Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
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이 작품은 중앙 대학 (2017ZY21), 국립 자연 과학 재단의 중국 (21607038)에 대 한 근본적인 연구 기금에 의해 지원 되었다.

1. 잎 수집, 차입 및 오후의 질량 측정
<ol><li>5 건강 한 개별 나무 (즉, 5 복제)의 유 방 높이 비슷한 직경을 가진 나무 종 각을 선택 합니다. 중간 캐노피 층에서 외부 캐노피의 4 방향에서 4 개의 큰 분기를 무작위로 수집 하 고 모든 그대로 나뭇잎을 잘라. 참고: 잎 샘플링에 대 한 모든 식물 해야 밀접 하 게에 있는 녹화 스트립 길이와 너비가 약 250 및 60 m, 각각,이 나무의 환경 조건 (바람, ?...

<ol>
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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Role+of+Ultrasonic+Cleaning+in+Quantitative+Evaluation+of+the+Retention+of+Tree+Leaves+to+Atmospheric+Particles:+A+Case+Study+with+Ginkgo+biloba.">Analysis of the Role of Ultrasonic Cleaning in Quantitative Evaluation of the Retention of Tree Leaves to Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study with Ginkgo biloba.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 52 (12), 133-140 (2016).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+absorption+effect+of+urban+conifers+in+Northeast+China.">Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China.</a> Chinese. Journal of Applied Ecology. 14 (12), 2113-2116 (2003).</li><li>Li, H., Yang, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+of+suspended+particulates+adhering+to+salt+marsh+plants.">Changes of suspended particulates adhering to salt marsh plants.</a> Acta Oceanolo Giga Sinica. 32 (1), 114-119 (2010).</li><li>Nguyen, T., Yu, X. X., Zhang, Z. M., Liu, M. M., Liu, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+types+of+urban+forest+and+PM2.5+capture+at+three+growth+stages+of+leaves.">Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5 capture at three growth stages of leaves.</a> Journal of Environmental Sciences. 27 (1), 33-41 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. X., Li, X. P., Han, J., Cao, Y., Dong, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+assessment+of+the+impacts+of+landscape+structure+on+different-sized+airborne+particles+in+residential+areas+of+Beijing,+China.">Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on different-sized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing, China.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 166, 192-203 (2017).</li><li>Liu, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+based+investigation+on+particulate+size+distribution+and+retention+efficiency+of+particulate+matters+retained+on+tree+leaves-Taking+Ginkgo+biloba+and+Pinus+tabuliformis+as+examples.">Ultrasonic based investigation on particulate size distribution and retention efficiency of particulate matters retained on tree leaves-Taking Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabuliformis as examples.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 40, 798-809 (2016).</li><li>Yao, X. Y., Hu, Y. S., Liu, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust-retention+effect+of+8+common+greening+Tree+Species+in+Beijing.">Dust-retention effect of 8 common greening Tree Species in Beijing.</a> Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 29, 92-95 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H., Duan, J., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+surface+structure+on+the+particle+size+distribution+captured+by+Ligustrum+lucidum.">Influence of surface structure on the particle size distribution captured by Ligustrum lucidum.</a> Journal of Safety &amp; Environment. 1, 258-262 (2015).</li></ol>

잎 표면에 유지 하는 오후의 정확 하 고 적절 한 컬렉션의 다른 종의 오후 제거 능력을 평가 하기 위한 기초 이다. 그러나, 기존의 청소 방법 (화장실 또는 기원전 플러스) 완전히 전자 현미경10을 검색 하 여 확인 되었습니다 잎 표면에 먼지를 제거할 수 없습니다. 이 더 명확 하 게 현재 연구에 의해 입증 되었다 (그림 1, 그림 2, <...

주변 공기에서 오후를 제거 하려면 다른 나무 종의 능력 잎 표면에 유지 하는 오후의 질량을 측정을 통해 평가 될 수 있다. 이 목표를 달성 하기 위해 빼기 방법1,2, 멤브레인 필터 방법3,,45및 입자 크기 분석6 함께 차입 무게 방법 되었습니다. 양적 오후2.5 의 질량을 예측에 적용 (직경 ≤ 2.5 µ m), 오후10 (직경 ≤ 10 µ m) 또는 총 일시 중단 된 미 립 자 (TSP) 잎에 유지. 그러나, 이러한 방법의 정확성은 기본적으로 잎 표면에 유지 하는 오후를 수집에 그들의 성능에 따라 다릅니다. 현재, 기존의 잎 청소 관련된 연구에서 자주 사용 하는 방법은 하나 또는 두 개의 단계를 포함 즉만 물 세척 (흡수와 잎 이온된 수를 사용 하 여 린스)3,7 또는5, 솔 플러스 8 , 그러나 9., 일부 연구10,11 는 잎 표면에 오후 수 없습니다 수 완전히 eluted 기존의 청소 방법으로 증명 하고있다. 로 높은 속도, 높은 품질, 그리고 개체의 표면에 약간의 피해의 장점이 초음파 청소, 그것은 복잡 한 마이크로 구조와 잎 표면에 유지 하는 오후를 수집 하는 데 사용할 큰 잠재력이 있다. 현재, 초음파 청소 적용 된 잎 표면에 유지 하는 오후를 수집 하는 일부 연구에서 (즉, 이온된 물에 잎을 넣어 하 고 초음파 청소기를 사용 하 여 오후 elute)12,13. 그러나,이 방법은 잎 청소 방법, 모른다 여부 초음파 청소 잎 표면에서 오후를 수집에 대 한 긍정적인 효력이 있으며 최적의 운영 매개 변수는 또한 불분명 하다 동안에 보충 교재로만 사용 됩니다. 우리의 이전 연구는 은행나무 잎 표면에 오후 수 수 완전히 eluted 잎 표면 파괴 하지 않고 적절 한 초음파 청소 절차는 기존의 청소 방법11에 보충 되었다 경우 보이고 있다 . 그러나, 안정성과 초음파 청소의 일반적인 적용 매개 변수 (초음파 전력, 시간 및 기타 정보) 다른 먼지 보존 기간 발생 하는 다른 식물 종에는 아직 명확 하지 않습니다.
현재, 오후2.5, 오후10또는 단위 리프 지역에 TSP의 질량 자주 대기14,15에서 오후를 제거 하려면 다른 종의의 능력을 평가 하기 위해 활용 되었습니다. 자연 상태 하에서 잎 표면에 유지 오후 두 부분으로 분류 될 수 있다: 첫 번째 부분은 바람의 영향으로 잎 떨어져 떨어질 수 있습니다 오후와 강우량, 다른 부분은 잎에 밀접 하 게 준수는 오후 동안 표면 ea 수 없습니다 sily는 강우량에 의해 씻어. 그러나, 몇 가지 연구는 잎 표면에 오후의 두 종류의 질량에 집중 했다. 또한, 다른 연구에 나뭇잎의 오후 보존 기간이 엄청나게 다릅니다. 따라서, 이러한 연구의 결과의 comparability 가난한 경우 오후 단위 리프 지역에 보존의 질량은 나무16오후 제거 능력을 평가 하기 위해 채택 될 것입니다. 따라서, 오후 보존 효율 (단위 시간 당 단위 리프 지역에 유지 하는 오후의 질량), 대신, 도시 나무5,17의 오후 정화 효과 평가 하기 위해 제안 되었다. 일반적으로, 아직이 측면에서 연구의 부족이 이다. 그것은 매우 다른 종의 다른 나무 종의 오후 제거 능력을 정확 하 게 평가 하기 위한 방법론 기본 및 데이터 지원 제공을 위한 관련 연구를 수행 해야 합니다.
여기, 3 broadleaf 나무 종 (G. biloba, Sophora japonica및 Salix babylonica)와 두 개의 needleleaf 나무 종 (Pinus tabuliformis 와 사비 나 나무) 그들의 오후 제거를 평가 하기 위해 선정 됐다 능력 2 개의 오후 보존 기간입니다. 베이징에서 무거운 오염 된 지역에 있는 Xitucheng 공원 (39.97 ° N, 116.36 ° E), 잎 샘플링 사이트가 했다. 이 연구의 세 가지 특정 목표를 했다: (1) 청소 (물 청소 (화장실), 브러시 (BC), 청소 및 초음파 청소 (UC)) 방법 (2)에 초음파 청소의 효과 확인 하기 위해 잎에 오후 방출에 다른 잎의 효율성을 평가 하기 위해 오후, 방출 및 오후1, 오후2.5, 오후5, 오후10및 TSP를 다른 나무 종의 보존 효율 평가 (3).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1519px;" width="1518">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

기존의 청소 방법 (물 청소 (화장실) + 브러쉬 (BC) 청소)을 바탕으로,이 연구 수집 하는 다양 한 크기의 미 립 자 물질 (PM) 잎 표면에 유지에 초음파 청소 (UC)의 영향을 평가. 우리는 더 다양 한 크기의 오후, 양적 오후 주변 공기에서 제거 하는 도시 나무의 능력을 평가 하는 데 도움이 됩니다 나뭇잎의 보존 효율 특징.
복용 3 broadleaf 나무 종 (은행나무, Sophora 나무 및 Salix babylonica)와 두 개의 needleleaf 나무 종 (Pinus tabuliformis 와 사비 나 나무) 연구 개체로, 잎 샘플 했다 최신 강우량 후 4 일 (짧은 오후 보존 기간)과 14 일 (긴 오후 보존 기간)를 수집합니다. 오후는 잎 표면에 유지 순서 대로 화장실, bc 주, 그리고 UC 수집 했다. 다음, 제거 하기 어려운 오후 (DRP), 그리고 완전히 이동식 오후 (TRP), 쉽게 이동식 오후 (ERP)를 포함 하 여 다양 한 크기의 오후의 세 가지 종류 (애잎) 잎의 보존 효율 계산 했다. 만 약 23%-45% 오후에 나뭇잎 떨어져 청소 하 고 화장실에 의해 수집 된 수 있습니다. 나뭇잎 화장실 + BC를 통해 청소 했다 때 다른 나무 종의 오후 보존 용량의 싼 잎에 모든 오후 UC 화장실 + 기원전 보충 되었다 하는 경우 제거 될 수 있습니다 다양 한 크기의 시 거의 대 한 29%-46%의 범위에서 했다.
결론적으로, 경우에 UC는 기존 청소 방법 후 보충 되었다, 잎 표면에 더 많은 오후 수 eluted 되며 수집. 이 연구에서 개발 된 절차는 다른 나무 종의 오후 제거 능력을 평가 하기 위한 사용할 수 있습니다.

잎 표면에 유지 오후 자연 조건 하에서 두 가지 했다. 오후 강우량에 의해 쉽게 폭포와 자연 조건 하에서 바람 쉽게 이동식 미 립 자 물질 (ERP)로 정의 됩니다. 오후의이 유형이이 연구에서 화장실에 의해 eluted 오후에 의해 대표 되었다. 오후를 엄격 하 게 준수 표면 고 씻어 수 없습니다 쉽게 기원전으로 UC 제거 하기 어려운 미 립 자 물질 (DRP)로 정의 됩니다. 오후의이 종류?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

단풍 나무의 미 립 자 물질 제거 능력 평가

초음파 청소 방법 elute 미 립 자 물질 (PM) 후 오후는 eluted 기존의 청소 방법 (물만 청소 또는 물 청소 및 청소 브러쉬)으로 잎 표면에 유지에 적용 되었습니다. 방법론 잎의 오후 보존 용량에 대 한 예측 정확도 향상 시킬 수 있습니다.

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

이 방법은 미립자 물질 제거 능력을 가진 나무 종을 선택하는 방법과 같은 도시 숲과 미립자 물질 오염 분야 사이의 관계에서 중요한 질문에 답하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 이 기술의 주요 장점은 나무의 PM 제거 능력을 잎 표면에 완전히 유지된 PM을 수집하여 정확하고 정량적으로 평가할 수 있다는 것입니다. 시작하려면 각 나무 종의 유방 높이에서 직경이 비슷한 5 개의 건강한 개별 나무를 선택하십시오.그런 다음 중간 캐노피 층의 아웃 캐노피의 네 방향에서 네 개의 큰 가지를 무작위로 수집하고 모든 그대로의 잎을 잘라냅니다. 잎을 라벨이 부착된 밸브 백에 넣고 가방을 실험실로 운반하고 냉장고에 보관하십시오. 다음으로, 80°C로 설정된 오븐에서 비커를 씻고 건조시합니다.비커를 계량하기 전에 실온과 습도에 대고 계평합니다. 이 후 무작위로 선택된 잎을 큰 비커 중 하나에 놓습니다. 그런 다음 270 밀리리터의 DI 물을 추가하여 A를 비커로 만들고 잎을 완전히 담급다.유리 막대로 물을 한 방향으로 60초 간 저어줍니다. 그런 다음 용액을 세 개의 작은 비커에 고르게 붓습니다. 다음으로, 다른 큰 비커에 DI 물 270 밀리리터를 추가하고 다시 한 번 물에 잎을 담급다.나일론 브러쉬를 사용하여 잎 표면을 DI 물로 문질러 잎 미세 구조를 파괴하지 않도록주의하십시오. 다음으로, DI 물에 잎을 미세한 팁으로 짜는 병으로 씻고 새로운 대형 비커로 옮깁니다. 그 후, 용액을 세 개의 작은 비커의 깨끗한 세트에 붓습니다.큰 비커에 DI 물 270 밀리리터를 넣고 잎을 물에 다시 담급다. 그런 다음 비커를 초음파 청소 기계에 3~10분 간 넣고 유리 막대로 잎을 한 방향으로 저어줍니다. 그런 다음 잎을 새로운 대형 비커로 옮깁니다.다음으로, 용액을 세 개의 작은 비커의 새로운 세트에 붓습니다. 깨끗한 필터 용지로 세 개의 작은 비커 세트를 각각 덮고 5 일 동안 또는 비커의 질량이 일정해질 때까지 건조 오븐에서 비커를 건조시십시오. 그 후, 30 분 동안 실험실 벤치에 비커를 넣고 각 비커의 질량을 측정합니다.먼저 각 작은 비커에 50밀리리터의 DI 물을 넣습니다. 그런 다음, PM이 액체에 분산 될 때까지 30 분 동안 초음파 청소 기계에 비커를 배치합니다. 부커에서 상체를 레이저 세분성 기기에 추가하고 다양한 세척 단계에서 용출된 PM의 크기 분포를 측정합니다.다음으로, 플라스틱 보드에 잎을 확산하고 스캐너로 잎을 스캔합니다. 마지막으로 이미지 분석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 잎의 표면적 및 투영 된 영역을 추정합니다. 이 연구에서PM은 다른 세척 방법을 통해 5종의 나무 잎에서 출화되었습니다.초음파 청소를 보충한 후 잎 표면에서 물 청소와 브러시 청소에 이르기까지 다양한 크기의 PM이 출동했습니다. 초음파 청소에 의한 5종 의 다양한 크기의 PM의 평균 출화 비율은 각각 41%와 36%로 짧은 먼지 유지 기간과 긴 먼지 유지 기간에 따라 각각 이었다. 이 절차를 시도하는 동안 초음파 펄스와 초음파 시간을 엄격하게 제어하는 것을 기억하는 것이 중요합니다.이 절차에 따라, 잎의 왁스 층으로 유지 PM을 수집같은 다른 방법은 표면및 잎의 왁스 층에서 PM의 질량의 생산과 같은 추가 질문에 대답하기 위해 수행 될 수있다. 개발 후, 이 기술은 산림 및 미립자 물질 오염 분야에서 연구를 위한 길을 열어 미립자 물질 제거 능력과 나무 종을 선택하는 잎에 보관된 미립자 물질을 탐구하는 길을 열었습니다.

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

나무 조직 내에서 절지 동물과 미생물 군집 유학을위한 기술

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

연구

환경과학

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

바이오 기반 산업을위한 원료로 담배 나무와 포플러의 평가에 대한 성적 증명서 및 대사 산물 프로파일

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, 개선 INEX 방법에 대한<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 미립자의 측정 및 용존 화합물은 액티브 서스펜션 피더에 의해 처리

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

을 통해 유기 물질 생지 화학을 용해의 이해<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 스트림 생태계에서 영양소 조작을

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

생산 및 흐름 튜브 반응 기에서 유기 미 립 자 물질의 측정

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

생산 및 하버드 환경 챔버에 유기 미 립 자 물질의 측정

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

스펙트럼 차감으로 토양 유기 물질의 적외선 분광학 특성 개선

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

비이상적인 에디 공변 사이트에서 CO2 플럭스 측정

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

살릭스 알바에서 제노바이오틱스 대사에 대한 조사는 질량 분광화상 영상을 통해 나뭇잎

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

침략적인 유럽 녹색 게의 조간 인구 평가

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...