Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Dit werk werd gesteund door de fundamentele middelen voor onderzoek voor de centrale universiteiten (2017ZY21) en de nationale Natural Science Foundation van China (21607038).

1. bladeren verzamelen, elutie en massa meten van PM
<ol><li>Selecteer vijf gezonde individuele bomen (dat wil zeggen, vijf wordt gerepliceerd) van elke boomsoort met soortgelijke diameter op borsthoogte. Vier grotere takken willekeurig te verzamelen vanuit de vier richtingen van de buitenste baldakijn in de middelste luifel laag en afgesneden van alle intact bladeren. Opmerking: Alle planten voor blad bemonstering moeten worden gevestigd nauw samen in een "vergroening" strip met lengte en breedte van ongev...

<ol>
	<li>Baidurela, A., Halik, U., Aishan, T., Nuermaimaiti, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximum+dust+retention+of+main+greening+trees+in+arid+land+oasis+cities,+Northwest+China.">Maximum dust retention of main greening trees in arid land oasis cities, Northwest China.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 51, 57-63 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+capturing+capacities+of+twenty-six+deciduous+broad-leaved+trees+in+Beijing.">Dust capturing capacities of twenty-six deciduous broad-leaved trees in Beijing.</a> Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 39, 736-745 (2015).</li><li>Dzierzanowski, K., Gawro&#324;ski, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+trees+for+reducing+particulate+matter+pollution+in+air.">Use of trees for reducing particulate matter pollution in air.</a> Challenges of Modern Technology. 2, 69-73 (2011).</li><li>Przybysz, A., S&#230;b&#248;, A., Hanslin, H. M., Gawro&#324;ski, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+particulate+matter+and+trace+elements+on+vegetation+as+affected+by+pollution+level,+rainfall+and+the+passage+of+time.">Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level, rainfall and the passage of time.</a> Science of the Total Environment. 481, 360-369 (2014).</li><li>Chen, L. X., Liu, C. M., Zou, R., Yang, M., Zhang, Z. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+examination+of+effectiveness+of+vegetation+as+bio-filter+of+particulate+matter+in+the+urban+environment.">Experimental examination of effectiveness of vegetation as bio-filter of particulate matter in the urban environment.</a> Environmental Pollution. 208, 198-208 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Z. D., Xi, B. Y., Cao, Z. G., Jia, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+a+quantitative+methodology+to+characterize+the+retention+of+PM2.5+and+other+atmospheric+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves:+Taking+Populus+tomentosa+as+an+example.">Exploration of a quantitative methodology to characterize the retention of PM2.5 and other atmospheric particulate matter by plant leaves: Taking Populus tomentosa as an example.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 25, 2238-2242 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+Existing+Shrubs+of+the+Road+in+Changchun+and+the+Dust+Retention+Capacity+of+the+Three+Shrubs.">Studies on the Existing Shrubs of the Road in Changchun and the Dust Retention Capacity of the Three Shrubs.</a> Jilin Agricultural University. , (2013).</li><li>Beckett, K. P., Freer-Smith, P., Taylor, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+tree+species+for+local+air-quality+management.">Effective tree species for local air-quality management.</a> Journal of Arboriculture. 163, 12-19 (2000).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+captured+quantity+of+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves+under+typical+weather+conditions.">Dynamics of the captured quantity of particulate matter by plant leaves under typical weather conditions.</a> Acta Ecologica Sinica. 35, 1696-1705 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z. H., Li, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacity+of+dust+uptake+by+leaf+surface+of+Euonymus+Japonicus+Thunb.+and+the+morphology+of+captured+particle+in+air+polluted+city.">Capacity of dust uptake by leaf surface of Euonymus Japonicus Thunb. and the morphology of captured particle in air polluted city.</a> Ecology &amp; Environment. 15, 327-330 (2006).</li><li>Liu, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Role+of+Ultrasonic+Cleaning+in+Quantitative+Evaluation+of+the+Retention+of+Tree+Leaves+to+Atmospheric+Particles:+A+Case+Study+with+Ginkgo+biloba.">Analysis of the Role of Ultrasonic Cleaning in Quantitative Evaluation of the Retention of Tree Leaves to Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study with Ginkgo biloba.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 52 (12), 133-140 (2016).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+absorption+effect+of+urban+conifers+in+Northeast+China.">Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China.</a> Chinese. Journal of Applied Ecology. 14 (12), 2113-2116 (2003).</li><li>Li, H., Yang, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+of+suspended+particulates+adhering+to+salt+marsh+plants.">Changes of suspended particulates adhering to salt marsh plants.</a> Acta Oceanolo Giga Sinica. 32 (1), 114-119 (2010).</li><li>Nguyen, T., Yu, X. X., Zhang, Z. M., Liu, M. M., Liu, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+types+of+urban+forest+and+PM2.5+capture+at+three+growth+stages+of+leaves.">Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5 capture at three growth stages of leaves.</a> Journal of Environmental Sciences. 27 (1), 33-41 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. X., Li, X. P., Han, J., Cao, Y., Dong, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+assessment+of+the+impacts+of+landscape+structure+on+different-sized+airborne+particles+in+residential+areas+of+Beijing,+China.">Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on different-sized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing, China.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 166, 192-203 (2017).</li><li>Liu, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+based+investigation+on+particulate+size+distribution+and+retention+efficiency+of+particulate+matters+retained+on+tree+leaves-Taking+Ginkgo+biloba+and+Pinus+tabuliformis+as+examples.">Ultrasonic based investigation on particulate size distribution and retention efficiency of particulate matters retained on tree leaves-Taking Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabuliformis as examples.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 40, 798-809 (2016).</li><li>Yao, X. Y., Hu, Y. S., Liu, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust-retention+effect+of+8+common+greening+Tree+Species+in+Beijing.">Dust-retention effect of 8 common greening Tree Species in Beijing.</a> Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 29, 92-95 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H., Duan, J., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+surface+structure+on+the+particle+size+distribution+captured+by+Ligustrum+lucidum.">Influence of surface structure on the particle size distribution captured by Ligustrum lucidum.</a> Journal of Safety &amp; Environment. 1, 258-262 (2015).</li></ol>

Nauwkeurige en correcte collectie van de PM bewaard op blad oppervlakken is de basis voor de beoordeling van de PM verwijdering capaciteiten van verschillende boomsoorten. Echter, de conventionele methode van de schoonmaak (WC of plus BC) niet volledig verwijderen van het stof op blad oppervlakken, die is bevestigd door het scannen van elektronenmicroscopie10. Dit werd verder duidelijk aangetoond door de huidige studie (afbeelding 1, afbeelding 2<...

De capaciteiten van verschillende boomsoorten PM verwijderen uit de lucht kunnen worden beoordeeld door middel van kwantificering van de massa van PM bewaard op blad oppervlakken. Om dit te bereiken, de aftrekken methode1,2, het membraan filter methode3,4,5, en de elutie-weging methode in combinatie met deeltje grootte analyse6 geweest toegepast voor het kwantitatief het inschatten van de massa van PM2.5 (diameter ≤ 2,5 µm), PM10 (diameter ≤ 10 µm) of totaal zwevende deeltjes (TSP) behouden op Bladeren. Nochtans, hangt de nauwkeurigheid van deze methoden in principe in hun prestaties bij het verzamelen van PM bewaard op de oppervlakken van het blad. Op dit moment omvat het conventionele blad schoonmaak methode gebruikt in verwante studies vaak één of twee stappen, namelijk alleen water wassen (geniet en bladeren met gedeïoniseerd water spoelen)3,7 of plus borstelen5, 8 , 9. echter, sommige studies10,11 hebben aangetoond dat PM op blad oppervlakken niet volledig geëlueerd kon worden met de conventionele methode van reiniging. Ultrasone reiniging heeft de voordelen van hoge snelheid, hoge kwaliteit en weinig schade aan het oppervlak van het object, heeft het een groot potentieel om te worden gebruikt voor het verzamelen van de PM op blad oppervlakken met complexe microstructuren achtergebleven. Op dit moment ultrasone reiniging is toegepast in sommige studies te verzamelen PM bewaard op blad oppervlakken (dat wil zeggen, zet de bladeren in gedeïoniseerd water, en gebruik de ultrasone reiniger te elueren PM)12,,13. Deze methode is echter alleen gebruikt als aanvulling op een blad schoonmaak methode, terwijl het is niet bekend of de ultrasone reiniging een positief effect heeft op het verzamelen van PM van blad oppervlakken en het optimale operationele parameters ook niet duidelijk zijn. Onze vorige onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat de PM op Ginkgo biloba blad oppervlak achtergebleven kon worden volledig geëlueerd zonder vernietiging van de oppervlakken van het blad, als een goede ultrasone reiniging procedure werd aangevuld met de conventionele schoonmaak methode11 . Echter, de stabiliteit en de algemene toepasbaarheid van de ultrasone reiniging parameters (ultrasone energie, tijd en andere informatie) aan verschillende plantensoorten ervaren van verschillende stof bewaringstermijnen zijn nog steeds niet duidelijk.
De massa van PM2.5, PM10, of Theelepel op blad oppervlakte-eenheid is op dit moment vaak gebruikt om te evalueren van de capaciteiten van verschillende boomsoorten PM verwijderen uit de lucht14,15. Onder de natuurlijke toestand, de PM bewaard op blad oppervlakken kan worden ingedeeld in twee delen: het eerste deel is de PM dat bladeren als gevolg van de effecten van wind vallen kan en regen, terwijl het andere deel de PM dat strak is om het blad wordt nageleefd oppervlakken en ea kan niet worden sily afgewassen door regenval. Enkele studies hebben echter gericht op de massa van beide soorten PM op blad oppervlakken. Bovendien, verschillen de bewaringstermijnen van de PM van bladeren in verschillende studies enorm. De vergelijkbaarheid van de resultaten van deze studies zullen zo slecht, als de massa van PM bewaard op blad oppervlakte-eenheid voor de beoordeling van de capaciteiten van de verwijdering PM van bomen16wordt aangenomen. Bijgevolg de PM retentie efficiëntie (de massa van PM bewaard op blad oppervlakte-eenheid per tijdseenheid), als alternatief, werd voorgesteld om te evalueren van de effecten van de zuivering PM van stedelijke bomen5,17. In het algemeen, is er nog steeds een gebrek aan onderzoek in dit aspect. Het is uiterst noodzakelijk voor het verrichten van relevante studies voor verschillende boomsoorten aan ondersteuning van methodologische basic en gegevens voor de beoordeling van de PM verwijdering capaciteiten van verschillende boomsoorten nauwkeurig worden geboden.
Hier werden drie breedbladige boomsoorten (G. biloba Sophora japonicaen Salix babylonica) en twee naaldbomen boomsoorten (Pinus tabuliformis en Sabina chinensis) geselecteerd om het evalueren van hun verwijdering van PM capaciteiten onder twee PM bewaringstermijnen. De site van de bemonstering blad was in Xitucheng Park (39.97° noorderbreedte, 116.36° E), gelegen in een gebied met zware vervuiling in Peking. De drie specifieke doelstellingen van deze studie waren: (1) te beoordelen van de efficiëntie van verschillende blad reinigingsmethoden (water schoonmaak (WC), borstel schoonmaak (BC) en ultrasone reiniging (UC)) in de PM op Bladeren, (2) om te controleren of het effect van de ultrasone reiniging op eluerende eluerende PM, en (3) om de efficiëntie van de retentie van verschillende boomsoorten PM1PM2.5, PM5, PM10, en Theelepel te beoordelen.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

Op basis van de conventionele reinigingsmethoden (water schoonmaak (WC) + borstel schoonmaken (BC)), evalueerde deze studie de invloed van de ultrasone reiniging (UC) op het verzamelen van verschillende grootte zwevende deeltjes (PM) behouden op blad oppervlakken. We verder gekenmerkt met de efficiëntie van de bewaring van bladeren aan verschillende formaat PM, dat zal bijdragen tot de beoordeling van de capaciteiten van de stedelijke bomen kwantitatief PM uit de lucht te verwijderen.
Blad monsters werden drie breedbladige boomsoorten (Ginkgo biloba, Sophora japonica en Salix babylonica) en twee naaldbomen boomsoorten (Pinus tabuliformis en Sabina chinensis) als de objecten van onderzoek te nemen, 4 dagen (korte PM bewaarperiode) en 14 dagen (lange PM bewaarperiode) na de laatste regenval verzameld. PM bewaard op de oppervlakken van het blad was verzameld door middel van WC, BC, en UC in volgorde. Vervolgens, retentie efficiëntie van drie soorten de verschillende grootte PM, met inbegrip van eenvoudig verwijderbaar PM (ERP), moeilijk te verwijderen PM (DRP), en volledig verwisselbare PM (TRP), bladeren (AEblad) werden berekend. Slechts ongeveer 23% - 45% van de totale PM op achtergebleven verlaat kon worden schoongemaakt en verzameld door WC. De bladeren werden gereinigd door WC + BC, toen de onderschatting van de PM retentie capaciteit van verschillende boomsoorten in het bereik van 29-46% voor verschillende formaat PM. bijna alle PM op bladeren behouden kon worden verwijderd als UC werd aangevuld tot WC + V.Chr.
Kortom, als de UC werd aangevuld na de conventionele reinigingsmethoden, kan meer PM op blad oppervlakken worden geëlueerd en verzameld. De procedure die is ontwikkeld in deze studie kan worden gebruikt voor de beoordeling van de PM verwijdering capaciteiten van verschillende boomsoorten.

De PM bewaard op blad oppervlakken had twee typen onder natuurlijke omstandigheden. De PM eraf valt gemakkelijk door regen en wind onder natuurlijke omstandigheden is gedefinieerd als het eenvoudig verwijderbaar zwevende deeltjes (ERP). Dit soort PM werd vertegenwoordigd door de PM geëlueerd door WC in deze studie. De PM die strak om het blad oppervlakken en kan niet gemakkelijk worden afgewassen door BC en UC is gedefinieerd als de deeltjes moeilijk te verwijderen (DRP). Dit soort PM ka...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Beoordeling van de zwevende deeltjes verwijderen capaciteiten van boom verlaat

De ultrasone reiniging methode werd toegepast om elueer de zwevende deeltjes (PM) op blad oppervlakken achtergebleven nadat PM was geëlueerd door de conventionele reiniging methodes (schoonmaken alleen water of water schoonmaken plus borstel schoonmaken). De methodologie kan bijdragen tot verbetering van de nauwkeurigheid van de schatting voor PM retentie capaciteit van bladeren.

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

Deze methode kan helpen bij het beantwoorden van belangrijke vragen in de relatie tussen stedelijke bossen en fijnstof vervuiling veld, zoals hoe boomsoorten te selecteren met een hoge deeltjes verwijdering vermogen. Het belangrijkste voordeel van deze techniek is dat de PM-verwijderingscapaciteiten van bomen nauwkeurig en kwantitatief kunnen worden beoordeeld door de PM die volledig op het bladoppervlak wordt bewaard, te verzamelen. Om te beginnen, selecteer vijf gezonde individuele bomen met een vergelijkbare diameter op borsthoogte van elke boomsoort.Dan, willekeurig verzamelen vier grotere takken uit vier richtingen van de uit luifel in het midden luifel laag, en afgesneden alle intacte bladeren. Plaats de bladeren in gelabelde klepzakken voordat u de zakken naar het laboratorium vervoert en bewaar ze in de koelkast. Vervolgens was en droge bekers in een oven ingesteld op 80 graden Celsius.Equilibrate de bekers op kamertemperatuur en vochtigheid voor het wegen van hen. Na deze, plaats willekeurig geselecteerde bladeren in een van de grote bekers. Voeg vervolgens 270 milliliter DI-water toe aan beker A en dompel de bladeren volledig onder.Roer het water gedurende 60 seconden in één richting met een glazen staaf. Giet het eluent dan gelijkmatig in drie kleinere bekers. Voeg vervolgens 270 milliliter DI-water toe aan een ander groot bekerglas en dompel de bladeren nog eens onder in water.Met behulp van een nylon borstel, scrub de bladoppervlakken met de DI water, zorg ervoor dat het vernietigen van het blad microstructuur te voorkomen. Was vervolgens de bladeren in DI-water met een knijpbare fles met een fijne punt en breng ze over naar een nieuw groot bekerglas. Giet hierna het eluent in een schone set van drie kleinere bekers.Voeg 270 milliliter DI water toe aan het grote bekerglas en dompel de bladeren weer onder in water. Plaats vervolgens het bekerglas in een ultrasone reinigingsmachine gedurende drie tot 10 minuten en roer de bladeren in één richting met een glazen staaf. Breng vervolgens de bladeren over naar een nieuwe grote beker.Giet vervolgens de eluent in een nieuwe set van drie kleine bekers. Bedek elk van de sets van drie kleine bekers met schoon filterpapier en droog de bekers in de droogoven gedurende vijf dagen of totdat de massa van de bekers constant wordt. Zet hierna de bekers 30 minuten op een laboratoriumbank en meet de massa van elk bekerglas.Voeg eerst 50 milliliter DI-water toe aan elk van de kleine bekers. Plaats vervolgens de bekers in de ultrasone reinigingsmachine gedurende 30 minuten totdat de PM zich verspreidt in de vloeistof. Voeg de supernatant van de bekers toe aan een laser granulariteitsinstrument en meet de grootteverdeling van de PM die in de verschillende reinigingsstappen wordt geëuterd.Vervolgens spreid de bladeren op een plastic plank, en scan de bladeren met een scanner. Gebruik ten slotte beeldanalysesoftware om het oppervlak en het geprojecteerde gebied van de bladeren te schatten. In deze studie, PM werd ontlokt uit de bladeren van vijf soorten bomen via verschillende reinigingsmethoden.Een groot aantal verschillende-sized PM werden eluted van bladoppervlakten na supplement ultrasone reiniging aan water schoonmaken plus borstel schoonmaken. De gemiddelde eluted verhoudingen van verschillende grootte PM van de vijf boomsoorten door ultrasone reiniging waren 41%en 36% onder de korte stofretentie en lange stofretentieperioden, respectievelijk. Tijdens een poging tot deze procedure, is het belangrijk om te onthouden om de ultrasone puls en ultrasone tijd strikt controle.Na deze procedure kunnen andere methoden worden uitgevoerd, zoals het verzamelen van de PM in wasachtige laag bladeren om aanvullende vragen te beantwoorden, zoals de productie van de massa PM op het oppervlak en in wasachtige laag bladeren. Na de ontwikkeling maakte deze techniek de weg vrij voor onderzoek op het gebied van bos- en fijnstofvervuiling om de deeltjes die op bladeren worden vastgehouden te onderzoeken bij het selecteren van boomsoorten met de manier waarop de verwijderingscapaciteiten van zwevende deeltjes.

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

Techniek voor het bestuderen van geleedpotigen en microbiële gemeenschappen binnen Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

Transcript en Metabolite Profiling voor de Evaluatie van de Boom en Poplar Tabak als grondstof voor de bio-gebaseerde industrie

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, een verbeterde INEX Methode voor het<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Meten van Particulate en opgeloste componenten verwerkt door Active Suspension Voeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

Het begrijpen van opgeloste organische stof Biogeochemie Through<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Nutrient manipulaties in Stroom Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

Productie en meting van organische deeltjes in een Flow buis Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

Productie en meting van organische deeltjes in de Harvard milieu zaal

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

Verbetering van infrarood spectroscopie karakterisering van organisch bodemmateriaal met spectrale aftrekken

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

Metingen van CO2 -fluxes op niet-ideale Eddy covariantie-locaties

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

Onderzoek naar xenobiotica metabolisme in Salix alba bladeren via massaspectrometrie imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

Beoordeling van intergetijdenpopulaties van de invasieve Europese groene krab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...