Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af den grundlæggende forskningsmidler til Central universiteter (2017ZY21) og National Natural Science Foundation of China (21607038).

1. blad samling, eluering og masse måling af PM
<ol><li>Vælg fem sunde individuelle træer (dvs. fem replikater) for hver træart med lignende diameter i bryst højde. Indsamle fire større grene tilfældigt fra fire retninger af den ydre baldakin i det midterste baldakin lag og afskåret alle intakt blade. Bemærk: Alle planter til blad prøvetagning skal placeres tæt i en grønnere strip med længde og bredde på omkring 250 og 60 m, henholdsvis, for at sikre, at miljøforhold (vind, lys og regn) af di...

<ol>
	<li>Baidurela, A., Halik, U., Aishan, T., Nuermaimaiti, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximum+dust+retention+of+main+greening+trees+in+arid+land+oasis+cities,+Northwest+China.">Maximum dust retention of main greening trees in arid land oasis cities, Northwest China.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 51, 57-63 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+capturing+capacities+of+twenty-six+deciduous+broad-leaved+trees+in+Beijing.">Dust capturing capacities of twenty-six deciduous broad-leaved trees in Beijing.</a> Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 39, 736-745 (2015).</li><li>Dzierzanowski, K., Gawro&#324;ski, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+trees+for+reducing+particulate+matter+pollution+in+air.">Use of trees for reducing particulate matter pollution in air.</a> Challenges of Modern Technology. 2, 69-73 (2011).</li><li>Przybysz, A., S&#230;b&#248;, A., Hanslin, H. M., Gawro&#324;ski, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+particulate+matter+and+trace+elements+on+vegetation+as+affected+by+pollution+level,+rainfall+and+the+passage+of+time.">Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level, rainfall and the passage of time.</a> Science of the Total Environment. 481, 360-369 (2014).</li><li>Chen, L. X., Liu, C. M., Zou, R., Yang, M., Zhang, Z. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+examination+of+effectiveness+of+vegetation+as+bio-filter+of+particulate+matter+in+the+urban+environment.">Experimental examination of effectiveness of vegetation as bio-filter of particulate matter in the urban environment.</a> Environmental Pollution. 208, 198-208 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Z. D., Xi, B. Y., Cao, Z. G., Jia, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+a+quantitative+methodology+to+characterize+the+retention+of+PM2.5+and+other+atmospheric+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves:+Taking+Populus+tomentosa+as+an+example.">Exploration of a quantitative methodology to characterize the retention of PM2.5 and other atmospheric particulate matter by plant leaves: Taking Populus tomentosa as an example.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 25, 2238-2242 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+Existing+Shrubs+of+the+Road+in+Changchun+and+the+Dust+Retention+Capacity+of+the+Three+Shrubs.">Studies on the Existing Shrubs of the Road in Changchun and the Dust Retention Capacity of the Three Shrubs.</a> Jilin Agricultural University. , (2013).</li><li>Beckett, K. P., Freer-Smith, P., Taylor, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+tree+species+for+local+air-quality+management.">Effective tree species for local air-quality management.</a> Journal of Arboriculture. 163, 12-19 (2000).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+captured+quantity+of+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves+under+typical+weather+conditions.">Dynamics of the captured quantity of particulate matter by plant leaves under typical weather conditions.</a> Acta Ecologica Sinica. 35, 1696-1705 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z. H., Li, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacity+of+dust+uptake+by+leaf+surface+of+Euonymus+Japonicus+Thunb.+and+the+morphology+of+captured+particle+in+air+polluted+city.">Capacity of dust uptake by leaf surface of Euonymus Japonicus Thunb. and the morphology of captured particle in air polluted city.</a> Ecology &amp; Environment. 15, 327-330 (2006).</li><li>Liu, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Role+of+Ultrasonic+Cleaning+in+Quantitative+Evaluation+of+the+Retention+of+Tree+Leaves+to+Atmospheric+Particles:+A+Case+Study+with+Ginkgo+biloba.">Analysis of the Role of Ultrasonic Cleaning in Quantitative Evaluation of the Retention of Tree Leaves to Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study with Ginkgo biloba.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 52 (12), 133-140 (2016).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+absorption+effect+of+urban+conifers+in+Northeast+China.">Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China.</a> Chinese. Journal of Applied Ecology. 14 (12), 2113-2116 (2003).</li><li>Li, H., Yang, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+of+suspended+particulates+adhering+to+salt+marsh+plants.">Changes of suspended particulates adhering to salt marsh plants.</a> Acta Oceanolo Giga Sinica. 32 (1), 114-119 (2010).</li><li>Nguyen, T., Yu, X. X., Zhang, Z. M., Liu, M. M., Liu, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+types+of+urban+forest+and+PM2.5+capture+at+three+growth+stages+of+leaves.">Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5 capture at three growth stages of leaves.</a> Journal of Environmental Sciences. 27 (1), 33-41 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. X., Li, X. P., Han, J., Cao, Y., Dong, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+assessment+of+the+impacts+of+landscape+structure+on+different-sized+airborne+particles+in+residential+areas+of+Beijing,+China.">Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on different-sized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing, China.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 166, 192-203 (2017).</li><li>Liu, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+based+investigation+on+particulate+size+distribution+and+retention+efficiency+of+particulate+matters+retained+on+tree+leaves-Taking+Ginkgo+biloba+and+Pinus+tabuliformis+as+examples.">Ultrasonic based investigation on particulate size distribution and retention efficiency of particulate matters retained on tree leaves-Taking Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabuliformis as examples.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 40, 798-809 (2016).</li><li>Yao, X. Y., Hu, Y. S., Liu, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust-retention+effect+of+8+common+greening+Tree+Species+in+Beijing.">Dust-retention effect of 8 common greening Tree Species in Beijing.</a> Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 29, 92-95 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H., Duan, J., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+surface+structure+on+the+particle+size+distribution+captured+by+Ligustrum+lucidum.">Influence of surface structure on the particle size distribution captured by Ligustrum lucidum.</a> Journal of Safety &amp; Environment. 1, 258-262 (2015).</li></ol>

Nøjagtig og korrekt samling af PM bevaret på blade overflader er grundlaget for vurderingen af PM fjernelse evner af forskellige træarter. Men den konventionelle rensemetode (WC eller plus BC) kan ikke helt fjerne støv på blade overflader, som er blevet bekræftet af scanning elektronmikroskopi10. Dette blev yderligere demonstreret tydeligt af den foreliggende undersøgelse (figur 1, figur 2, fi...

Forskellige træarter evner at fjerne PM fra luften kan vurderes gennem kvantificere massen af PM bevaret på blade overflader. For at nå dette mål, har subtraktion metode1,2, membran filter metode3,4,5, og metoden eluering-vejning kombineret med partikel størrelse analyse6 været anvendt til kvantitativt skøn massen af PM2,5 (diameter ≤ 2,5 µm), PM10 (diameter ≤ 10 µm) eller samlede suspenderede partikler (TSP) bevaret på bladene. Men nøjagtigheden af disse metoder dybest set afhænger af deres ydeevne i indsamling PM bevaret på blade overflader. På nuværende tidspunkt, konventionelle bladet rengøring metode, der anvendes i undersøgelser ofte omfatter én eller to trin, nemlig kun vand vask (soak og skyl bladene ved hjælp af deioniseret vand)3,7 eller plus børstning5, 8 , 9. men nogle undersøgelser10,11 har vist, at PM på blade overflader ikke kunne være helt elueres af den konventionelle rensemetode. Som ultralydsrengøring har fordelene ved høj hastighed, høj kvalitet og kun lidt skade overfladen af objektet, har det stort potentiale til at blive brugt til at indsamle PM bevaret på blade overflader med komplekse mikrostrukturer. I øjeblikket, ultralyd rengøring er blevet anvendt i nogle undersøgelser til at indsamle PM bevaret på blade overflader (dvs.sætte bladene i ionbyttet vand, og bruge den ultralydsrenser for at eluere PM)12,13. Denne metode bruges kun som et supplement til et blad rensemetode, mens det ikke vides om de ultralydsrengøring har en positiv effekt på at indsamle PM fra blad overflader og dens optimale driftsparametre er heller ikke klart. Vores tidligere forskning har vist, at PM bevaret på Ginkgo biloba blad overflade kunne være helt elueret uden at ødelægge blade overflader, hvis en ordentlig ultralyd rengøring procedure blev suppleret til den konventionelle rensemetode11 . Men stabilitet og almene gyldighed af den ultralydsrengøring parametre (ultralyd magt, klokkeslæt og andre oplysninger) til forskellige plantearter oplever forskellige støv lagringsperioder er stadig ikke klar.
I øjeblikket er massen af PM2,5, PM10eller tsk på blad arealenhed ofte blevet udnyttet til at vurdere forskellige træarter evner at fjerne PM fra luften14,15. Under den naturlige tilstand, PM bevaret på blade overflader kan inddeles i to dele: første del er den PM, der kan falde af blade på grund af virkningerne af vind og nedbør, mens anden del er den PM, der er stramt overholdt for at blade overflader og kan ikke være ea Sily vasket af nedbør. Imidlertid har få studier fokuseret på massen af begge typer af PM på blade overflader. Derudover varierer PM opbevaringsperioder blade i forskellige undersøgelser enormt. Sammenlignelighed af resultaterne af disse undersøgelser vil således være fattigt, hvis massen af PM beholdes på enheden blad område er vedtaget for at vurdere PM fjernelse evner træer16. Derfor, PM opbevaring effektivitet (masse PM bevaret på blad arealenhed pr. tidsenhed), som et alternativ, blev foreslået at evaluere effekterne PM rensning af urban træer5,17. Generelt er der stadig en mangel på forskning i dette aspekt. Det er yderst nødvendigt at foretage relevante undersøgelser for forskellige træarter at yde metodologisk basic og data støtte til præcist at vurdere PM fjernelse evner af forskellige træarter.
Her blev tre Bredbladet træarter (G. biloba, Sophora japonicaog Salix babylonica) og to needleleaf-træarter (Pinus tabuliformis og Sabina chinensis) udvalgt til at evaluere deres PM fjernelse evner under to PM perioder. Prøvetagningsstedet blad var i Xitucheng Park (39.97° N, 116.36° E), beliggende i et område med kraftig forurening i Beijing. De tre specifikke mål for denne undersøgelse var: (1) at vurdere effektiviteten af forskellige blade rengøringsmetoder (vand rengøring (WC), pensel rengøring (BC) og ultralydsrengøring (UC)) i eluerer PM på blade, (2) til at kontrollere virkningen af ultralyd rengøring på eluerer PM, og (3) for at vurdere forskellige træarter til PM1, PM2.5, PM5, PM10og TSP fastholdelse effektivitet.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1519px;" width="1518">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

Baseret på de konventionelle rengøringsmetoder (vand rengøring (WC) + pensel rengøring (BC)), vurderes denne undersøgelse indflydelse af ultralydsrengøring (UC) på at indsamle forskellige mellemstore partikler (PM) bevaret på blade overflader. Vi kendetegnet yderligere fastholdelse effektivitet af blade til forskellige størrelse PM, som vil bidrage til at vurdere evner af urban træer til at fjerne PM fra luften kvantitativt.
Under tre Bredbladet træarter (Ginkgo biloba, Sophora japonica, og Salix babylonica) og to needleleaf træarter (Pinus tabuliformis og Sabina chinensis) som forskning objekter, blev blad prøver indsamlet 4 dage (kort PM opbevaringsperioden) og 14 dage (lang PM opbevaringsperioden) efter den seneste nedbør. PM bevaret på blade overflader blev indsamlet ved hjælp af WC, BC, og UC i rækkefølge. Derefter, fastholdelse effektivitet af bladene (AEblad) til tre typer af forskellige størrelse PM, herunder let aftageligt PM (ERP), svært at fjerne PM (DRP), og helt flytbare PM (TRP), blev beregnet. Kun omkring 23% - 45% af det samlede PM bevaret på blade kunne afrenses og indsamlet af WC. Når bladene blev renset igennem WC + BC, var undervurderingen af PM opbevaring kapacitet af forskellige træarter inden for rækkevidde af 29-46% for forskellige størrelse PM. næsten alle PM bevaret på blade kunne fjernes, hvis UC blev suppleret til WC + F.kr.
Afslutningsvis, hvis UC blev suppleret efter de konventionelle rengøringsmetoder, kunne flere PM på blade overflader elueret og indsamlet. Den procedure, der er udviklet i denne undersøgelse kan bruges til at vurdere PM fjernelse evner af forskellige træarter.

PM bevaret på blade overflader havde to typer under naturlige forhold. PM falder af let af nedbør og vind under naturlige betingelser er defineret som den let aftageligt partikler (ERP). Denne type af PM var repræsenteret ved PM elueres ved WC i denne undersøgelse. PM, der stramt overholder for at blade overflader og kan ikke vaskes nemt af BC og UC er defineret som vanskelige at fjerne partikler (DRP). Denne form for PM være ikke elueres ved naturlig nedbør og vind.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Vurdering af partikler fjernelse evner af træet blade

Den ultralyd rengøring metode blev anvendt til at eluere partikler (PM) bevaret på blade overflader efter PM blev elueret af de konventionelle rengøringsmetoder (vand rengøring kun eller vand rengøring plus pensel rengøring). Metoden, der kan bidrage til at forbedre skøn nøjagtighed for PM opbevaring kapacitet blade.

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

Denne metode kan hjælpe med at besvare centrale spørgsmål i forholdet mellem byskove og partikelforureningsfelt, såsom hvordan man udvælger træarter med høje partikler fjernelse evner. Den største fordel ved denne teknik er, at PM fjernelse evner træer kan vurderes præcist og kvantitativt ved at indsamle PM bevaret på bladoverfladen helt. Til at begynde, vælge fem sunde individuelle træer med lignende diameter i brysthøjde af hver træart.Derefter tilfældigt indsamle fire større grene fra fire retninger af ud baldakin i midten baldakin lag, og afbrød alle intakte blade. Læg bladene i mærkede ventilposer, før poserne transporteres til laboratoriet og opbevarer dem i køleskabet. Dernæst vaskes og tørres bægerglas i en ovn indstillet til 80 grader Celsius.Ækvibrer bægeret til stuetemperatur og fugtighed, før de vejes. Derefter skal du placere tilfældigt udvalgte blade i et af de store bægerglas. Derefter tilsættes 270 milliliter DI vand til bægerglas A, og nedsænkes bladene helt.Rør vandet i 60 sekunder i én retning med en glasstang. Hæld derefter elueringstånen jævnt i tre mindre bægerglas. Dernæst tilsættes 270 milliliter DI vand til et andet stort bægerglas, og nedsænkes bladene i vand igen.Brug en nylonbørste til at skrubbe bladoverfladerne med DI-vandet, idet du skal passe på at undgå at ødelægge bladmikrostrukturen. Vask derefter bladene i DI vand med en klemmeflaske med en fin spids, og overfør dem til et nyt stort bægerglas. Derefter hældes elueringstånen i et rent sæt af tre mindre bægerglas.Tilsæt 270 milliliter DI vand til det store bægerglas, og nedsænk bladene i vand igen. Derefter placeres bægeret i en ultralydsrenser i tre til 10 minutter, og rør bladene i én retning med en glasstang. Derefter overføre bladene til et nyt stort bægerglas.Dernæst hældes elueringsten i et nyt sæt af tre små bægerglas. Dæk hvert sæt af tre små bægerglas med rent filterpapir, og tør bægeret i tørreovnen i fem dage, eller indtil bægerglasmassen bliver konstant. Derefter sættes bægeret på en laboratoriebænk i 30 minutter, og massen af hvert bægerglas måles.Først tilsættes 50 milliliter DI vand til hver af de små bægerglas. Derefter placeres bægerglasset i ultralydsrenseren i 30 minutter, indtil PM spreder sig i væsken. Tilsæt supernatant fra bægeret til en laser granularitet instrument, og måle størrelsen fordeling af PM eluted i de forskellige rengøringstrin.Dernæst sprede bladene på en plastik bord, og scanne bladene med en scanner. Endelig skal du bruge billedanalyse software til at vurdere overfladeareal og forventede areal af bladene. I denne undersøgelse blev PM eluted fra bladene af fem arter af træer via forskellige rengøringsmetoder.Et stort antal forskellige størrelser PM blev eluted fra bladoverflader efter supplement ultralyd rengøring til vandrensning plus børste rengøring. Den gennemsnitlige eluted proportioner af forskellige størrelser PM af de fem træarter ved ultralydsrensning var 41% og 36% under den korte støvretning og lange støvretætningsperioder, henholdsvis. Mens du forsøger denne procedure, er det vigtigt at huske at kontrollere ultralydpulsen og ultralydstiden strengt.Efter denne procedure, andre metoder som indsamling pm bevaret i voksagtig lag af blade kan udføres for at besvare yderligere spørgsmål, som produktionen af massen af PM på overfladen og i voksagtig lag af blade. Efter sin udvikling, banede denne teknik vejen for forskning inden for skov og partikler forureninger at udforske partikler bevaret på blade i udvælgelsen af træarter med hvordan partikler fjernelse evner.

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

Teknik til at studere leddyr og mikrobielle samfund i Tree Væv

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

Transcript og Metabolit Profilering for Vurdering af tobak Tree og Poppel som råvare til Bio-industri

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, en forbedret Inex Metode til<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Måle partikler og opløst Forbindelser Bearbejdet af aktiv affjedring Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

Forståelse opløste organiske stoffer Biogeokemi Gennem<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Næringsstof Manipulationer i Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

Produktion og måling af organiske partikler i en Flow rør reaktor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

Produktion og måling af organiske partikler i Harvard miljømæssige kammer

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

Forbedring af infrarød spektroskopi karakterisering af jordbundens organiske materiale med spektrale fradrag

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

Målinger af CO2 fluxes på ikke-ideelle Eddy Covarians sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

Undersøgelse af Xenobiotics Metabolisme I Salix alba Blade via Massespektrometri Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

Vurdering af tidevandspopulationer af den invasive europæiske grønkrabbe

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...