Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dai fondi di ricerca fondamentali per le Università centrale (2017ZY21) e la Fondazione di scienza naturale nazionale della Cina (21607038).

1. foglia collezione, eluizione e misurazione della massa di PM
<ol><li>Selezionare cinque sani singoli alberi (vale a dire, cinque repliche) di ogni specie di albero con diametro simile a petto. Raccogliere quattro rami più grandi in modo casuale da quattro direzioni del baldacchino esterno nello strato centrale baldacchino e tagliare tutte le foglie intatte. Nota: Tutte le piante per il campionamento di foglia dovrebbero trovarsi strettamente in una striscia di inverdimento con lunghezza e larghezza di c...

<ol>
	<li>Baidurela, A., Halik, U., Aishan, T., Nuermaimaiti, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximum+dust+retention+of+main+greening+trees+in+arid+land+oasis+cities,+Northwest+China.">Maximum dust retention of main greening trees in arid land oasis cities, Northwest China.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 51, 57-63 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+capturing+capacities+of+twenty-six+deciduous+broad-leaved+trees+in+Beijing.">Dust capturing capacities of twenty-six deciduous broad-leaved trees in Beijing.</a> Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 39, 736-745 (2015).</li><li>Dzierzanowski, K., Gawro&#324;ski, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+trees+for+reducing+particulate+matter+pollution+in+air.">Use of trees for reducing particulate matter pollution in air.</a> Challenges of Modern Technology. 2, 69-73 (2011).</li><li>Przybysz, A., S&#230;b&#248;, A., Hanslin, H. M., Gawro&#324;ski, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+particulate+matter+and+trace+elements+on+vegetation+as+affected+by+pollution+level,+rainfall+and+the+passage+of+time.">Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level, rainfall and the passage of time.</a> Science of the Total Environment. 481, 360-369 (2014).</li><li>Chen, L. X., Liu, C. M., Zou, R., Yang, M., Zhang, Z. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+examination+of+effectiveness+of+vegetation+as+bio-filter+of+particulate+matter+in+the+urban+environment.">Experimental examination of effectiveness of vegetation as bio-filter of particulate matter in the urban environment.</a> Environmental Pollution. 208, 198-208 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Z. D., Xi, B. Y., Cao, Z. G., Jia, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+a+quantitative+methodology+to+characterize+the+retention+of+PM2.5+and+other+atmospheric+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves:+Taking+Populus+tomentosa+as+an+example.">Exploration of a quantitative methodology to characterize the retention of PM2.5 and other atmospheric particulate matter by plant leaves: Taking Populus tomentosa as an example.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 25, 2238-2242 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+Existing+Shrubs+of+the+Road+in+Changchun+and+the+Dust+Retention+Capacity+of+the+Three+Shrubs.">Studies on the Existing Shrubs of the Road in Changchun and the Dust Retention Capacity of the Three Shrubs.</a> Jilin Agricultural University. , (2013).</li><li>Beckett, K. P., Freer-Smith, P., Taylor, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+tree+species+for+local+air-quality+management.">Effective tree species for local air-quality management.</a> Journal of Arboriculture. 163, 12-19 (2000).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+captured+quantity+of+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves+under+typical+weather+conditions.">Dynamics of the captured quantity of particulate matter by plant leaves under typical weather conditions.</a> Acta Ecologica Sinica. 35, 1696-1705 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z. H., Li, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacity+of+dust+uptake+by+leaf+surface+of+Euonymus+Japonicus+Thunb.+and+the+morphology+of+captured+particle+in+air+polluted+city.">Capacity of dust uptake by leaf surface of Euonymus Japonicus Thunb. and the morphology of captured particle in air polluted city.</a> Ecology &amp; Environment. 15, 327-330 (2006).</li><li>Liu, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Role+of+Ultrasonic+Cleaning+in+Quantitative+Evaluation+of+the+Retention+of+Tree+Leaves+to+Atmospheric+Particles:+A+Case+Study+with+Ginkgo+biloba.">Analysis of the Role of Ultrasonic Cleaning in Quantitative Evaluation of the Retention of Tree Leaves to Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study with Ginkgo biloba.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 52 (12), 133-140 (2016).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+absorption+effect+of+urban+conifers+in+Northeast+China.">Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China.</a> Chinese. Journal of Applied Ecology. 14 (12), 2113-2116 (2003).</li><li>Li, H., Yang, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+of+suspended+particulates+adhering+to+salt+marsh+plants.">Changes of suspended particulates adhering to salt marsh plants.</a> Acta Oceanolo Giga Sinica. 32 (1), 114-119 (2010).</li><li>Nguyen, T., Yu, X. X., Zhang, Z. M., Liu, M. M., Liu, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+types+of+urban+forest+and+PM2.5+capture+at+three+growth+stages+of+leaves.">Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5 capture at three growth stages of leaves.</a> Journal of Environmental Sciences. 27 (1), 33-41 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. X., Li, X. P., Han, J., Cao, Y., Dong, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+assessment+of+the+impacts+of+landscape+structure+on+different-sized+airborne+particles+in+residential+areas+of+Beijing,+China.">Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on different-sized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing, China.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 166, 192-203 (2017).</li><li>Liu, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+based+investigation+on+particulate+size+distribution+and+retention+efficiency+of+particulate+matters+retained+on+tree+leaves-Taking+Ginkgo+biloba+and+Pinus+tabuliformis+as+examples.">Ultrasonic based investigation on particulate size distribution and retention efficiency of particulate matters retained on tree leaves-Taking Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabuliformis as examples.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 40, 798-809 (2016).</li><li>Yao, X. Y., Hu, Y. S., Liu, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust-retention+effect+of+8+common+greening+Tree+Species+in+Beijing.">Dust-retention effect of 8 common greening Tree Species in Beijing.</a> Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 29, 92-95 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H., Duan, J., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+surface+structure+on+the+particle+size+distribution+captured+by+Ligustrum+lucidum.">Influence of surface structure on the particle size distribution captured by Ligustrum lucidum.</a> Journal of Safety &amp; Environment. 1, 258-262 (2015).</li></ol>

Raccolta accurata e corretta del PM mantenuto sulle superfici della foglia è la base per valutare le capacità di rimozione di PM di varie specie di alberi. Tuttavia, il metodo di pulizia convenzionale (WC o plus BC) non è possibile rimuovere completamente la polvere su superfici di foglia, che è stata confermata tramite la scansione microscopia elettronica10. Questo è stato ulteriormente dimostrato chiaramente dal presente studio (Figura 1, F...

Le abilità delle varie specie di alberi per rimuovere PM da aria ambiente possono essere valutate attraverso la quantificazione della massa di PM mantenuto su superfici di foglia. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, sono stati la sottrazione metodo1,2, la membrana filtro metodo3,4,5e il metodo di eluizione di pesatura accoppiato con particella dimensione analisi6 applicati per valutare quantitativamente la massa di PM2.5 (diametro ≤ 2,5 µm), PM10 (diametro ≤ 10 µm) o particolato sospeso totale (TSP) mantenuto sulle foglie. Tuttavia, la precisione di questi metodi dipende fondamentalmente dalle loro performance nella raccolta PM mantenuto sulle superfici di foglia. Allo stato attuale, la foglia convenzionale utilizzato in studi correlati spesso il metodo di pulizia include uno o due passaggi, vale a dire solo acqua lavaggio (ammollo e sciacquare le foglie con acqua deionizzata)3,7 o più spazzolatura5, 8 , 9. Tuttavia, alcuni studi10,11 hanno dimostrato che PM su superfici di foglia, potrebbe non essere completamente eluito secondo il metodo convenzionale di pulizia. Come pulizia ultrasonica presenta i vantaggi di ad alta velocità, alta qualità e poco danno alla superficie dell'oggetto, ha grande potenziale per essere utilizzato per raccogliere il PM mantenuto su superfici di foglia con microstrutture complesse. Allo stato attuale, il lavaggio ad ultrasuoni è stato applicato in alcuni studi per raccogliere PM mantenuto su superfici di foglia (vale a dire, mettere le foglie in acqua deionizzata e utilizzare il pulitore ad ultrasuoni per eluire PM)12,13. Tuttavia, questo metodo viene utilizzato solo come complemento di una foglia di metodo, di pulizia, mentre non è noto se la pulizia ad ultrasuoni ha un effetto positivo sulla raccolta PM dalle superfici di foglia e propri parametri di funzionamento ottimale non sono chiare. La nostra ricerca precedente ha indicato che il PM trattenuto sulla superficie della foglia di Ginkgo biloba potrebbe essere eluito completamente senza distruggere le superfici di foglia, se una corretta procedura di pulizia ad ultrasuoni è stata completata per il metodo di pulizia convenzionale11 . Tuttavia, la stabilità e l'applicabilità generale della pulizia ad ultrasuoni parametri (potenza ultrasonica, tempo e altre informazioni) di specie di piante diverse, vivendo periodi di conservazione diversi polvere non sono ancora chiari.
Attualmente, la massa di PM2.5, PM10o TSP su unità di superficie di foglia spesso è stata utilizzata per valutare le abilità delle varie specie di alberi per rimuovere PM da aria ambiente14,15. Sotto la condizione naturale, il PM mantenuto su superfici foglia possa essere classificato in due parti: la prima parte è il PM che può cadere foglie a causa degli effetti del vento e pioggia, mentre l'altra parte è il PM che è strettamente rispettato per foglia delle superfici e non può essere ea sily lavato via dalla pioggia. Tuttavia, pochi studi hanno messo a fuoco sulla massa di entrambi i tipi di PM su superfici di foglia. Inoltre, i periodi di conservazione PM di foglie in diversi studi differiscono enormemente. Così, la comparabilità dei risultati di questi studi saranno povera, se la massa di PM trattenuti sulla superficie fogliare unità è adottata per valutare le capacità di rimozione di PM di alberi16. Di conseguenza, l'efficienza di ritenzione PM (la massa di PM trattenuti sulla superficie fogliare unità per unità di tempo), in alternativa, è stato proposto di valutare gli effetti di purificazione di PM di alberi urbani5,17. In generale, c'è ancora una mancanza di ricerca in questo aspetto. È estremamente necessario svolgere studi rilevanti per le diverse specie di fornire dati e metodologico basic supportano per valutare con precisione le capacità di rimozione di PM di varie specie di alberi.
Qui, tre specie di alberi di latifoglie (g. biloba, Estratto di Sophora japonicae Salix babylonica) e due specie di albero di aghifoglie (Pinus tabuliformis e Sabina chinensis) sono stati selezionati per valutare la loro rimozione di PM abilità in due periodi di conservazione PM. Il sito di campionamento foglia era nel parco di Xitucheng (39,97 ° N, 116,36 ° E), situato in una zona con forte inquinamento di Pechino. I tre obiettivi specifici di questo studio erano: (1) per valutare l'efficienza di pulizia metodi (pulizia dell'acqua (WC), pulizia a spazzola (BC) e pulizia ad ultrasuoni (UC)) in medicati il PM sulle foglie, (2) per verificare l'effetto di lavaggio ad ultrasuoni su foglie di diverse eluizione PM e (3) per valutare l'efficienza di ritenzione di varie specie di alberi a PM1, PM2.5, PM5, PM10e TSP.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

Basato sui metodi di pulizia convenzionali (acqua pulizia (WC) + spazzola di pulizia (BC)), questo studio ha valutato l'influenza di lavaggio ad ultrasuoni (UC) sulla raccolta di varie dimensione particolato (PM) mantenuto su superfici di foglia. Più ulteriormente abbiamo caratterizzato l'efficienza di ritenzione delle foglie di varie dimensioni PM, che aiuterà a valutare le capacità di alberi urbani per rimuovere quantitativamente PM dall'aria ambiente.
Prendere tre specie di alberi di latifoglie (Ginkgo biloba, Estratto di Sophora japonica e Salix babylonica) e due specie di aghifoglie albero (Pinus tabuliformis e Sabina chinensis) come gli oggetti di ricerca, sono stati campioni di foglia raccolti 4 (breve periodo di conservazione del PM) e 14 giorni (periodo di conservazione lungo PM) dopo le ultime piogge. PM mantenuto sulle superfici foglia è stato raccolto per mezzo di WC, BC e UC in sequenza. Quindi, l'efficienza di ritenzione delle foglie (AEfoglia) a tre tipi del PM di dimensioni varie, tra cui PM facilmente rimovibili (ERP), difficile da rimuovere PM (DRP) e totalmente rimovibile PM (TRP), sono stata calcolata. Solo circa il 23% - 45% del totale PM mantenuto su foglie potrebbe essere pulito fuori e raccolte da WC. Quando le foglie sono state pulite attraverso WC + BC, la sottovalutazione delle capacità di ritenzione di PM di varie specie di alberi era nella gamma del 29% - 46% per varie dimensioni del pomeriggio quasi tutti i PM mantenuto sui fogli potrebbe essere rimosso se UC è stata completata per WC + BC.
In conclusione, se l'UC è stato completato dopo i metodi di pulizia convenzionali, più PM su superfici foglia potrebbe essere eluite e raccolti. La procedura sviluppata in questo studio può essere utilizzata per valutare le capacità di rimozione di PM di varie specie di alberi.

Il PM mantenuto su superfici foglia aveva due tipi in condizioni naturali. Il PM si stacca facilmente dalla pioggia e vento in condizioni naturali è definito come il particolato facilmente rimovibile (ERP). Questo tipo di PM era rappresentato dal PM eluiti di WC in questo studio. Il PM che aderisce strettamente per foglia delle superfici e non può essere facilmente lavato via dalla BC e UC è definito come il particolato difficile da rimuovere (DRP). Questo tipo di PM non può essere el...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Valutare le capacità di rimozione del particolato di albero foglie

Il metodo di pulizia ad ultrasuoni è stato applicato per eluire il particolato (PM) conservato su superfici foglia dopo PM è stato eluito dei metodi convenzionali di pulizia (lavaggio solo con acqua o acqua di pulizia più spazzola di pulizia). La metodologia può contribuire a migliorare l'accuratezza della stima per PM capacità di ritenzione delle foglie.

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

Questo metodo può aiutare a rispondere a domande chiave nella relazione tra foreste urbane e campo di inquinamento da particolato, come ad esempio come selezionare specie arboree con elevate capacità di rimozione del particolato. Il vantaggio principale di questa tecnica è che le capacità di rimozione del PM degli alberi possono essere valutate in modo accurato e quantitativo raccogliendo completamente il PM trattenuto sulla superficie fogliare. Per iniziare, selezionare cinque singoli alberi sani con un diametro simile all'altezza del seno di ogni specie arborea.Quindi, raccogli casualmente quattro rami più grandi da quattro direzioni del baldacchino esterno nello strato centrale del baldacchino e taglia tutte le foglie intatte. Posizionare le foglie in sacchetti di valvole etichettati prima di trasportare i sacchetti in laboratorio e conservarli in frigo. Quindi, lavare e asciugare i becher in un forno impostato a 80 gradi Celsius.Equilibrare i becher a temperatura e umidità ambiente prima di pesarli. Successivamente, posiziona le foglie selezionate casualmente in uno dei grandi becher. Quindi, aggiungere 270 millilitri di acqua DI per becher A e immergere completamente le foglie.Mescolare l'acqua per 60 secondi in una direzione con un'asta di vetro. Quindi, versare uniformemente l'eluente in tre becher più piccoli. Quindi, aggiungere 270 millilitri di acqua DI a un diverso grande becher e immergere nuovamente le foglie in acqua.Utilizzando un pennello in nylon, strofinare le superfici fogliari con l'acqua DI, facendo attenzione a evitare di distruggere la microstruttura fogliare. Quindi, lavare le foglie in acqua DI con una bottiglia stisceggibile con una punta fine e trasferirle in un nuovo grande becher. Dopo questo, versare l'eluente in un set pulito di tre becher più piccoli.Aggiungere 270 millilitri di acqua DI al grande becher e immergere nuovamente le foglie in acqua. Quindi, posizionare il becher in una macchina per la pulizia ad ultrasuoni per tre o 10 minuti e mescolare le foglie in una direzione con un'asta di vetro. Quindi, trasferisci le foglie in un nuovo grande becher.Quindi, versare l'eluente in un nuovo set di tre piccoli becher. Coprire ciascuno dei set di tre piccoli becher con carta da filtro pulita e asciugare i becher nel forno di essiccazione per cinque giorni o fino a quando la massa dei becher diventa costante. Successivamente, metti i becher su un banco di laboratorio per 30 minuti e misura la massa di ogni becher.In primo luogo, aggiungere 50 millilitri di acqua DI a ciascuno dei piccoli becher. Quindi, posizionare i becher nella macchina per la pulizia ad ultrasuoni per 30 minuti fino a quando il PM non si disperde nel liquido. Aggiungere il supernatante dai becher a uno strumento di granularità laser e misurare la distribuzione delle dimensioni del PM eluitato nelle varie fasi di pulizia.Quindi, stendere le foglie su una tavola di plastica e scansionare le foglie con uno scanner. Infine, utilizzare il software di analisi delle immagini per stimare l'area della superficie e l'area proiettata delle foglie. In questo studio, il PM è stato eluitato dalle foglie di cinque specie di alberi attraverso diversi metodi di pulizia.Un gran numero di PM di diverse dimensioni sono stati elusi dalle superfici fogliari dopo la pulizia ad ultrasuoni del supplemento alla pulizia dell'acqua e alla pulizia delle spazzole. Le proporzioni medie eluizzate del PM di varie dimensioni delle cinque specie arboree mediante pulizia ad ultrasuoni erano rispettivamente del 41% e del 36% sotto la breve ritenzione di polveri e i lunghi periodi di ritenzione di polveri. Durante il tentativo di questa procedura, è importante ricordare di controllare rigorosamente l'impulso ultrasonico e il tempo ultrasonico.Seguendo questa procedura, altri metodi come la raccolta del PM trattenuto nello strato ceroso di foglie possono essere eseguiti al fine di rispondere a domande aggiuntive, come la produzione della massa di PM in superficie e in uno strato ceroso di foglie. Dopo il suo sviluppo, questa tecnica ha spianato la strada alla ricerca nel campo dell'inquinamento forestale e del particolato per esplorare il particolato trattenuto sulle foglie nella selezione delle specie arboree con le capacità di rimozione del particolato.

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

Tecnica per lo Studio artropodi e comunità microbiche all&#39;interno Albero tessuti

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

Ricerca

Ambiente

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

Trascrizione e metabolita Profiling per la valutazione del Tabacco Albero e pioppo come materia prima per l&#39;industria con sede a Bio

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, un metodo migliorato per Inex<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Misura di particolato e sciolto composti elaborati da Alimentatori sospensioni attive

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

Capire disciolto materia organica Biogeochimica Attraverso<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Nutrienti Manipolazioni in Stream ecosistemi

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

Produzione e misurazione del particolato organico in un reattore di tubo di flusso

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

Produzione e misurazione del particolato organico nella camera ambientale di Harvard

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

Migliorare la caratterizzazione spettroscopia infrarossa di materia organica del suolo con sottrazioni spettrale

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

Misurazioni di flussi di CO2 in siti di covarianza Eddy non ideali

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

Indagine sul metabolismo degli xenobiotici nelle foglie di Alba Salix tramite imaging della spettrometria di massa

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

Valutazione delle popolazioni intertidali del granchio verde europeo invasivo

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...