Name: proofreading and dna repair assay using single nucleotide extension and maldi-tof mass spectrometry analysis
Uploaded: 2018-06-19T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis at JoVE.com

Vi takker NCFPB integrert kjerne anlegget for funksjonell genomforskning (Taipei, Taiwan) og NRPB Pharmacogenomics Lab (Taipei, Taiwan) for deres teknisk støtte. Dette arbeidet ble støttet av forskningsmidler fra Taiwan Health Foundation (L-Il) og departementet for vitenskap og teknologi, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC [mest 105-2320-B-002-047] for Wei-Yao Hu, [mest 105-2628-B-002-051-MY3] for Kang-Yi Su og [ Most-105-2320-B-002-051-MY3] for Liang-i Lin.

1. primer/mal forberedelse
<ol><li>Utforme primere/maler med balansert G + C innhold mellom 40% og 60% som en sekvensering eller PCR primer design. Bruke primere 18 til 21 nt for en passende avspenning og bedre MS signaler.</li>
	<li>Utformingsmal ved å sette 50 ° C minimum smelter temperatur for dobbeltsidig regionen med minst 7 nt 5'-henging skille signalene mellom primer og malen. Merk: For eksempel av underlaget P21/T28 i tabell 1, 21-nt primer er sammenkoblet med en 28-nt-mal. Alternativ: bru...

<ol>
	<li>Loeb, L. A., Kunkel, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fidelity+of+DNA+synthesis.">Fidelity of DNA synthesis.</a> Annual Review of Biochemistry. 51, 429-457 (1982).</li><li>Kornberg, A., Baker, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> DNA replication. , (1992).</li><li>Carroll, S. S., Benkovic, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanistic+aspects+of+DNA+polymerases:+Escherichia+coli+DNA+polymerase+I+(Klenow+fragment)+as+a+paradigm.">Mechanistic aspects of DNA polymerases: Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) as a paradigm.</a> Chemical Reviews. 90 (7), 1291-1307 (1990).</li><li>Echols, H., Goodman, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fidelity+Mechanisms+in+DNA+Replication.">Fidelity Mechanisms in DNA Replication.</a> Annual Review of Biochemistry. 60 (1), 477-511 (1991).</li><li>Johnson, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+kinetic+and+chemical+mechanism+of+high-fidelity+DNA+polymerases.">The kinetic and chemical mechanism of high-fidelity DNA polymerases.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1804 (5), 1041-1048 (2010).</li><li>Reha-Krantz, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+polymerase+proofreading:+Multiple+roles+maintain+genome+stability.">DNA polymerase proofreading: Multiple roles maintain genome stability.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1804 (5), 1049-1063 (2010).</li><li>Fidalgo da Silva, E., Reha-Krantz, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+polymerase+proofreading:+active+site+switching+catalyzed+by+the+bacteriophage+T4+DNA+polymerase.">DNA polymerase proofreading: active site switching catalyzed by the bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (16), 5452-5463 (2007).</li><li>Petruska, J., Goodman, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+neighboring+bases+on+DNA+polymerase+insertion+and+proofreading+fidelity.">Influence of neighboring bases on DNA polymerase insertion and proofreading fidelity.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 260 (12), 7533-7539 (1985).</li><li>Mendelman, L. V., Petruska, J., Goodman, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Base+mispair+extension+kinetics.+Comparison+of+DNA+polymerase+&#945;+and+reverse+transcriptase.">Base mispair extension kinetics. Comparison of DNA polymerase &#945; and reverse transcriptase.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (4), 2338-2346 (1990).</li><li>Lutz, S., Burgstaller, P., Benner, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+screening+technique+for+DNA+polymerases+that+can+incorporate+modified+nucleotides.+Pseudothymidine+as+a+substrate+for+thermostable+polymerases.">An in vitro screening technique for DNA polymerases that can incorporate modified nucleotides. Pseudothymidine as a substrate for thermostable polymerases.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (13), 2792-2798 (1999).</li><li>Da Silva, E. F., Mandal, S. S. S., Reha-Krantz, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+2-aminopurine+fluorescence+to+measure+incorporation+of+incorrect+nucleotides+by+wild+type+and+mutant+bacteriophage+T4+DNA+polymerases.">Using 2-aminopurine fluorescence to measure incorporation of incorrect nucleotides by wild type and mutant bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerases.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (43), 40640-40649 (2002).</li><li>Frey, M. W., Sowers, L. C., Millar, D. P., Benkovic, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nucleotide+analog+2-aminopurine+as+a+spectroscopic+probe+of+nucleotide+incorporation+by+the+Klenow+fragment+of+Escherichia+coli+polymerase+I+and+bacteriophage+T4+DNA+polymerase.">The nucleotide analog 2-aminopurine as a spectroscopic probe of nucleotide incorporation by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli polymerase I and bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase.</a> Biochemistry. 34 (28), 9185-9192 (1995).</li><li>Leung, K. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+highly+sensitive+G-quadruplex-based+luminescent+switch-on+probe+for+the+detection+of+polymerase+3'-5'+proofreading+activity.">A highly sensitive G-quadruplex-based luminescent switch-on probe for the detection of polymerase 3'-5' proofreading activity.</a> Methods. 64 (3), 224-228 (2013).</li><li>Song, C., Zhang, C., Zhao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+sensitive+detection+of+DNA+polymerase+fidelity+by+singly+labeled+smart+fluorescent+probes.">Rapid and sensitive detection of DNA polymerase fidelity by singly labeled smart fluorescent probes.</a> Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 26 (5), 2699-2702 (2011).</li><li>Haff, L. A., Smirnov, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-nucleotide+polymorphism+identification+assays+using+a+thermostable+DNA+polymerase+and+delayed+extraction+MALDI-TOF+mass+spectrometry.">Single-nucleotide polymorphism identification assays using a thermostable DNA polymerase and delayed extraction MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.</a> Genome Research. 7 (4), 378-388 (1997).</li><li>Haff, L. A., Smirnov, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+genotyping+of+PCR+products+with+MassTag-labeled+primers.">Multiplex genotyping of PCR products with MassTag-labeled primers.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 25 (18), 3749-3750 (1997).</li><li>Blondal, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+MALDI-TOF+based+methodology+for+genotyping+single+nucleotide+polymorphisms.">A novel MALDI-TOF based methodology for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (24), e155 (2003).</li><li>Su, K. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretreatment+Epidermal+Growth+Factor+Receptor+(EGFR)+T790M+mutation+predicts+shorter+EGFR+tyrosine+kinase+inhibitor+response+duration+in+patients+with+non-small-cell+lung+cancer.">Pretreatment Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation predicts shorter EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor response duration in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.</a> Journal of Clinical Oncology. 30 (4), 433-440 (2012).</li><li>Lee, C. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endonuclease+V-mediated+deoxyinosine+excision+repair+in+vitro.">Endonuclease V-mediated deoxyinosine excision repair in vitro.</a> DNA Repair. 9, 1073-1079 (2010).</li><li>Lee, C. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+excision+of+3'+penultimate+errors+by+DNA+polymerase+I+and+its+role+in+endonuclease+V-mediated+DNA+repair.">The excision of 3' penultimate errors by DNA polymerase I and its role in endonuclease V-mediated DNA repair.</a> DNA Repair. 12 (11), 899-911 (2013).</li><li>Kucera, R. B., Nichols, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA-Dependent+DNA+Polymerases.">DNA-Dependent DNA Polymerases.</a> Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. 84 (1), 3.5.1-3.5.19 (2008).</li><li>Tabor, S., Richardson, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+residue+in+DNA+polymerases+of+the+Escherichia+coli+DNA+polymerase+I+family+is+critical+for+distinguishing+between+deoxy-+and+dideoxyribonucleotides.">A single residue in DNA polymerases of the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I family is critical for distinguishing between deoxy- and dideoxyribonucleotides.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (14), 6339-6343 (1995).</li><li>Weiss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+deoxyinosine+from+the+Escherichia+coli+chromosome+as+studied+by+oligonucleotide+transformation.">Removal of deoxyinosine from the Escherichia coli chromosome as studied by oligonucleotide transformation.</a> DNA Repair. 7 (2), 205-212 (2008).</li><li>Cao, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endonuclease+V:+an+unusual+enzyme+for+repair+of+DNA+deamination.">Endonuclease V: an unusual enzyme for repair of DNA deamination.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 70 (17), 3145-3156 (2013).</li><li>Su, K. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+single+nucleotide+extension+and+MALDI-TOF+mass+spectrometry+in+proofreading+and+DNA+repair+assay.">Application of single nucleotide extension and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in proofreading and DNA repair assay.</a> DNA Repair. 61, 63-75 (2018).</li><li>Carver, T. E., Hochstrasser, R. A., Millar, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proofreading+DNA:+recognition+of+aberrant+DNA+termini+by+the+Klenow+fragment+of+DNA+polymerase+I.">Proofreading DNA: recognition of aberrant DNA termini by the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (22), 10670-10674 (1994).</li><li>Santa Lucia, J., Hicks, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+thermodynamics+of+DNA+structural+motifs.">The thermodynamics of DNA structural motifs.</a> Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure. 33, 415-440 (2004).</li><li>Su, K. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+polymerase+I+proofreading+exonuclease+activity+is+required+for+endonuclease+V+repair+pathway+both+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">DNA polymerase I proofreading exonuclease activity is required for endonuclease V repair pathway both in vitro and in vivo.</a> DNA Repair. 64, 59-67 (2018).</li></ol>

Denne studien beskrevet en trinnvis korrekturlesing aktiviteten analysen analysert av valgt kommersielle instrument (se Tabell for materiale) bruker MALDI-TOF MS. De store fordelene inkluderer at primer og malen er etiketten gratis og enkel å utføre, slik at større fleksibilitet i å designe eksperimenter. En stream-lime fullført behandling av 30 korrekturlesing tester vil ta 4 h, inkludert 3 h for å manuelt utføre korrekturlesing reaksjonene og deres opprydding, mens MALDI-TOF MS analyser ved hjel...

Korrekturlesing funksjonene til DNA polymerases utryddelse er avgjørende for å sikre nøyaktig gjengivelse av genetisk informasjon som må overføres til avkom1,2,3,4, 5,6,7. Å kunne vurdere bidrag av polymerase korrekturlesing exonucleases ville avklare mekanismer ivaretakelse genetisk stabilitet.
Radioisotop merking og gel-baserte analyser i kombinasjon med densitometric analyser av autoradiograms eller fosfor tenkelig8,9,10 har tradisjonelt blitt brukt til å oppdage korrekturlesing aktiviteten av DNA polymerases. Mens funksjonelle, er disse analyser arbeidskrevende, dyrt og ikke mottakelig for høy gjennomstrømming formater. I tillegg lider radioisotopes sikkerhetsforholdene inkludert avfallshåndtering. Alternativt er korrekturlesing aktiviteter analysert av fluorometric teknikker. For eksempel kan 2-aminopurine (2-AP) bli innlemmet i utvidelse produkter under i vitro polymerase korrekturlesing analyser for å produsere en fluorescerende signal11,12. Dessverre lider disse tilnærmingene en lav spesifisitet, siden 2-AP kan koble med både thymine og cytosine. Nyere tilnærmingsmåtene er en følsom G-quadrapleksbilder-baserte selvlysende slå-på sonde for et utvalg 3 - 5' exonuclease analysen13 samt en enkeltvis-merket fluorescerende sonde for et utvalg korrekturlesing analysen som overvinner blant den nevnte ulemper14. Entusiasme for metodene fluorometric er redusert for en bestemt merkingen av DNA underlag.
Derimot en MALDI-TOF MS for DNA analyse har vært ansatt i PinPoint analysen, hvor primer forlengelsen reaksjonene med umerkede 4 ddNTPs kan brukes til å identifisere polymorfismer på en gitt locus15,16,17 og har iverksatt mye kliniske applikasjoner for mutasjon oppdagelser og kreft diagnostiserer18. Bruker disse grunnleggende prinsippene, har vi opprettet en etikett-fri analysen for i vitro fastsettelse av DNA polymerase korrekturlesing aktiviteten utnytte høy oppløsning, høy spesifisitet og høy gjennomstrømming potensialet i MALDI-TOF MS. bruke E. coli DNA polymerase jeg Klenow fragmenter som en modell enzym, dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) som underlag kan ta en "snapshot" korrekturlesing produkter etter en single nukleotid utvidelse via MALDI-TOF MS (figur 1).
Likeledes, denne metoden også utviklet for en DNA reparasjon analysen der primere med 3 nest siste dI lesjoner er utsatt for en pol jeg reparer analysen som imiterer endo V nicked reparasjon mellomprodukter. Mens helt ikke forstått, er endo V reparasjon veien det eneste reparasjon systemet kjent for å ansette pol jeg korrekturlesing exonuclease aktivitet for lesjon excision19,20. Bruker MALDI-TOF MS, vi viser en klart definert reparasjon oppdatering der dI kan kreditert av pol jeg når forekommer i 2 siste nt av primer før du legger til den riktige complemented nukleotid.
For studier av korrekturlesing og DNA-reparasjon, denne metoden er raskere og mindre arbeidskrevende enn tidligere metoder og tilleggsinformasjon mot mekanisme og funksjon.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:331px;">Oligonucleotides</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Mission Biotech (Taiwan)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:344px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">phosphorothioate modified oligonucleotides</td>
			<td>&#160;Integrated DNA Technologies (Taiwan)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">DNA polymerase I, Large (Klenow) Fragment</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs, MA</td>
			<td>M0210L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Klenow fragment (3&#39;&#8594;5&#39; exo-)</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs, MA</td>
			<td>M0212L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">NEBuffer 2.1 (10X)</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs, MA</td>
			<td>B7202S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">2&#39;, 3&#39; ddATP</td>
			<td>Trilink Biotechnologies, CA</td>
			<td>N4001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">2&#39;, 3&#39; ddGTP</td>
			<td>Trilink Biotechnologies, CA</td>
			<td>N4002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">2&#39;, 3&#39; ddTTP</td>
			<td>Trilink Biotechnologies, CA</td>
			<td>N4004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">2&#39;, 3&#39; ddCTP</td>
			<td>Trilink Biotechnologies, CA</td>
			<td>N4005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP set</td>
			<td>Clubio, Taiwan</td>
			<td>CB-R0315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">SpectroCHIP array</td>
			<td>&#160;Agena Bioscience, CA</td>
			<td>#01509</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">MassARRAY&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;Agena Bioscience, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Typer 4.0 software</td>
			<td>&#160;Agena Bioscience, CA</td>
			<td>#10145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Clean Resin Tool Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;Agena Bioscience, CA</td>
			<td>#08040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

proofreading and dna repair assay using single nucleotide extension and maldi-tof mass spectrometry analysis

Vedlikehold av genomet og sin trofaste replikering er avgjørende for bevaring av genetisk informasjon. For å vurdere Hi-Fi replikering, har vi utviklet en enkel ikke-merket og ikke-radio-isotopanrikning metoden bruker en matrix-assistert laser desorpsjon ionization med tid-av-fly (MALDI-TOF) masse massespektrometri (MS) analyse for en korrekturlesing studie. Her, en DNA polymerase [f.eks Klenow fragmentet (KF) av Escherichia coli DNA polymerase jeg (pol jeg) i denne studien] i nærvær av alle fire dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphates brukes til å behandle en primer-mal tosidig. Den feilaktige primeren deretter korrekturlese extended og utsatt for MALDI-TOF MS. Produktene er preget av masse endring av primer til single nukleotid varianter. Viktigst, kan en korrekturlesing også fastsettes for interne enkelt uoverensstemmelser, men på ulik effektivitet. Uoverensstemmelser ligger på 2-4-nukleotider (nt) fra 3 slutten var effektivt korrekturlese av pol jeg, og en konflikt på 5 nt primer terminalen viste bare en delvis korreksjon. Ingen korrektur oppstod for interne uoverensstemmelser i 6-9 nt fra primer 3 slutten. Denne metoden kan også brukes på DNA reparasjon analyser (f.eks vurdere en base-lesjon reparasjon av substrater for endo V reparasjon veien). Grunning som inneholder 3 nest siste deoxyinosine (dI) lesjoner kan rettes ved pol jeg. Faktisk nest siste T-jeg, G-jeg og A-jeg underlag hadde deres siste 2 dI inneholder nukleotider forbrukeravgift av pol jeg før du legger til en riktig ddN 5'-monofosfat (ddNMP) mens nest siste C-jeg uoverensstemmelser ble tolerert av pol I, slik at primeren utvides uten reparere, demonstrere den sensitivitet og oppløsning av MS analysen for å måle DNA-reparasjon.

Maler og primer:
Ved hjelp av prosedyren som presenteres her, lik molar syntetisk oligonucleotide maler og primere relevante sekvenser fra kommersielle kilder ble sjekket for renhet og kvalitet (figur 3A, Merk signalene matchet utpekte massen og lav bakgrunnen) samt for forholdet mellom topp intensiteten og analytt massen (figur 2A). Topp høydene ble m...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis at JoVE.com

Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Korrekturlesing og DNA reparasjon analysen Single nukleotid forlengelse og MALDI-TOF massespektrometri analyse

En ikke-merket, ikke-radio-isotopanrikning metode for DNA polymerase korrekturlesing og en DNA reparasjon analysen ble utviklet ved hjelp av høy oppløsning MALDI-TOF massespektrometri og en single nukleotid forlengelsen strategi. Analysen viste seg å være svært spesifikke, enkel, rask og lett å utføre for korrekturlesing og reparere patcher kortere enn 9-nukleotider.

The maintenance of the genome and its faithful replication is paramount for conserving genetic information. To assess high fidelity replication, we have ...

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Most proteins act in association with others; hence, it is crucial to characterize these functional units in order to fully understand biological ...

Lipid Droplet Isolation for Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Lipid Droplet Isolasjon for Quantitative massespektrometri analyse

Lipid droplets are vital to the replication of a variety of different pathogens, most prominently the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), as the putative site of ...

The Determination of Protease Specificity in Mouse Tissue Extracts by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Manipulating PH to Cause Specificity Changes

Fastsettelse av Protease spesifisitet i musen vev ekstrakter av MALDI-TOF massespektrometri: manipulere PH å forårsake spesifisitet endringer

Proteases have several biological functions, including protein activation/inactivation and food digestion. Identifying protease specificity is important ...

Using the Open-Source MALDI TOF-MS IDBac Pipeline for Analysis of Microbial Protein and Specialized Metabolite Data

Ved hjelp av Open-Source MALDI TOF-MS IDBac rørledning for analyse av mikrobiell protein og spesialiserte metabolitten data

In order to visualize the relationship between bacterial phylogeny and specialized metabolite production of bacterial colonies growing on nutrient agar, ...

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II

Nitropeptide profilering og identifisering illustrert av angiotensin II

Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of ...

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Dual DNA herskere å studere mekanismen for ribosom translokasjon med single-nukleotid oppløsning

The ribosome translocation refers to the ribosomal movement on the mRNA by exactly three nucleotides (nt), which is the central step in protein synthesis. ...

An Integrated Raman Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Platform to Study Single-Cell Drug Uptake, Metabolism, and Effects

En integrert Raman spektroskopi og Mass massespektrometri Platform å studere single-Cell Drug opptak, metabolisme, og effekter

Cells are known to be inherently heterogeneous in their responses to drugs. Therefore, it is essential that single-cell heterogeneity is accounted for in ...

Quantitative Analysis of the Cellular Lipidome of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Quantitative Analysis of the Cellular Lipidome of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Kvantitativ analyse av cellulær lipidom eav saccharomyces cerevisiae ved hjelp av flytende kromatografi kombinert med tandem massespektrometri

Lipids are structurally diverse amphipathic molecules that are insoluble in water. Lipids are essential contributors to the organization and function of ...

Untargeted Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Analysis of Wheat Grain

Umålrettet flytende kromatografi-massespektrometribasert metabolomikkanalyse av hvetekorn

Understanding the interactions between genes, the environment and management in agricultural practice could allow more accurate prediction and management ...