Name: operant protocols for assessing the cost-benefit analysis during reinforced decision making by rodents
Uploaded: 2018-09-10T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents at JoVE.com

Denne forskningen ble støttet av RMH nevrovitenskap Foundation, Australia; den australske hjernen Foundation; RACP Thyne Reid fellesskap, Australia; og av et prosjekt fra kognitiv vitenskap og teknologi råd, Iran til Abbas Haghparast.

Alle prosedyrer forklart her var godkjent og utført i samsvar med veiledningen og bruk av forsøksdyr og ble godkjent av Florey Institute dyr etikk eller nevrovitenskap forskning Center.
1. boliger, håndtering og maten begrensningen
<ol><li>Bruk voksen (vanligvis 8 uker gamle) hannrotter (noen stammer) og holde dem i rommet med en 12-h lys/mørke syklus.</li>
	<li>Begrense deres mat tilgang for å oppmuntre dyrene å utføre oppgaven. Merk: Bolig dyrene særdeles foreslås som det gir e...

<ol>
	<li>Gold, J. I., Shadlen, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+basis+of+decision+making.">The neural basis of decision making.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 30, 535-574 (2007).</li><li>Shi, Z., M&#252;ller, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multisensory+perception+and+action:+development,+decision-making,+and+neural+mechanisms.">Multisensory perception and action: development, decision-making, and neural mechanisms.</a> Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 7, 81 (2013).</li><li>Sutton, R. S., Barto, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. 1, (1998).</li><li>Khani, A., Rainer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+and+neurochemical+basis+of+reinforcement-guided+decision+making.">Neural and neurochemical basis of reinforcement-guided decision making.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 116, 724-741 (2016).</li><li>Fatahi, Z., Haghparast, A., Khani, A., Kermani, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+connectivity+between+anterior+cingulate+cortex+and+orbitofrontal+cortex+during+value-based+decision+making.">Functional connectivity between anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex during value-based decision making.</a> Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 147, 74-78 (2018).</li><li>Khani, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+cannabinoid+system+in+anterior+cingulate+cortex+and+orbitofrontal+cortex+modulates+cost-benefit+decision+making.">Activation of cannabinoid system in anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex modulates cost-benefit decision making.</a> Psychopharmacology. 232, 2097-2112 (2015).</li><li>Rudebeck, P. H., Walton, M. E., Smyth, A. N., Bannerman, D. M., Rushworth, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separate+neural+pathways+process+different+decision+costs.">Separate neural pathways process different decision costs.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 9, 1161-1168 (2006).</li><li>Gage, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+implantation+of+chronic+neural+electrodes+for+recording+single+unit+activity+and+electrocorticographic+signals.">Surgical implantation of chronic neural electrodes for recording single unit activity and electrocorticographic signals.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (60), e3565 (2012).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Watson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. , (1998).</li><li>Bokil, H., Andrews, P., Kulkarni, J. E., Mehta, S., Mitra, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronux:+a+platform+for+analyzing+neural+signals.">Chronux: a platform for analyzing neural signals.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 192, 146-151 (2010).</li><li>Cohen, M. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Analyzing Neural Time Series Data: Theory and Practice. , (2014).</li><li>Luk, C. -. H., Wallis, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choice+coding+in+frontal+cortex+during+stimulus-guided+or+action-guided+decision-making.">Choice coding in frontal cortex during stimulus-guided or action-guided decision-making.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 33, 1864-1871 (2013).</li><li>Rudebeck, P. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frontal+cortex+subregions+play+distinct+roles+in+choices+between+actions+and+stimuli.">Frontal cortex subregions play distinct roles in choices between actions and stimuli.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 28, 13775-13785 (2008).</li><li>Goshadrou, F., Kermani, M., Ronaghi, A., Sajjadi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+ghrelin+on+MK-801+induced+memory+impairment+in+rats.">The effect of ghrelin on MK-801 induced memory impairment in rats.</a> Peptides. 44, 60-65 (2013).</li><li>Haghparast, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrahippocampal+administration+of+D2+but+not+D1+dopamine+receptor+antagonist+suppresses+the+expression+of+conditioned+place+preference+induced+by+morphine+in+the+ventral+tegmental+area.">Intrahippocampal administration of D2 but not D1 dopamine receptor antagonist suppresses the expression of conditioned place preference induced by morphine in the ventral tegmental area.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 541, 138-143 (2013).</li><li>Esmaeili, M. -. H., Kermani, M., Parvishan, A., Haghparast, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+D1/D2+dopamine+receptors+in+the+CA1+region+of+the+rat+hippocampus+in+the+rewarding+effects+of+morphine+administered+into+the+ventral+tegmental+area.">Role of D1/D2 dopamine receptors in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus in the rewarding effects of morphine administered into the ventral tegmental area.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 231, 111-115 (2012).</li><li>Chaleek, N., Kermani, M., Eliassi, A., Haghparast, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+orexin+and+glucose+microinjected+into+the+hypothalamic+paraventricular+nucleus+on+gastric+acid+secretion+in+conscious+rats.">Effects of orexin and glucose microinjected into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on gastric acid secretion in conscious rats.</a> Neurogastroenterology &amp; Motility. 24, e94-e102 (2012).</li><li>Kermani, M., Eliassi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastric+acid+secretion+induced+by+paraventricular+nucleus+microinjection+of+orexin+A+is+mediated+through+activation+of+neuropeptide+Yergic+system.">Gastric acid secretion induced by paraventricular nucleus microinjection of orexin A is mediated through activation of neuropeptide Yergic system.</a> Neuroscience. 226, 81-88 (2012).</li><li>Kermani, M., Azizi, P., Haghparast, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+nitric+oxide+in+the+effects+of+cumin+(Cuminum+Cyminum+L.)+fruit+essential+oil+on+the+acquisition+of+morphine-induced+conditioned+place+preference+in+adult+male+mice.">The role of nitric oxide in the effects of cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.) fruit essential oil on the acquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in adult male mice.</a> Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. , 1-6 (2012).</li><li>Ahmadi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+antinociceptive+behaviors+of+new+methyl+and+hydroxyl+derivatives+of+phencyclidine.">Synthesis and antinociceptive behaviors of new methyl and hydroxyl derivatives of phencyclidine.</a> Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19, 763-769 (2012).</li></ol>

Red har lenge vært brukt i neuroscientific studier som omhandler forskjellige emner, fra kognitive evner som læring og hukommelse2,14 og forsterket atferd7,15,16 til en sentral kontroll av organer17,18 og neuropharmacology19,20. Den foreslåtte protokol...

Beslutningstaking er prosessen med å gjenkjenne og velge valg basert på verdier og preferansene til beslutningstaker og konsekvensene av den valgte handling1. Selv om beslutningsprosesser har vært grundig studert i ulike felt (dvs., økonomi, psykologi og nevrovitenskap), neural mekanismene bak slike kognitive evner ikke er ennå fullt ut forstått. To underkategorier av beslutningsprosesser er perseptuell beslutningsprosesser og forsterkning-guidede beslutningsprosesser. Selv om de innlemme betydelig overlappende elementer og konsepter, Perseptuell beslutningsprosesser er avhengig av tilgjengelig sensoriske informasjonen1,2, mens forsterkning-guidede beslutninger omhandler den relative verdien handlinger fått over en bestemt tidsskalaen3. Et viktig aspekt ved forsterket beslutningsprosesser er kost-nytte analysen utføres intuitivt av hjernen av databehandling fordelene gitt valg og trekke de tilhørende kostnadene av hver alternativ1.
T-maze (eller variant Y-labyrint) er en av de mest brukte labyrinter i kognitiv eksperimenter ved hjelp av gnagere. Dyr er plassert i starten armen (base t) og lov til å velge målet armen (en av side armene). Oppgaver som en tvungen veksling eller venstre-høyre diskriminering brukes hovedsakelig med Red i T-maze for å teste referanse og arbeider minne4. T-labyrinter er også mye brukt i beslutningsprosessen eksperimenter5,6,7. I enkleste design, er belønningen plassert i ett mål arm. Valget er forutsigbar, og dyr ville sikkert foretrekker belønning i stedet for ingenting, uavhengig av belønning verdien. Et annet alternativ er å plassere belønninger i begge mål armene og la dyr gjøre et utvalg av hvilken vei å ta avhengig av flere parametere (dvs., naturlig preferanse for dyret, forskjellen i belønning, og kostnadene skal betales). I verdi-basert design, er oppgaven mer komplisert ved veiing skala egenskaper. På denne måten får et dyr annerledes verdsatt belønninger ved å velge mellom de to alternativene og mellom kostnadene ved handlinger [dvs., mengden venter (forsinkelse-basert) eller mengden innsats (innsats-basert) for å motta belønninger] hver bidrar til valget som er gjort5,6.
I tradisjonell forsinkelse baserte T-maze beslutningsprosesser, dyr er opplært til å velge høy lønn armen (HRA) og unngå motsatt lav belønning arm (LRA). Sidene av HRA og LRA uforandret gjennom hele eksperimentet. Selv om oppgaven beskrevet ovenfor har vært godt dokumentert i litteraturen, lider den av flere fremgangsmåter for ulemper. Først ved å ha en fast mål arm, vet dyret som arm for å velge fra begynnelsen av hvert forsøk. I dette scenariet kan dyr velge mål arm basert på deres minne i stedet for beslutningstaking. Derfor i en forsinkelse baserte beslutninger paradigme kan hvis et dyr velger lav belønning på grunn av studien intervensjon, det ikke klart om dette skyldes tap av minne eller studie intervensjon. En hukommelse kontrollgruppe å skille observert virkemåten minne problemet bli vurdert, men dette byrder forskere og dyr likt på grunn av det ekstra arbeid7. En andre bekymring er øyeblikk av beslutningsprosesser av dyret: når dyr når sonen beslutning (alle tre armene krysset), de vanligvis ser til venstre og til høyre, veier kostnader og fordeler når det gjelder hver arm, og deretter gjør sine vedtak. Men etter noen forsøk, de utfører slike en beregning før ankomst til sonen beslutning og bare går direkte til belønning armen. Som et resultat, disse to ulemper-en pre bias til en arm og finne øyeblikk av beslutningsprosesser – både svært avbryte tolkning av elektrofysiologiske og neuroimaging data.
I metoden beskrevet i dette dokumentet, foretrukne armen (HRA) er cued av en auditory stikkordet og kan variere fra prøveversjon til rettssaken. Dyr starte forsøk ved å angi sonen test (figur 1) og utløse auditiv bunken av "nese-poking" en infrarød port som er plassert i krysset av de tre armene. Lydsignalet (20 dB, mellom 500 og 1000 ms) spilles fra en høyttaler på slutten av målet armen.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>T-maze</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Self made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dustless Precision Sugar Pellets</td>
			<td>TSE Systems Intl. Group</td>
			<td>F0023</td>
			<td>45 mg, Sucrose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine Hydrochloride Injection, USP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>6740-87-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7361-61-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereotaxic device</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isofluran</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-363629Rx</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA-coated stainless-steel wires</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>acrylic cement</td>
			<td>Vertex, MA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(wooden or PVC (polyvinyl chloride)-made)</td>
			<td>local suppliers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-Fit Power Connector</td>
			<td>Molex</td>
			<td>15243048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethannol 70%</td>
			<td>Local suppliers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>buprenorphine</td>
			<td>diamondback drugs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arduino UNO</td>
			<td>Arduino</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.arduino.cc/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared emitting diode</td>
			<td>Sharp</td>
			<td>GL480E00000F</td>
			<td>http://www.sharp-world.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chronux Toolbox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Chronux.org</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arduino codes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://github.com/dechuans/arduino-maze</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

operant protocols for assessing the cost-benefit analysis during reinforced decision making by rodents

Forsterkning-guidede beslutningsprosesser er muligheten til å velge mellom konkurrerende kurs av handlingen basert på den relative verdien av fordelene og deres konsekvenser. Denne prosessen er integrert i normal menneskelig atferd, og har vist seg å være forstyrret av nevrologiske og psykiske lidelser som avhengighet, schizofreni og depresjon. Red har lenge vært brukt å avdekke nevrobiologi av menneskelig kognisjon. Dette har blitt utviklet flere atferdsmessige aktiviteter; men de fleste er ikke-automatiske og arbeidskrevende. Den siste utviklingen av åpen kildekode microcontroller har aktivert forskere til å automatisere operant oppgaver for å vurdere en rekke kognitive oppgaver, standardisering stimulans presentasjonen, forbedre data innspillingen og dermed forbedre forskningspublikasjoner. Her beskriver vi en automatisert forsinkelse baserte forsterkning-guidede beslutningstaking oppgave, bruker en operant T-maze kontrollert av tilpasset skrevet programvare. Bruker oppgavene beslutningstaking, viser vi endringene i lokale feltet potensielle aktiviteter i anterior cingulate cortex av rotte mens den utfører en forsinkelse baserte kostnader og nytte beslutningstaking.

Dataene som presenteres her er den innspilte LFP fra venstre orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) og anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) på seks Wistar hannrotter med bipolar elektroder (av PFA-belagt stål). Tabell 1 viser atferdsmessige oppkjøpet lengden for hver trening etappe. Koordinatene for mål plasseringene var bestemt fra rotte hjernen atlas9 og er som følger: for AAC, 1.2 mm fremre bregma, 0,8 mm lateral midtlinjen og 2 mm ventrale til skallen; og ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents at JoVE.com

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Operant protokoller for å vurdere kost-nytte analyse under forsterket beslutningsprosesser av gnagere

En kost-nytte analyse er en veiing skala tilnærming som hjernen utfører i løpet av beslutningsprosesser. Her foreslår vi en protokoll for å trene rotter på en operant-baserte beslutninger paradigme der rotter velge høyere gevinster på bekostning av venter 15 s motta dem.

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their ...

This technique can answer key questions in cognitive neurosciences such as how comparing consequences and causes can affect making a decision. The main advantage of this technique is that the special elements such as the location of the board do not affect the animal's decision. Begin by restricting food access to adult male rats in a room with a 12-hour light/dark cycle.On days one to three, handle the animals for five minutes twice a day. Then, weigh the animals after each handling session to determine the free-feeding amount. Next, obtain a T maze equipped with three partitions or arms, two stimulus speakers, five retractable doors, and five infrared motion sensors or Infrared Beam or IRB sensors.Copy the experimental software code into the computer. Then, download the experimental software and install it on a computer. Connect the microcontroller to the computer using a USB port.Next, on the computer, click the software icon, go to Tools and then select Port. From the dropdown menu, choose the COM port which connects the software to the computer. Go to Tools and select Boards.From the dropdown menu, select the type of software that controls the T maze. Then, click Upload on the top left of the interface window. Select the experimental software code, wait until the process finishes.After the process has finished, click Serial Monitor at the top right of the interface window. Then, in a new popup window, change the baud rate to 115, 200. For five days prior to the experimental day, bring the animals to the experiment room for at least one hour.Leave 10 sugar pellets at each goal arm and leave all doors open. During days one through three, place the animals individually in the maze for periods of 10 minutes once per day to explore the maze with no restrictions. During days four through five, place the animals individually in the maze.Leave two pellets in each arm and allow them to sample the food from both sides. Remove the animal from the maze immediately after eating the pellets from both sides or after five minutes of being in the maze. Finally, after each habituation session, clean the maze's floors with 70%ethanol and make sure the ethanol has evaporated before placing the next animal in the maze.On day six, bring the animals to the experiment room at least one hour prior to the experiment. Run the software program and set the trial number to 14 of which the first four trials will be forced choice and the rest will be choice trials. Before each trial begins, place four pellets in the goal arm which is to be cued as the High Reward Arm, HRA, and two pellets in the other arm which is the Low Reward Arm, LRA.For the forced choice trial training, pseudo randomly block one arm before each trial so that the animal is forced to select the other arm. Place an animal in the start box. After five to seven seconds, simultaneously open the start gate and click Start in the software's interface window.Collect the animal immediately after eating pellets or after five minutes of being in the maze and leave the animal in the home cage for two minutes. Prior to each trial, close door B in the arm which is selected by the software to be the HRA. Leave door A open in the opposite arm, the LRA.Then, place an animal in the start box. After five to seven seconds, simultaneously open the start gate and click Start. Let the animal freely choose either arm.If the animal chooses the HRA, open door A, let the animal enter the chamber, shut door A and open door B immediately to give the animal access to the selected food well. If the animal chooses the LRA, open door B in order to give the animal access to the food well. Next, remove the animal after it has eaten all the food in the selected food well and leave it in the home cage for two minutes.Complete the 10 choice trials for each animal and record the animal's choice, either HRA or LRA in each trial. Calculate the percentage of High Reward Choice, HRC, for all choice trials after each training session. Finally, after each animal has reached 80%of HRC in the discrimination training, complete the delay training by opening door B after a five-second delay once the animal chooses the HRA.Run 10 trials per day for each animal. Results indicated that there was a decrease in both the low and the high frequency powers in the ACC from the onset to the end of the stimulus. Comparing the time spent outside the chamber with the time in the chamber, the spectral analysis showed no changes in the oscillatory activities in the ACC.Further, mid to high frequency band activities in the OFC increased following the stimulus onset. No significant changes were observed in the pre-chamber and chamber time windows when they were compared together. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remove any source of anxiety as it can affect the animal's decision and impair the reliability of the result.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior.  These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug ...

Isolating Nasal Olfactory Stem Cells from Rodents or Humans

The olfactory mucosa, located in the nasal cavity, is in charge of detecting odours. It is also the only nervous tissue that is exposed to the external ...

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

T-labyrint Tvunget Veksling og venstre-høyre Diskriminering Oppgaver for vurdering Working and Reference Minne i Mus

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in ...

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

Storskala opptak av nevroner med bevegelige Silicon Sonder i oppfører Gnagere

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

En helautomatisk og svært allsidig system for testing Multi-kognitive funksjoner og registrere neuronal Aktiviteter i Gnagere

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

A Polished and Reinforced Thinned-skull Window for Long-term Imaging of the Mouse Brain

En polert og forsterket tynnet-skalle Window for langsiktig Imaging av Mouse Brain

In vivo imaging of cortical function requires optical access to the brain without disruption of the intracranial environment. We present a method to form ...

Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

Mikrodialyse av etanol under operant etanol selvadministrering og etanol Bestemmelse med gasskromatografi

Operant self-administration methods are commonly used to study the behavioral and pharmacological effects of many drugs of abuse, including ethanol.  ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Effekter av Transkraniell vekselstrøm stimulering på primære motorisk Cortex av Online kombinert tilnærming med Transkraniell magnetisk stimulering

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...