Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

この作品は、中央大学 (2017ZY21)、中国の国家自然科学基金 (21607038) の基礎的研究資金によって支えられました。

1. 葉のコレクション、溶出、午後の質量測定
<ol><li>各樹種と同様胸高直径の 5 健全個々 木 (すなわち、 5 レプリケートします) を選択します。中間の樹冠層の外側のキャノピーの 4 つの方向からランダムに 4 つのより大きい枝を収集し、すべてそのまま葉を切り落とします。 注: すべての植物の葉をサンプリングするため必要があります密接に約の長さと幅を持つ緑化帯板 250、60 m,...

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葉の表面に保持する PM の正確かつ適切なコレクションは異なる樹種の PM 除去能力を評価するための基礎です。しかし、従来の洗浄方法 (WC または紀元前プラス) 電子顕微鏡10をスキャンすることによって確認されている葉の表面の埃を完全に削除できません。これはさらに本研究で明確に実証された (図 1、図 2、 <str...

周囲の空気から PM を削除する樹種の能力は、葉の表面に保持時の質量を定量化によって評価できます。この目的を達成するため減算方法1、2、膜フィルター方法3,4、5、および粒子サイズ分析6と相まって溶出計量法がされています。PM2.5量を定量的に調べるに適用 (径 ≤ 2.5 μ m)、PM10 (径 ≤ 10 μ m) または総浮遊粒子 (TSP) 葉上に保持されます。ただし、これらの方法の正確性は基本的には葉の表面に保持午後の収集でのパフォーマンスに依存します。現時点では、1 つまたは 2 つの手順が含まれています洗浄関連の研究で頻繁に使用法従来の葉にはすなわち洗濯は水だけ (吸収し、脱イオン水を使用して葉をすすいでください)3,7またはブラッシング5,プラス8,9します。 ただし、いくつかの研究10、11 、葉の表面に午後でした従来洗浄方法によって完全に溶出しないを示しました。超音波洗浄は、高速、高品質、およびオブジェクトの表面にはほとんど損傷の利点は、それは複雑な微細構造と葉の表面に保持する PM を収集するために使用する大きな可能性を秘めてをいます。現時点では、超音波洗浄で適用されている午後の葉の表面に保持されますを収集するためにいくつかの研究 (すなわち、脱イオン水に葉を入れてし、PM を溶出する超音波洗浄機を使用)12,13。ただし、このメソッドは、葉面からの午後の収集に肯定的な効果を持つ超音波洗浄し、, 最適な動作パラメーターがクリアもかどうかは知られていませんが、洗浄方法、葉を補完するものとしてのみされます。私たちの以前の研究は、適切な超音波クリーニング手順は従来のクリーニング方法11 に補われた場合にイチョウ葉の表面に保持する PM が完全に葉の表面を破壊することがなく溶出することを示しています。.ただし、安定性と超音波洗浄の一般的な適用性別ダスト保持期間を経験している別の植物種のパラメーター (超音波出力、時間、およびその他の情報) がまだ明確ではないです。
現在、PM2.5、午後10、または単位葉面積の TSP の質量は周囲の空気14,15から PM を削除する樹種の能力を評価するしばしば利用されています。自然条件下で葉の表面に保持午後を 2 つの部分に分類できます: 最初の部分は風の影響により葉から落ちることができます午後、降雨量、その他の部分は葉にしっかりと付着している PM 表面し ea をすることはできません軽く降雨による洗浄。ただし、いくつかの研究は、葉の表面に午後の両方のタイプの質量に焦点を当てています。さらに、さまざまな研究で葉の午後保存期間は非常に異なります。これらの研究の結果の比較は、貧しい人々、午後単位葉面積の保持量が木16PM 除去能力を評価するために採用している場合になります。PM 保存効率 (単位時間あたり単位葉面積に保持時の質量)、その結果、別の方法として都市の木5,17の午後水質浄化効果を評価する提案されました。一般的には、まだこの面で研究の欠如があります。非常に異なる樹種樹種の PM 除去能力を正確に評価するための方法論的基礎とデータのサポートを提供するための関連する研究を実施する必要があります。
3 広葉樹種 (G. biloba槐スギ、イトヤナギ) と 2 針葉樹における樹種 (マツ tabuliformisとサビーナ成虫) がここでは、選択された評価、PM 除去能力 2 つの午後の保存期間。葉の採取は、西土城公園 (39.97 ° N、116.36 ° E)、北京の重い汚染地区に位置します。本研究の 3 つの特定の目的があった: (1) 洗浄方法 (水洗浄 (WC)、ブラシ洗浄 (BC) と超音波洗浄 (UC)) の超音波洗浄の効果を検証するには (2) の葉に PM を溶出に異なる葉の効率を評価するには午後、溶出、小さじ、午後10PM5時2.5午後1樹種の保持効率を評価する (3)。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1519px;" width="1518">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

従来洗浄方法 (水洗浄 (WC) + (BC) のクリーニング ブラシ) に基づいて、本研究は、様々 な大きさで分類された粒子状物質 (PM) 葉の表面上に保持されますを収集で超音波洗浄 (UC) の影響を評価しました。我々 はさらに周囲の空気から定量的 PM を削除する都市木の能力を評価するために役立つ様々 なサイズ午後時まで葉の保持効率が特徴です。
3 広葉樹種 (イチョウ葉、槐スギ、イトヤナギ) と研究の目的として 2 つ針葉樹における木種 (マツ tabuliformisとサビーナ成虫) を取って、葉試料最新の降雨後 4 日間 (短い午後保持期間) と 14 日 (長い午後保持期間) を収集しました。葉の表面に保持午後は順番 WC、BC、UC による収集されました。その後、葉 (AE葉) 削除困難時 (DRP) と完全に取り外し可能な午後 (TRP)、簡単に取り外し可能な午後 (ERP) を含む、様々 な大きさで分類された午後の 3 つのタイプの保存効率を算出しました。午後に保持葉合計の約 23%-45% をオフに掃除し、トイレによって収集された可能性があります。WC + BC を葉を洗浄したとき異なる樹種の PM 保存容量の過小評価は WC + 紀元前に UC を補った場合、葉に保持されますすべての PM を削除でした様々 な大きさで分類された時ほとんどの 29%-46% の範囲内だった。
結論としては、UC は、従来の洗浄方法後補完された場合、葉の表面に以上の PM を溶出し、収集可能性があります。本研究で開発したプロシージャは、異なる樹種の PM 除去能力を評価するために使えます。

葉の表面に保持午後いた自然な条件の下で 2 つのタイプ。PM は、降雨により簡単に落ちるし、自然条件下での風は簡単に取り外し可能な粒子状物質 (ERP) として定義されています。午後のこのタイプは、本研究ではトイレによって溶離される PM によって表されました。しっかりと葉に付着した PM 表面し、簡単に BC で洗い流されることはできません UC 削除困難な粒子?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

葉の木の粒子状物質の除去能力を評価します。

超音波洗浄法は、午後は従来のクリーニング方法 (水洗浄のみまたは水洗浄とクリーニング ブラシ) で溶出した後、葉の表面に保持粒子状物質 (PM) を溶出に適用されました。方法論は、葉の PM 保存容量の推定精度を改善するために助けることができます。

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

この方法は、都市森林と粒子状物質汚染分野との関係における重要な質問(粒子状物質除去能力の高い樹種の選択方法など)に答えるのに役立ちます。この技術の主な利点は、樹木のPM除去能力を葉表面に完全に保持したPMを収集することによって正確かつ定量的に評価できることである。まず、各樹種の胸の高さで同様の直径を持つ5つの健康な個々の木を選択します。次に、中間キャノピー層の4つの方向から4つの大きな枝をランダムに収集し、すべての無傷の葉を切断する。ラベル付きバルブバッグに葉を入れてから、実験室に荷物を運び、冷蔵庫に保管します。次に、ビーカーを80度に設定したオーブンで洗い、乾燥させます。ビーカーを室温と湿度に平衡化してから計量します。この後、ランダムに選択された葉を大きなビーカーの1つに入れます。その後、270ミリリットルのDI水をビーカーAに加え、葉を完全に浸します。ガラス棒で一方向に60秒間水をかき混ぜます。その後、溶出剤を3つの小さなビーカーに均等に注ぎます。次に、270ミリリットルのDI水を別の大きなビーカーに加え、葉をもう一度水に浸します。ナイロンブラシを使用して、葉の表面をDI水でスクラブし、葉の微細構造を破壊しないように注意してください。次に、細かい先端を持つ絞り可能なボトルでDI水で葉を洗い、新しい大きなビーカーに移します。この後、溶出剤を3つの小さなビーカーのきれいなセットに注ぎます。大きなビーカーに270ミリリットルのDI水を加え、葉を再び水に浸します。次に、ビーカーを超音波洗浄機に3~10分間入れ、ガラス棒で葉を一方向にかき混ぜます。その後、葉を新しい大きなビーカーに移します。次に、溶出剤を3つの小さなビーカーの新しいセットに注ぎます。3つの小さなビーカーのセットを清潔なろ紙で覆い、乾燥オーブンでビーカーを5日間乾燥させるか、ビーカーの塊が一定になるまで乾燥させます。この後、30分間実験室のベンチにビーカーを置き、各ビーカーの質量を測定します。まず、小さなビーカーのそれぞれにDI水の50ミリリットルを追加します。次いで、PMが液体中に分散するまで30分間超音波洗浄機にビーカーを入れます。ビーカーの上清をレーザー粒度計器に加え、様々な洗浄工程で溶出したPMのサイズ分布を測定します。次に、葉をプラスチック製のボードに広げ、スキャナーで葉をスキャンします。最後に、画像解析ソフトウェアを使用して、葉の表面積と投影面積を推定します。本研究では、PMは異なる洗浄方法を用いて5種の樹木の葉から溶出した。超音波洗浄を補った後、多数の異なるサイズのPMが水のクリーニングとブラシ洗浄に加えて葉の表面から溶出した。超音波洗浄による5種の樹種の各種PMの平均溶出割合は、それぞれ短い塵保持期間および長い塵保持期間の下で41%および36%であった。この手順を試みている間、超音波パルスと超音波時間を厳密に制御することを覚えておくことが重要です。この手順に従って、葉のワックス状の層に保持されたPMを収集するような他の方法は、表面およびワックス状の葉層でPMの質量の産生のような追加の質問に答えるために行うことができる。その開発後、この技術は、森林および粒子状物質汚染の分野での研究の道を開き、粒子状物質除去能力を持つ樹種を選択する際に葉に保持されている粒子状物質を探索する道を開いた。

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

ツリー組織内節足動物と微生物群集を研究するための技術

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

環境学

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

バイオベースの産業の原料としてたばこ木とポプラの評価のための転写産物および代謝物プロファイリング

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP、のための改良INEX方法<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;微粒子と溶解した化合物の測定は、アクティブサスペンションフィーダによって処理します

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

溶存有機物生物地球化学を理解します<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;ストリーム生態系における栄養操作を

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

生産と流管炉の粒子状有機物の測定

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

生産およびハーバード大学環境チャンバーにおける有機粒子状物質の測定

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

スペクトル減算と土壌有機物の赤外分光特性の向上

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

非理想の渦共分散部位におけるCO2フラックスの測定

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

質量分析イメージングによる サリックスアルバ 葉における異種生物学的代謝の研究

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

侵略的なヨーロッパの緑のカニの潮間の集団を評価する

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...