega de HF-DBS.
Dado que la producción neuronal de las células madre neurales es abundante durante el desarrollo embrionario, pero continúa a lo largo de la vida adulta, la zona subgranular hipocampo es una de las principales zonas donde se produce la neurogénesis. El proceso de neurogénesis es influenciado por muchos factores fisiológicos y patológicos. En ciertos casos de epilepsia, la neurogénesis hipocampal es drásticamente disminuido17,18. Además, una sola terapia electroconvulsiva podría aumentar significativamente la producción neuronal en el giro dentado19. Estas observaciones sugieren que la actividad electrofisiológica juega un papel crítico en la regulación de la neurogénesis adulta y la plasticidad sináptica en neuronas hippocampal. Por lo tanto, para demostrar aún más los efectos del HF-DBS en la actividad neuronal y de neurogénesis, primero llevamos a cabo un ensayo de immunostaining de principios inmediatos gene (IEG) c-fos que es un conocido marcador de la actividad neuronal a corto plazo resultantes de Experiencia de20. Señalización Notch1 se detecta también a supervisar la activación de la señalización después de la entrega HFS21,22. Por otra parte, detectamos también la producción neuronal por un BrdU etiquetado análisis después de la inducción HF-DBS en diversas maneras, aunque la tinción de BrdU puede ser también un marcador para gliogenesis.
En el presente estudio, dos metodologías HFS se adaptan a la activación de la dirección general de hippocampal directa e indirectamente. El electrodo implantado directamente en la dirección general o implantado en el camino perforante medial (PP), que envía proyecciones a activar las neuronas DG. Para la inducción HF-DBS, un estimulador programable se presenta para un estímulo continuo a través del electrodo fijo sobre la cabeza de ratón. Para determinar los efectos de HFS en activación neuronal y de neurogénesis, detectamos la expresión de c-fos y Notch1 coloración inmunofluorescente y el número de neuronas positivas BrdU incorporada en la región hippocampal de la DG, respectivamente, después el tratamiento de HFS. Particularmente, los efectos del HF-DBS en la neurogénesis en la DG se comparan entre una aguda y una forma de estimulación crónica, o entre una directa y una manera de estimulación indirecta, respectivamente.

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			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:255px;">Brain stereotaxic instrument</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">51730D</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Stereotactic intracranial implantation for mouse</td>
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			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">A-M systems</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Model 3800</td>
			<td>MultiStim 8-Channel programmable stimulator</td>
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		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Dental driller</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Saeshin Precision Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">STRONG 90</td>
			<td>For drilling and crainiotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Burr</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Meisinger</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">HM1 005#</td>
			<td>For drilling and crainiotomy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">Digidata 1550 Digitizer</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">AXON 1550</td>
			<td>High-resolution data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Cryotome</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Thermo Cryotome FSE</td>
			<td>Cutting frozen sections of specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">FV-1200</td>
			<td>Japan, with 20x Objective (NA 0.45)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:255px;">Mouse surgery tools</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">14084-08,11254-20,16109-14</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Scissors, forceps, bone cutter, holders etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4579</td>
			<td>20-50mg/kg for i.p. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Penicillin G&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">P3032</td>
			<td>75,000 U for i.m. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Carprofen</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">SML1713</td>
			<td>5-10mg/kg, for s.c. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Beijing Solarbio Sci-Tech Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">P1110</td>
			<td>stocking solution for tissue fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Phosphate buffer (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">10010023</td>
			<td>pH7.4, 500ml in stocking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T. compound</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sakura</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4583</td>
			<td>Formulation of water-soluble glycols and resins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-BrdU antibody</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab6326</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-c-fos antibody</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab209794</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:255px;">Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 568)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">A11036</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Donkey Anti-Rat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">712-546-150</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:255px;">Antifade mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">H-1200</td>
			<td>Counterstaining with DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">anti-Notch1 antibody (C-20)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">sc-6014</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:255px;">Donkey Anti-Goat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ab150073</td>
			<td>Dilutions:1/1000</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an invasive method for the activation of the mouse dentate gyrus by high-frequency stimulation

Estimulación eléctrica de alta frecuencia (HFS), usando electrodos implantados a varias regiones del cerebro, se ha demostrado como un eficaz tratamiento para diversos trastornos neurológicos y psiquiátricos. HFS en la región profunda del cerebro, también llamado estimulación cerebral profunda (DBS), se está convirtiendo en cada vez más importante en los ensayos clínicos. Avances recientes en el campo de la cirugía DBS (HF-DBS) de alta frecuencia ha comenzado a difundir la posibilidad de utilizar esta técnica invasiva a otras situaciones, tales como el tratamiento para el trastorno de depresión mayor (MDD), trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC) y así en.
A pesar de estas indicaciones de expansión, los mecanismos subyacentes de los efectos beneficiosos de la HF-DBS siguen siendo enigmáticos. Para abordar esta cuestión, un enfoque es utilizar electrodos implantados que activan escasamente distribuidas subpoblaciones de neuronas por HFS. Se ha divulgado que HFS en el núcleo anterior del tálamo puede ser utilizado para el tratamiento de epilepsia refractaria en la clínica. Los mecanismos subyacentes podrían estar relacionado con la neurogénesis aumento y alteración la actividad neuronal. Por lo tanto, estamos interesados en explorar las alteraciones fisiológicas por la detección de la actividad neuronal, así como la neurogénesis en el giro dentado (DG) de ratón, antes y después del tratamiento de HFS.
En este manuscrito, se describen metodologías para HFS a la activación de la dirección general en ratones, directa o indirectamente y de forma aguda o crónica. Además, se describe un protocolo detallado para la preparación de rodajas de cerebro de c-fos y Notch1 inmunofluorescente tinción para monitorear la actividad neuronal y activación de señalización y de bromodeoxiuridina (BrdU) etiquetado para determinar la neurogénesis después de la inducción HF-DBS. La activación de la actividad neuronal y de neurogénesis después del tratamiento de la HF-DBS ofrece evidencia neurobiológica directa y los posibles beneficios terapéuticos. Particularmente, esta metodología puede ser modificada y aplicada para llegar a otras regiones del cerebro interesado como los ganglios basales y regiones subtalámicos para los trastornos cerebrales específicos en la clínica.

Después de la estimulación de HF-DBS para la subregión DG hippocampal directamente o la subregión PP para activar el DG indirectamente vía insertado electrodos usando los ajustes stereotactic, los roedores fueron anestesiados con pentobarbital y muestrean 3 h después de la última estimulación de HF-DBS para el c-fos y el immunostaining de Notch1. Para la tinción de BrdU, 36 h después de la última inyección de BrdU después de 1 día o 5 días de estimulación...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation at JoVE.com

An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation

Este protocolo muestra cómo establecer un método confiable de HFS en ratones. Las neuronas en el hipocampo giro dentado son estimuladas eléctricamente por HFS directamente e indirectamente en vivo. La actividad neuronal y señalización molecular son examinados por c-fos y coloración inmunofluorescente de Notch1, respectivamente; la neurogénesis se cuantifica por bromodeoxiuridina etiquetado ensayo.

Un método invasivo para la activación de la convolución del cerebro dentada de ratón por el estímulo de alta frecuencia

Electrical high-frequency stimulation (HFS), using implanted electrodes targeting various brain regions, has been proven as an effective treatment for ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to observe the effect of high-frequency stimulation on neuronal activity in neurogenesis. This method can help answer key questions in an aligned cellular and molecular mechanisms of high-frequency deep brain stimulation, such as the induction of neuron activity and the neurogenesis in hippocampus. The advantage of this technique is that it demonstrates the powerful effect of high-frequency TBS on neuron activity and the neurogenesis in the adult brain.Though this method can provide insight into the effects of high-frequency TBS on the mouse dentate gyrus, it can also be applied to other systems such as the basal ganglia and the subthalamic regions for the brain disorders in the clinic. To begin this procedure, place an anesthetized mouse onto the stereotactic frame. Align the ear bands with its head, and gently tighten them to support the centered head.Grasp the skin anterior to its ears and remove about one square centimeter of it over the skull. Then remove the muscle and other attachment overlying the skull with a cotton swab to expose the skull surface. Next, apply hydrogen peroxide solution to dry the skull in order to identify the sagittal and lambda suture lines.Then, identify the bregma and lambda. The bregma point will be used as the original point to set the nucleus position. After that, level the skull on the horizontal plane using these two points.Make sure that the heights of these two points are almost the same in the dorsal ventral plane. In addition, make sure that the skull is leveled in the medial lateral plane. Next, mount a homemade two channel copper micro wire electrode into the rotating electrode holder on the stereotactic surgical frame.Place the electrode directly above the bregma and set it as original site. Then, move the electrode gently to the correct position above the skull, without touching it. Use the digital display on the stereotactic surgical frame to indicate the anterior posterior, medial lateral, and dorsoventral positions.When the desired site is identified for the electrode insertion mark the position with a black marker. Afterward, use the dorsoventral stereotactic adjustments to raise the electrode holder. Then, sterilize the drill bit with 70%ethanol.Use a handheld micromanipulator assisted drill, make a burr hole precisely at the marked position. Use a sterile cotton swab to stop any bleeding during the operation. Keep drilling until dura is exposed.Use a bent needle to remove any bone scraps that are generated during the drilling, and make a pinhole on the dura without damaging the underlying soft brain tissue. To confirm that the burr hole is made properly at the desired position, lower the electrode to make sure that it inserts through the burr hole smoothly without touching any obstacle. If no resistance is detected, slowly insert the electrode to the target depth from the surface of the skull.Then, apply dental cement using a small spatula to hold the electrode in place. As the cement thickens, mold it around the inserted electrode and other bone screws to form a nice, smooth cap. Next, disengage the electrode from the electrode holder.Remove the mouse from the stereotactic frame, and return it to a warm cage. Let the mouse move freely and allow it to recover for two days in the cage. To deliver stimulation, connect the implanted electrode to a programmable stimulator via leads.Set up the software interface. Then, set the HFS parameters as six series of six trains of six pulses at 400 Hertz, and the stimulation intensity of 200 milliamps. Deliver HFS for the desired period of time as set up.For the control group, implant electrodes in the mice without delivering any stimulation. For CFAS staining, stimulate the experimental mice two times for one day. For BrdU labeling, apply appropriate stimulations to both the acute stimulation group and the chronic stimulation group.During the course of the stimulation, make sure the mouse is awake. Remember to insure the leads are not twisted. When the stimulation is done, carefully disconnect the electrode pin from the electrode holder in the connector of the recording system.For the CFAS and notch one staining, about three hours after the last HFDBS, anesthetize the mice by injecting pentobarbital to achieve a surgical plane of anesthesia. For BrdU labeling, about 12 hours after the last HFDBS stimulation, give six injects of BrdU to the control and the stimulated mice at two hour intervals. 36 hours after the last injection, deeply anesthetize the mice with pentobarbital and transcardially profuse it with 50 milliliters of cold PBS followed by 50 milliliters of cold 4%paraformaldehyde.Remove its head and make an incision on the skin to expose the skill. Using forceps, chip off the skull slightly and carefully remove the whole brain. Then, post fix the brain is 4%paraformaldehyde for an additional two days, and transfer it to 30%sucrose solution at four degrees Celsius overnight.Using a cryostat, slice the brain into 20 micron coronal sections. Transfer and mount the sections to the glass slide with a brush, and store them a minus 20 degrees Celsius. Afterward, transfer the slides into normal PBS containing no fixative.Wash the sections with PBS three to four times for five minutes each to remove any excess fixative. For the BrdU labeled group, incubate the sections in two molar HCL for 30 minutes at 37 degree Celsius, and rinse them in a 0.1 molar borate buffer. After 10 minutes, wash the sections two times in PBS for five minutes each time.Subsequently, incubate the sections in blocking solution for one hour at room temperature. Then, incubate the sections with anti-CFAS polyclonal antibody, anti-notch one antibody, or anti-BrdU antibody in a blocking solution at four degrees Celsius overnight. Was the sections three times in PBS for 10 minutes each time, then incubate them with Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated anti-rabid, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-goat, or Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-rat secondary antibody for one hour at room temperature.Was the sections three times in PBS for 10 minutes each time. Subsequently, cover the immuno labeled brain sections using an antifade reagent mounting medium containing DAPI. Let the sections air dry, and store them protected from light at four degrees Celsius.Shown here is an experimental paradigm for the HFS treatment in the generation of BrdU labeled proliferating neurons in the DG.The animals were divided into an acute and a chronic group to receive different patterns of stimulations. Afterward, the animals in both groups were injected with BrdU on day six. On day eight, the animals were anesthetized and profused for the preparation of cryostat sections.Here are the images of the BrdU immunofluorescent staining post-HFDBS in the DG.A quantitative analysis of the neuronal production indicated that the acute stimulation in the DG could not enhance neurogenesis. While the chronic stimulation in the DG significantly up regulated the neurogenesis. Compared to the control group, the number of BrdU labeling cells increased significantly in the chronic group, both in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere.These are the images of the BrdU immunofluorescent staining post-HFDBS in the PP sub-region. A quantitative analysis of the neuronal production indicated that either the acute or chronic stimulation in the PP could not enhance the neurogenesis significantly. The number of BrdU labeling cells was relatively stable with or without the HFS treatment.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to locate the electrode properly, and to deliver the stimulation successfully. After it's development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field neuroscience high-frequency stimulation enrolled in the models. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to deliver high-frequency stimulation to deep brain nucleus.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

La combinación de Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal y fMRI para examinar la red en modo por defecto

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS: Uso del protocolo Theta-Burst para explorar Mechasnism de plasticidad en los individuos con el síndrome de X frágil y el autismo

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

El dispositivo de TMS NeuroStar: Realización de la FDA aprobó el Protocolo para el tratamiento de la depresión

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Parénquima no invasiva, vascular y metabólico de alta frecuencia de ultrasonido y fotoacústica Rata cerebral profunda Imaging

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Evaluación de la arborización dendrítica en el giro dentado de la región del hipocampo en ratones

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Generation of Local CA1 &#947; Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation

Generación de oscilaciones γ CA1 locales por tetánica Estimulación

Neuronal network oscillations are important features of brain activity in health and disease and can be modulated by a range of clinically used drugs. A ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Método electrofisiológico para registrar las respuestas de voltaje intracelular<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Los fotorreceptores y interneuronas a la luz Estímulos<em&gt; En Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Efectos de la corriente alterna la estimulación transcraneal en la corteza de Motor primaria por Online enfoque combinado con la estimulación magnética transcraneal

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

En tiempo real en el seguimiento de Vitro de la activación del Receptor odorante por un olor en la fase de Vapor

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

Establecimiento del Infarto Pontino Agudo en Ratas por Estimulación Eléctrica

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...