Name: sampling, sorting, and characterizing microplastics in aquatic environments with high suspended sediment loads and large floating debris
Uploaded: 2018-07-28T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris at JoVE.com

Det projekt, hvortil denne protokol blev etableret blev finansieret af National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Marine vragrester Program (# NA16NO29990029). Vi takker Miles Corcoran på nationale store floder forskning og uddannelse Center (NGRREC) i Alton, Illinois, for at få hjælp med site udvælgelse og båd drift. Felt og lab arbejde blev afsluttet ved hjælp af Camille Buckley, Michael Abegg, Josiah Wray og Rebecca Wagner.

1. vand stikprøven samling
<ol><li>Indsamle vandprøver og vand kvalitetsdata af interesse med båd, hvor floden er godt blandet, ideelt på steder, hvor floden fase eller decharge er kendt (fx USA Geological Survey (USGS) måling stationer). 20 for at forsikre om, at vandet er godt blandet, guide båden ved hjælp af en håndholdt meter nedsænket i floden til hvor ledningsevne forbliver relativt konstant.</li>
	<li>Ved prøveudtagning websteder, optage positionskoordinater og dybde. ...

<ol>
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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+pollution.+Plastic+waste+inputs+from+land+into+the+ocean.">Marine pollution. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.</a> Science. 347 (6223), 768-771 (2015).</li><li>Andrady, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microplastics+in+the+marine+environment.">Microplastics in the marine environment.</a> Marine Pollution Bulletin. 62 (8), 1596-1605 (2011).</li><li>Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C., Galloway, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microplastics+as+contaminants+in+the+marine+environment:+a+review.">Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review.</a> Marine Pollution Bulletin. 62 (12), 2588-2597 (2011).</li><li>Browne, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+microplastic+on+shorelines+worldwide:+Sources+and+sinks.">Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: Sources and sinks.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 45 (21), 9175-9179 (2011).</li><li>Murphy, F., Ewins, C., Carbonnier, F., Quinn, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wastewater+treatment+works+(WwTW)+as+a+source+of+microplastics+in+the+aquatic+environment.">Wastewater treatment works (WwTW) as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 50 (11), 5800-5808 (2016).</li><li>Zubris, K. A., Richards, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthetic+fibers+as+an+indicator+of+land+application+of+sludge.">Synthetic fibers as an indicator of land application of sludge.</a> Environmental Pollution. 138 (2), 201-211 (2005).</li><li>Fendall, L. S., Sewell, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributing+to+marine+pollution+by+washing+your+face:+Microplastics+in+facial+cleansers.">Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers.</a> Marine Pollution Bulletin. 58 (8), 1225-1228 (2009).</li><li>Gregory, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plastic+'scrubbers'+in+hand+cleansers:+A+further+(and+minor)+source+for+marine+pollution+identified.">Plastic 'scrubbers' in hand cleansers: A further (and minor) source for marine pollution identified.</a> Marine Pollution Bulletin. 32 (12), 867-871 (1996).</li><li>Bayo, J., Olmos, S., L&#243;pez-Castellanos, J., Alcolea, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microplastics+and+microfibers+in+the+sludge+of+a+municipal+wastewater+treatment+plant.">Microplastics and microfibers in the sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant.</a> International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. 11, 812-821 (2016).</li><li>McCormick, A., Hoellein, T. J., Mason, S. A., Schluep, J., Kelly, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microplastic+is+an+abundant+and+distinct+microbial+habitat+in+an+urban+river.">Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 48 (20), 11863-11871 (2014).</li><li>Farrell, P., Nelson, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trophic+level+transfer+of+microplastic:+Mytilus+edulis+(L.)+to+Carcinus+maenas+(L.).">Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.).</a> Environmental Pollution. 177, 1-3 (2013).</li><li>Rochman, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scientific+evidence+supports+a+ban+on+microbeads.">Scientific evidence supports a ban on microbeads.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 49 (18), 10759-10761 (2015).</li><li>Taylor, M. L., Gwinnett, C., Robinson, L. F., Woodall, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plastic+microfibre+ingestion+by+deep-sea+organisms.">Plastic microfibre ingestion by deep-sea organisms.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 33997 (2016).</li><li>Mani, T., Hauk, A., Walter, U., Burkhardt-Holm, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microplastics+profile+along+the+Rhine+River.">Microplastics profile along the Rhine River.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 17988 (2015).</li><li>Morritt, D., Stefanoudis, P. V., Pearce, D., Crimmen, O. A., Clark, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plastic+in+the+Thames:+a+river+runs+through+it.">Plastic in the Thames: a river runs through it.</a> Marine Pollution Bulletin. 78 (1-2), 196-200 (2014).</li><li>. National Park Servies Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nps.gov/miss/riverfacts.htm">https://www.nps.gov/miss/riverfacts.htm</a> (2017)</li><li>. United States Census Bureau Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-data.html">https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-data.html</a> (2010)</li><li>. United States Geological Survey (USGS) Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/rt">https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/rt</a> (2016)</li><li>Grimes, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fishery+Production+and+the+Mississippi+River.">Fishery Production and the Mississippi River.</a> Fisheries. 28 (8), 17-26 (2001).</li><li>Talvitie, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+wastewater+treatment+plants+act+as+a+potential+point+source+of+microplastics?+Preliminary+study+in+the+coastal+Gulf+of+Finland,+Baltic+Sea.">Do wastewater treatment plants act as a potential point source of microplastics? Preliminary study in the coastal Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea.</a> Water Science and Technology. 72 (9), 1495-1504 (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 160.2: Residue, Non-filtereable (Gravimetric, Dried at 103-105C). , (1971).</li><li>Nor, N. H., Obbard, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microplastics+in+Singapore's+coastal+mangrove+ecosystems.">Microplastics in Singapore's coastal mangrove ecosystems.</a> Marine Pollution Bulletin. 79 (1-2), 278-283 (2014).</li><li>Woodall, L. C., Gwinnett, C., Packer, M., Thompson, R. C., Robinson, L. F., Paterson, G. 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Microplastic samling ved hjælp af drivgarn er den konventionelle metode i miljøer som havet hvor både sediment og plast koncentrationerne er lave, således som kræver stor stikprøve diskenheder. Drivgarn er imidlertid ikke altid praktiske eller sikker i floder med høj sediment belastninger og store flydende eller undersøiske debris. Desuden er det ikke muligt at benytte en drivgarn, når du forsøger at grundigt fange og kvantificere microplastic materialer, især fibre, som de fleste moskitonet anvendes til plast...

Plast blev først observeret i havet så tidligt som 1930s1. De seneste skøn over marine plast vragrester vifte fra over 243,000 metriske tons (MT) plast på havets overflade til 4,8-12,7 millioner MT plast ind havet fra jordbaserede kilder årligt2,3. Tidlige studier på marine plast vragrester fokuseret på macroplastics (> 5 mm i diameter) som de er let synlige og målbare. Men det blev for nylig opdaget, at macroplastics repræsenterer < 10% plast vragrester, efter optælling i havet, der angiver, at det overvældende flertal af plast vragrester er microplastic (< 5 mm diameter)2.
Microplastics kategoriseres i to grupper: primære og sekundære microplastics. Primære microplastics består af plast, der er fremstillet ved en diameter < 5 mm og omfatter nurdles, rå pellets anvendes til at gøre forbrugerprodukter, microbeads bruges som exfoliants i produkter til personlig pleje (fx ansigtsvask, bodyscrub, tandpasta), og slibemidler eller smøremidler i industrien. Sekundære microplastics er lavet i miljøet som større plast vragrester er fragmenteret ved fotolyse, slid og mikrobiel nedbrydning4,5. Syntetiske fibre er også sekundære microplastics og er en voksende bekymring. En enkelt beklædningsgenstand kan frigive > 1.900 fibre pr. vask i en indenlandsk vaskemaskine6. Disse mikrofibre, samt microbeads fra produkter til personlig pleje, er vasket ned afløb og ind i kloaksystemet før indtastning af spildevand behandlinger planter. Murphy (2016) fandt, at et renseanlæg, der tjener en befolkning på 650.000 reduceret microplastic koncentration af 98,4% fra tilløb til spildevand, men 65 millioner microplastics forblev i spildevand og slam hver dag7. Selv med høje procenter af microplastics bliver fjernet under behandlingsprocesser, millioner, eventuelt milliarder, af microplastics passerer gennem renseanlæg dagligt og Indtast overfladevand i spildevand6,8 ,9,10,11.
På grund af deres miljømæssige udgivelse, er microplastics blevet fundet i mave og respiratorisk væv af marine organismer på tværs af alle trofiske niveauer12,13,14,15. Deres virkning efter optagelsen er variabel, med nogle undersøgelser ikke observere skade, mens andre viser mange effekter såsom fysisk og kemisk væv skader4,6,14,15. På grund af disse opdagelser, er interesse på dette område steget i de seneste fem årtier. Dog først for nylig har undersøgelser begyndt at kvantificere plast vragrester, navnlig microplastics, i ferskvandssystemer, floder og søer, eller vurdere, hvilken virkning på organismer bolig i disse habitater12,16, 17,18. Floder er en væsentlig kilde til plast vragdele fundet i havet, som de modtager spildevand spildevand og overfladevand afstrømning, der indeholder microplastics og macroplastics.
Protokollen detaljeret her kan bruges til at indsamle microplastic prøver hvor drivgarn er ikke mulig; specifikt, flydende i akvatiske miljøer med høje koncentrationer af suspenderet sediment og store vragrester som Mississippi-floden. Mississippi-floden vandskel er en af verdens største og har en befolkning på > 90 millioner mennesker, sandsynligvis gør det en af de største kilder til plast snavs til ocean19,20. Hvert år, Mississippi-floden udledninger 735 km3 af ferskvand i gennemsnit i den Mexicanske Havbugt, sammen med høje koncentrationer af suspenderet sediment (~ 60 til > 800 mg/L) og store snavs13,21. Vandprøver blev indsamlet på to dybder (dvs., overflade og 0,6-dybde) på forskellige steder langs Mississippi-floden og dens bifloder i translucent 1 L belagt polyethylen (PE) containere ved hjælp af en peristaltisk pumpe. I laboratoriet, blev prøver filtreret med nylon mesh sier og blandet cellulose ester membranfiltre samtidig med en specialfremstillet 63,5 mm (2,5 tommer) polyvinylchlorid (PVC) cylinder med Unionens leddene indsætte sier og filtre22. Optagelse af PVC fagforeninger i filtrering enhed giver mulighed for filtrering af så mange eller så få partikel størrelsesklasser som ønsket. Derudover kan det bruges til at fange microplastic vragrester ned til sub micron størrelser ved hjælp af membranfiltre, når man studerer syntetiske fibre. Når filtreret, prøver blev tørret og formodede plast blev identificeret og sorteret fra den trådnet sier og membranfiltre under et stereomikroskop. Mistanke om plast blev derefter undersøgt ved hjælp af mikro-svækkede samlede Reflektionsgraden Fourier transform infrarød spektroskopi (mikro ATR-FTIR) til at fjerne ikke-syntetiske materialer eller fastslå polymer type. I betragtning af størrelsen af microplastic partikler og fibre er forurening hverdagskost. Kilder til forurening omfatter Atmosfærisk deposition, tøj, felt og lab udstyr, samt deioniseret vand (DI) vand kilder. Flere trin er inkluderet i hele protokollen til reduktion af kontaminering fra forskellige kilder samtidig med at gennemføre alle faser af undersøgelsen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1076px;" width="1075">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">1L Cubitainer Containers, Low-Density Polyethylene</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89094-140</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Containers used to collect and store samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:219px;">2-1/2&#34; Clear Schedule 40 Rigid PVC Pipe</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">United States Plastic Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">34138</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">The PVC pipe used to make the device comes as an 2.43 m pipe. The pipe was then cut to the desired lengths for each section seperated by union joints. Section lengths were decided by predicting smaller pore sizes would clogg the device quicker. Longer sections were placed above the smaller pore sizes to collect and hold water to prevent needing to disassemble the device to change a filter while a sample remained in the device. For one filtration device one 18 in, one 12 in, and two 6 in peices are needed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">2-1/2&#34; PVC SCH 40 Socket Union&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Supply House</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">457-025</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Union joints were glued to PVC pipe to house nylon sieves and mixed cellulose membranes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:219px;">Nylon 6 Woven Mesh Sheet, Opaque Off-White, 12&#34; Width, 12&#34; Length, 500 microns Mesh Size, 38% Open Area (Pack of 5)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Small Parts via Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CMN-0500-C/5PK-05</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Mesh sheets were cut into circles to match the diameter of the outer diameter of the PVC pipe. The edges were glued to esure no fraying would occur. The glue &#39;s diamter should not extend into the inner diameter of the PVC so that it will not be affected during filtration.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:219px;">Nylon 6 Woven Mesh Sheet, Opaque White, 12&#34; Width, 12&#34; Length, 100 microns Mesh Size, 44% Open Area (Pack of 5)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Small Parts via Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B0043D1TB4</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Mesh sheets were cut into circles to match the diameter of the outer diameter of the PVC pipe. The edges were glued to esure no fraying would occur. The glue &#39;s diamter should not extend into the inner diameter of the PVC so that it will not be affected during filtration.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:219px;">Nylon 6 Woven Mesh Sheet, Opaque White, 12&#34; Width, 12&#34; Length, 50 microns Mesh Size, 37% Open Area (Pack of 5)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Small Parts via Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B0043D1SGA</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Mesh sheets were cut into circles to match the diameter of the outer diameter of the PVC pipe. The edges were glued to esure no fraying would occur. The glue &#39;s diamter should not extend into the inner diameter of the PVC so that it will not be affected during filtration.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:219px;">Mixed Cellulose Ester Membrane, 0.45um, 142mm, 25/pk</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10034-914</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Mixed cellulose membrane filter with 0.45 um was used as the last filter. A large diameter was used to allow the filter to be folded into a cone to increase surface area of the filter to prevent clogging.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:219px;">Metal Mesh Basket Tea Leaves Strainer Teapot Filter 76mm Dia 3pcs</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Uxcell via Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">a15071600ux0260</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">The mesh basket used to provide extra support for the membrane filter to prevent tearing when pressure was applied by a vacuum pump.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">1/2&#34; PVC Barbed Insert Male Adapter</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Supply House</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1436-005</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">A vacuum adapter was added to allow vacuum filtration in the case of slow filtration due to high sediment concentration.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">1/2 in. O.D. x 3/8 in. I.D. x 10 ft. PVC Clear Vinyl Tube</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">702229</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Tubing used to connect the vacuum pump to the filtration device.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:219px;">YSI Professional Plus Multiparameter Instrument with Quatro Cable</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">YSI</td>
			<td>6050000</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Handheld meter used to measure additional water quality parameters parameters (e.g., turbidity, temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO)).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">2100P Portable Turbidimeter</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4650000</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Handheld meter used to measure turbidity.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FEP-lined PE tubing</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Geotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">87050529</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Tubing used with perestaltic pump to collect water samples from desired depths.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Geopump Peristaltic Pump Series II</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Geotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">91350123</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Pump used to collected water samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">MeiJi Techno EMZ-8TR Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Microscope.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EMZ8TR-PLS2</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Microscope used analyze mesh sieves and membrane filters to quanitfy suspect microsplastics.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Nicolet iS10 FTIR Spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo Electron North America</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">912A0607</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">FTIR used to analyze suspect microplastics.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Nicolet iN5 FTIR microscope</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo Electron North America</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">912A0895</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">FTIR microscope used to analyze suspect microplastics.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Germanium (Ge) ATR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo Electron North America</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">869-174400</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Geranium ATR accessory used along with the Nicolet iN5 FTIR microscope to analyze suspect microplastic.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Aluminum EZ-Spot Micro Mounts (Pkg of 5)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo Electron North America</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0042-545</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Microscope slides used along with the Nicolet iN5 FTIR microscope to analyze suspect microplastic.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Aluminum Coated Glass Sample Slides</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo Electron North America</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0042-544</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Microscope slides used along with the Nicolet iN5 FTIR microscope to analyze suspect microplastic.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sampling, sorting, and characterizing microplastics in aquatic environments with high suspended sediment loads and large floating debris

Den allestedsnærværende tilstedeværelsen af plast vragrester i havet er bredt anerkendt af offentlige, videnskabelige Fællesskaber og regeringsorganer. Dog først for nylig har microplastics i ferskvandssystemer, floder og søer, blevet kvantificeret. Microplastic stikprøver på overfladen som regel består af implementering af drivgarn bag enten stationære eller bevægelige båden, som begrænser prøveudtagning til miljøer med lavt indhold af suspenderet sediment og flydende eller undersøiske debris. Tidligere undersøgelser, der anvendes drivgarn til at indsamle microplastic snavs typisk anvendes redskaber med maskestørrelse ≥300 µm, så plast vragrester (partikler og fibre) under denne størrelse til at passere gennem nettet og unddrager sig kvantificering. Protokollen detaljeret her giver: 1) stikprøven samling i miljøer med høj suspenderet belastninger og flydende eller neddykket debris og 2) opsamling og kvantificering af microplastic partikler og fibre < 300 µm. vandprøver blev indsamlet ved hjælp af en peristaltisk pumpe i belagt polyethylen (PE) beholdere skal opbevares inden filtrering og analyse i laboratoriet. Filtrering blev gjort med en specialfremstillet microplastic filtrering enhed indeholdende aftagelig union leddene, der husede nylon mesh sier og blandet cellulose ester membranfiltre. Mesh sier og membranfiltre blev undersøgt med et stereomikroskop at kvantificere og separat microplastic partikler og fibre. Disse materialer blev derefter undersøgt ved hjælp af en mikro-svækkede samlede Reflektionsgraden Fourier transform infrarøde spektrometer (mikro ATR-FTIR) til at bestemme microplastic polymer type. Recovery blev målt ved spiking prøver ved hjælp af blå PE partikler og grøn nylon fibre; procent opsving var fast besluttet på at være 100% af partikler og 92% for fibre. Denne protokol vil guide lignende undersøgelser på microplastics i høj hastighed floder med høje koncentrationer af sediment. Med simple ændringer til peristaltisk pumpe og filtrering enhed, kan brugerne indsamle og analysere forskellige prøve diskenheder og partikler størrelser.

For at validere genfindingsprocent af denne protokol, tre prøver (V1-V3) fra Oso Bay, blev Corpus Christi, Texas (støder op til Texas A & M University Corpus Christi Campus), tilsat 10 blå PE partikler (spænder fra 50-100 µm i diameter) og 50 grøn nylon fibre af forskellige længder (figur 3). Prøven TSS blev beregnet (afsnit 2) og derefter prøverne blev filtreret ved hjælp af de metoder, der er skitseret i afsnit 3-5. Blå PE p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris at JoVE.com

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris

Prøveudtagning, sortering og kendetegner Microplastics i akvatiske miljøer med høj suspenderet Sediment belastninger og store flydende vragrester

De fleste microplastic forskning til dato er opstået i marine systemer hvor suspenderet solid er relativt lavt. Fokus er nu ved at flytte til ferskvands systemer, der kan funktionen høj sediment belastninger og flydende vragrester. Denne protokol adresser indsamle og analysere microplastic prøver fra akvatiske miljøer, der indeholder højt hængende fast last.

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only ...

This method will help researchers quantify microplastic loads in rivers, which often contain high sediment loads, as they are a major source of plastic debris to the ocean. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables filtering and sorting of microplastics and water samples with high sediment loads at sizes not typically included in previous studies. To begin rinse the filtration device and nylon mesh sieves three times with deionized water.Then place the mesh sieves into each union joint, with the pour sizes decreasing from top to bottom. To prevent leaks seal each joint tightly. Next wet a mixed cellulose ester membrane filter with deionized water.While the filter is still damp fold it into a cone. Then place a stainless steel mesh basket into the last union joint. Carefully place the folded membrane filter into the basket.Fold the lip of the filter over the edge of the joint. Next place a mesh sieve on top of the membrane filter in the last union joint. Ensure that all of the union joints are sealed tightly.Then attach the hose form the top of the filtering flask to the base of the filtration device. Turn on the vacuum pump, ensuring that the pressure does not exceed 127 milliliters of mercury. Using a 500 milliliter graduated cylinder measure the total volume of the sample.Next record the volume of the sample and transfer it to the filtration device. To empty the filtering flask turn off the pump and detach the two hoses from the flask. Then empty the flask into a waste container.To continue the filtration cycle reattach the hoses and turn on the pump. Once the entire sample has been filtered use deionized water to rinse the sample container and graduated cylinder three times. After each rinse filter the deionized water used to rinse the container and graduated cylinder.Using deionized water rinse the walls of the filtration device three times. Then turn off the vacuum pump, and use a deionized water wash bottle to rinse the edges of the union joint. Turn the pump off and use forceps to remove the mesh sieve from the union joint.Place the sieve in a covered Petri Dish and dry it at 60 degrees celsius for 24 hours. Repeat this process for each union joint. Then turn the vacuum pump on and rinse the edges of a membrane filter using a deionized water wash bottle.Wash the particulates at the edges of the filter into the center, and ensure that all of the water passes through the filter. Next use forceps to remove and unfold the membrane filter. Place the filter in a foil envelope and dry at 60 degrees celsius for 24 hours.First examine the membrane filter under a stereo microscope. Suspected plastics will not have cellular structure. The fibers will have equal thickness throughout, and the particles will not appear shiny.Remove suspected plastics from the filter and place them into a collection vial containing 70%ethanol. Record the color and shape of each suspected plastic. For nylon mesh sieves stored in Petri Dishes after all suspected plastics have been removed from the filter examine the lid and bottom of the Petri Dish for additional suspected plastics.To validate this protocol three samples from Oso Bay were spiked with 10 blue polyethylene particles and 50 green nylon fibers. On average, 100%of the polyethylene particles and 92%of the nylon fibers were recovered from the samples. The loss of fibers may be due to a small amount of sample loss during filtration or incorrect identification.Once mastered multiple filtration apparatus can be run simultaneously with samples taking less than two hours each to filter. Sample sorting times under the microscope however are sample specific. While attempting this procedure it's important to remember to account for potential contamination using lab equipment and field blanks for each step in the process.Following this procedure other methods like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy can be used to verify material properties. With its development this technique enables researchers studying environmental contaminates to explore microplastic pollution and waterways with high suspended sediment loads, as well as floating and submerged debris.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions

Sediment Core Sektionsinddeling og Udvinding af Pore Waters under iltfattige forhold

We demonstrate a method for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters while maintaining oxygen-free conditions. A simple, inexpensive system is ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Karakterisering og anvendelse af passive samplere for Overvågning af pesticider i vand

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

En Flow-through Exposure system til evaluering suspenderet sediment Virkninger på vandlevende

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Protokol for Microplastics Sampling på havoverfladen og Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples

En lipidekstraktions- og analysemetode til karakterisering af jordmikrober i forsøg med mange prøver

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Kontinuerlig Instream overvågning af næringsstoffer og Sediment i landbruget vandskel

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Characterization of Aquatic Biofilms with Flow Cytometry

Karakterisering af akvatiske biofilm med flowcytometri

Biofilms are dynamic consortia of microorganism that play a key role in freshwater ecosystems. By changing their community structure, biofilms respond ...

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System

Påvisning af 3-Nitrotyrosine i stemningsfulde omgivelser via en High-performance Liquid Chromatography-elektrokemiske detektor System

3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is generated from the tyrosine residue in atmospheric bio-aerosol proteins via a reaction with ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide ...

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot

Prøveudtagning jord i en heterogen forskning Plot

Soils are highly heterogeneous. In general, the number of soil samples required for soil research has always been determined arbitrarily and the ...

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

Estimering af Sediment denitrifikation priser ved hjælp af kerner og N2O mikrosensorer

Denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process removing reactive nitrogen from the biosphere. The quantitative evaluation of this process has ...