Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了中央大学 (2017ZY21) 和中国国家自然科学基金 (21607038) 基础研究基金的支持。

1. PM 的叶收集、洗脱和质量测量
<ol><li>选择五个健康的个体树 (即,五复制) 的每个树种在乳房高度相似直径。从中冠层的外冠四方向随机收集四个较大的分支, 并切断所有完整的叶子。 注: 所有用于叶取样的植物, 应分别位于长度和宽度约为250米和60公尺的绿化地带, 以确保这些树木的环境条件 (风、光和雨) 相似。该议定书所用的叶子在 10月15日 (短尘保留期) 和 10月25日 (长尘保留期 (LDR) ?...

<ol>
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准确、正确地收集叶片表面的 pm 是评价不同树种的 pm 去除能力的基础。然而, 传统的清洗方法 (WC 或加 BC) 不能完全去除叶片表面的灰尘, 这已经证实了扫描电镜10。本研究进一步表明了这一点 (图 1、图 2、 图 3、图 4和图 5)。研究表明, 如果只将 WC 应用?...

不同树种从环境空气中去除 pm 的能力可以通过量化在叶表面保留的 pm 质量来评估。为了达到这个目的, 减法方法1,2, 膜过滤法3,4,5, 和洗脱称量法加上粒度分析6已用于定量估算 pm2.5 (直径≤2.5 µm)、pm10 (直径≤10µm) 或总悬浮微粒 (TSP) 在叶片上的质量。然而, 这些方法的准确性主要取决于它们在叶表面上的收集 PM 的性能。目前, 在相关研究中使用的常规叶清洗方法通常包括一到两个步骤, 即只有水洗 (使用去离子水浸泡和冲洗叶子)3,7或加刷5,8,9. 然而, 一些研究10,11表明, 在叶表面 PM 不能完全洗脱的传统清洗方法。超声波清洗具有速度快、质量高、对物体表面损伤小等优点, 具有很大的应用潜力, 可用于收集具有复杂显微组织的叶片表面的 PM。目前, 超声波清洗已被应用于一些研究中, 以收集在叶表面保留的 PM (即把叶子放到去离子水中, 并使用超声波清洗剂洗脱 pm)12,13。然而, 这种方法仅作为一种对叶清洁方法的补充, 而不知道超声波清洗对从叶表面收集 PM 是否有积极影响, 其最佳操作参数也不清楚。我们以前的研究表明, 在银杏叶表面保留的 PM 可以完全洗脱, 而不破坏叶片表面, 如果适当的超声波清洗程序补充到常规清洗方法11.然而, 超声波清洗参数 (超声波功率、时间等信息) 对不同植物种类的稳定性和一般适用性仍不清楚。
目前, 单位叶面积 pm2.5、pm10或 TSP 的质量经常被用来评估不同树种从环境空气14、15中去除 pm 的能力。在自然条件下, 在叶表面保留的 pm 可分为两部分: 第一部分是由于风和降雨的影响, 可脱落叶的 pm, 而另一部分是紧附着在叶表面的 pm, 不能是 easily 被雨水冲走了。然而, 很少有研究集中在两种类型的 PM 在叶表面的质量。此外, 在不同的研究中, 叶的保持期有很大差异。因此, 如果采用单位叶面积的 pm 质量来评估16树的 pm 去除能力, 则这些研究结果的可比性将较差。因此, 提出了 pm 保留效率 (单位叶面积的 pm 质量) 作为替代方案, 以评估城市树木5、17的 pm 净化效果。总的来说, 在这方面还缺乏研究。对不同树种进行相关研究是非常必要的, 为准确评价不同树种的 PM 去除能力提供方法基础和数据支持。
在这里, 选择了三种阔叶林树种 (垂柳、槐、柳) 和两种 needleleaf 树种 (tabuliformis 松、柏草) 评价其 PM 去除两个 PM 保持期的能力。西土城公园 (39.97° N, 116.36° E) 的叶片取样点位于北京一个污染严重的地区。本研究的三个具体目标是: (1) 评估不同的叶清洁方法 (水清洗 (WC), 刷清洗 (BC) 和超声波清洗 (UC) 的效率, 在洗脱的 PM 在叶子上, (2), 以验证的效果, 超声波清洗对洗脱 pm, (3) 评估不同树种对 pm1、pm2.5、pm5、pm10和 TSP 的保留效率。

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

根据传统的清洗方法 (水清洗 (WC) + 刷子清洗 (BC)), 本研究评估了超声波清洗 (UC) 对收集各种大小颗粒物质 (PM) 在叶片表面保留的影响。进一步对不同大小的 pm 叶的保留效率进行了表征, 这将有助于评估城市树木从环境空气中定量去除 pm 的能力。
以三种阔叶树种 (银杏、槐、 柳垂柳) 和两 needleleaf 树种 (tabuliformis 松、柏草) 为研究对象, 对叶片样品进行了收集了4天 (短期 pm 保留期) 和14天 (长 pm 保留期) 后的最新降雨量。用 WC、BC 和 UC 等方法收集了在叶表面保留的 PM。然后, 计算了叶片 (AE叶) 对三种不同尺寸 pm 的保留效率, 包括易于拆卸的 pm (ERP)、难以移除的 pm (DRP) 和完全可移动的 pm (激进党)。只有大约 23%-45% 的总 PM 保留在叶子可以被清除和收集由 WC。当叶片通过 wc + bc 清洗时, 对不同树种的 pm 保留能力的估计在不同大小的 pm 的范围内为 29%-46%. 如果 UC 被补充到 WC + bc, 几乎所有保留在叶子上的 PM 可以被去除。
总之, 如果在传统的清洗方法后补充 UC, 可以洗脱和收集更多的叶表面 PM。本研究开发的程序可用于评价不同树种的 PM 去除能力。

在自然条件下, 在叶表面保留的 PM 有两种类型。在自然条件下, 由于降雨和风力, PM 容易脱落, 被定义为容易移动的微粒物质 (ERP)。此类 pm 由 WC 在本研究中的洗脱代表。严格遵守叶表面, 不容易被 BC 和 UC 洗掉的 PM 被定义为难以去除的微粒物质 (DRP)。这种 PM 不能被自然降雨和风力洗脱。
不同清洗步骤对不同大小的 PM 洗脱的质?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

树叶颗粒物去除能力的评价

采用超声波清洗法对洗脱后的颗粒物 (pm) 进行了洗脱, 采用常规清洗方法 (仅水清洗或水清洗加刷清洗)。该方法有助于提高叶片 PM 保持能力的估计精度。

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

该方法有助于回答城市森林与颗粒物污染领域关系中的关键问题，如如何选择具有高颗粒物去除能力的树种。该技术的主要优点是，通过完全收集保留在叶面上的PM，可以准确定量地评估树木的PM去除能力。首先，在每个树种的乳房高度选择五棵直径相似的健康个体树。然后，随机收集四个较大的分支从四个方向的外冠在中间的树冠层，并切断所有完整的叶子。将叶子放在标有的阀门袋中，然后将袋子运送到实验室并存放在冰箱中。接下来，在80摄氏度的烤箱中清洗和干燥烧杯。在称重之前，将烧杯与室温和湿度平衡。在此之后，将随机选择的叶子放入其中一个大烧杯中。然后，加入270毫升DI水烧杯 A，并完全浸入叶子。用玻璃棒在一个方向上搅拌水60秒。然后，均匀地将水闸倒入三个较小的烧杯中。接下来，将270毫升DI水加入不同的大型烧杯中，将叶子再次浸入水中。使用尼龙刷，用 DI 水擦洗叶表面，注意避免破坏叶微观结构。接下来，用可挤压的瓶子将叶子用一个精致的尖端清洗，然后将它们转移到一个新的大型烧杯中。在此之后，将洗净剂倒入一组干净的三个小烧杯中。将 270 毫升 DI 水加入大烧杯，然后再次将叶子浸入水中。然后，将烧杯放在超声波清洗机中 3 至 10 分钟，然后用玻璃棒向一个方向搅拌叶子。然后，将叶子转移到一个新的大烧杯。接下来，将水闸倒入一套新的三个小烧杯中。用干净的滤纸覆盖三台小烧杯的每套，并在烘干炉中将烧杯干燥五天，或直到烧杯的质量保持不变。之后，将烧杯放在实验室的长椅上 30 分钟，并测量每个烧杯的质量。首先，在每个小烧杯中加入50毫升DI水。然后，将烧杯放在超声波清洗机中 30 分钟，直到 PM 在液体中分散。将烧杯中的上一液添加到激光粒度仪器中，并测量各种清洁步骤中洗脱的 PM 的大小分布。接下来，将叶子铺在塑料板上，然后用扫描仪扫描叶子。最后，使用图像分析软件估计树叶的表面面积和投影面积。在这项研究中，PM通过不同的清洁方法从五种树的叶子上洗出。在补充超声波清洁到水清洁加刷子清洁后，从叶表面洗出大量不同尺寸的 PM。在短的防尘和长的防尘期下，五种树种不同大小PM的平均洗除比例分别是41%和36%。在尝试此程序时，必须记住严格控制超声波脉冲和超声波时间。按照此过程，可以执行其他方法，如收集保留在蜡状叶层中的 PM，以便回答其他问题，如表面和蜡状叶层中 PM 质量的产生。该技术开发后，为森林和颗粒物污染领域的研究铺平了道路，以探索在选择具有微粒物质去除能力的树种时留在树叶上的颗粒物。

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

技术树内组织学习节肢动物和微生物群落

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

科研

环境科学

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

成绩单及代谢物谱烟草树和杨树的评价作为原料的生物基工业

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP，对改进的方法INEX<em&gt;原位</em&gt;颗粒物与测量溶解的化合物加工后主动悬挂给料机

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

了解溶解有机物生物地球化学通过<em&gt;原位</em&gt;在河流生态系统营养手法

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

流管反应器中有机颗粒物的生产与测定

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

哈佛环境室内有机颗粒物的生产与测定

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

利用光谱减法改进土壤有机质的红外光谱表征

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

非理想涡流位点的 CO2通量测量

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

通过质谱成像对 萨利克斯阿尔巴 叶中异种生物代谢的调查

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

评估入侵的欧洲绿蟹的养殖种群

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...