Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Dette arbeidet ble støttet av grunnleggende forskning midlene sentral universitetene (2017ZY21) og National Natural Science Foundation av Kina (21607038).

1. blad innsamling, elueringsrør og masse måling av PM
<ol><li>Velg fem sunn enkelte trær (dvs. fem gjentak) hver trearter med lignende diameter på brysthøyde. Samle fire større grener tilfeldig fra fire retninger i ytre kalesjen i midten baldakin laget og kuttet alle intakt blader. Merk: Alle planter for blad prøvetaking bør plasseres tett i en greening stripe med lengde og bredde på ca 250 og 60 m, henholdsvis for å sikre at miljøforhold (vind, lys og regn) av disse trærne er like. Bladene bru...

<ol>
	<li>Baidurela, A., Halik, U., Aishan, T., Nuermaimaiti, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximum+dust+retention+of+main+greening+trees+in+arid+land+oasis+cities,+Northwest+China.">Maximum dust retention of main greening trees in arid land oasis cities, Northwest China.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 51, 57-63 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+capturing+capacities+of+twenty-six+deciduous+broad-leaved+trees+in+Beijing.">Dust capturing capacities of twenty-six deciduous broad-leaved trees in Beijing.</a> Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 39, 736-745 (2015).</li><li>Dzierzanowski, K., Gawro&#324;ski, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+trees+for+reducing+particulate+matter+pollution+in+air.">Use of trees for reducing particulate matter pollution in air.</a> Challenges of Modern Technology. 2, 69-73 (2011).</li><li>Przybysz, A., S&#230;b&#248;, A., Hanslin, H. M., Gawro&#324;ski, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+particulate+matter+and+trace+elements+on+vegetation+as+affected+by+pollution+level,+rainfall+and+the+passage+of+time.">Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level, rainfall and the passage of time.</a> Science of the Total Environment. 481, 360-369 (2014).</li><li>Chen, L. X., Liu, C. M., Zou, R., Yang, M., Zhang, Z. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+examination+of+effectiveness+of+vegetation+as+bio-filter+of+particulate+matter+in+the+urban+environment.">Experimental examination of effectiveness of vegetation as bio-filter of particulate matter in the urban environment.</a> Environmental Pollution. 208, 198-208 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Z. D., Xi, B. Y., Cao, Z. G., Jia, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+a+quantitative+methodology+to+characterize+the+retention+of+PM2.5+and+other+atmospheric+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves:+Taking+Populus+tomentosa+as+an+example.">Exploration of a quantitative methodology to characterize the retention of PM2.5 and other atmospheric particulate matter by plant leaves: Taking Populus tomentosa as an example.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 25, 2238-2242 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+Existing+Shrubs+of+the+Road+in+Changchun+and+the+Dust+Retention+Capacity+of+the+Three+Shrubs.">Studies on the Existing Shrubs of the Road in Changchun and the Dust Retention Capacity of the Three Shrubs.</a> Jilin Agricultural University. , (2013).</li><li>Beckett, K. P., Freer-Smith, P., Taylor, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+tree+species+for+local+air-quality+management.">Effective tree species for local air-quality management.</a> Journal of Arboriculture. 163, 12-19 (2000).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+captured+quantity+of+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves+under+typical+weather+conditions.">Dynamics of the captured quantity of particulate matter by plant leaves under typical weather conditions.</a> Acta Ecologica Sinica. 35, 1696-1705 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z. H., Li, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacity+of+dust+uptake+by+leaf+surface+of+Euonymus+Japonicus+Thunb.+and+the+morphology+of+captured+particle+in+air+polluted+city.">Capacity of dust uptake by leaf surface of Euonymus Japonicus Thunb. and the morphology of captured particle in air polluted city.</a> Ecology &amp; Environment. 15, 327-330 (2006).</li><li>Liu, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Role+of+Ultrasonic+Cleaning+in+Quantitative+Evaluation+of+the+Retention+of+Tree+Leaves+to+Atmospheric+Particles:+A+Case+Study+with+Ginkgo+biloba.">Analysis of the Role of Ultrasonic Cleaning in Quantitative Evaluation of the Retention of Tree Leaves to Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study with Ginkgo biloba.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 52 (12), 133-140 (2016).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+absorption+effect+of+urban+conifers+in+Northeast+China.">Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China.</a> Chinese. Journal of Applied Ecology. 14 (12), 2113-2116 (2003).</li><li>Li, H., Yang, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+of+suspended+particulates+adhering+to+salt+marsh+plants.">Changes of suspended particulates adhering to salt marsh plants.</a> Acta Oceanolo Giga Sinica. 32 (1), 114-119 (2010).</li><li>Nguyen, T., Yu, X. X., Zhang, Z. M., Liu, M. M., Liu, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+types+of+urban+forest+and+PM2.5+capture+at+three+growth+stages+of+leaves.">Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5 capture at three growth stages of leaves.</a> Journal of Environmental Sciences. 27 (1), 33-41 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. X., Li, X. P., Han, J., Cao, Y., Dong, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+assessment+of+the+impacts+of+landscape+structure+on+different-sized+airborne+particles+in+residential+areas+of+Beijing,+China.">Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on different-sized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing, China.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 166, 192-203 (2017).</li><li>Liu, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+based+investigation+on+particulate+size+distribution+and+retention+efficiency+of+particulate+matters+retained+on+tree+leaves-Taking+Ginkgo+biloba+and+Pinus+tabuliformis+as+examples.">Ultrasonic based investigation on particulate size distribution and retention efficiency of particulate matters retained on tree leaves-Taking Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabuliformis as examples.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 40, 798-809 (2016).</li><li>Yao, X. Y., Hu, Y. S., Liu, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust-retention+effect+of+8+common+greening+Tree+Species+in+Beijing.">Dust-retention effect of 8 common greening Tree Species in Beijing.</a> Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 29, 92-95 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H., Duan, J., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+surface+structure+on+the+particle+size+distribution+captured+by+Ligustrum+lucidum.">Influence of surface structure on the particle size distribution captured by Ligustrum lucidum.</a> Journal of Safety &amp; Environment. 1, 258-262 (2015).</li></ol>

Nøyaktig og riktig samling PM beholdt på blad overflater er grunnlag for å vurdere PM fjerning evner av ulike treslag. Men konvensjonelle rengjøringsmetode (WC eller pluss BC) kan ikke fjerne støv på blad overflater, som har blitt bekreftet av skanning elektronmikroskop10. Dette ble ytterligere demonstrert tydelig av studien (figur 1, figur 2, Figur 3og Figur 4</st...

Evnene til ulike treslag fjerne PM fra luften kan vurderes gjennom kvantifisere masse PM beholdt på blad overflater. For å oppnå dette målet, har subtraksjon metode1,2, membran filter metode3,4,5og elueringsrør-veier metoden kombinert med partikkel størrelse analyse6 vært brukes til å beregne kvantitativt masse PM2.5 (diameter ≤ 2.5 µm), PM10 (diameter ≤ 10 µm) eller totale suspendert partikler (TSP) beholdes på bladene. Nøyaktigheten av disse metodene i utgangspunktet avhenger imidlertid ytelsen i samle PM beholdt på blad overflater. I dag, den konvensjonelle bladet rengjøringsmetode brukes i relaterte studier ofte inneholder ett eller to trinn, nemlig bare vann vask (suge og skyll blader med deionisert vann)3,7 eller pluss børsting5, 8 , 9. imidlertid noen studier10,11 har vist at PM på blad overflater ikke kan være helt elut av konvensjonelle rengjøringsmetode. Som ultralyd har fordelene med høy hastighet, høy kvalitet og lite skader overflaten av objektet, har det stort potensial for samle PM beholdt på blad overflater med komplekse microstructures. I dag, ultralyd har vært brukt i noen studier å samle PM beholdt på blad overflater (dvs.sette bladene i deionisert vann og bruk ultrasonisk renere for å elute PM)12,13. Denne metoden brukes imidlertid bare som et supplement til et blad rengjøringsmetode, mens det ikke er kjent om den ultralyd har en positiv effekt på å samle PM fra blad overflater og optimal drift parametrene er heller ikke klart. Tidligere forskning har vist at PM beholdt på Ginkgo biloba blad overflaten kan være helt elut uten å ødelegge blad overflater, hvis en skikkelig ultralyd rengjøring prosedyre ble supplert med konvensjonelle rengjøring metoden11 . Imidlertid stabilitet og generelle anvendelige av ultralyd rengjøring parametere (ultralyd makt, klokkeslett og annen informasjon) i forskjellige plantearter opplever ulike støv oppbevaringsperioder er ennå ikke klart.
Foreløpig blitt masse PM2.5, PM10eller TS på blad arealenhet ofte benyttet for å evaluere evnene til ulike treslag fjerne PM fra luften14,15. Under den naturlige tilstanden, PM beholdt på blad overflater kan klassifiseres i to deler: den første delen er PM som kan falle av bladene på grunn av effektene av vind og nedbør, mens den andre delen er PM som er strengt overholdt for å blad overflater og ikke ea sily vasket av nedbør. Imidlertid har få studier fokusert på massen av begge typer PM på blad overflater. I tillegg varierer PM oppbevaringsperioder blader i forskjellige studier enormt. Dermed vil sammenlignbarheten av resultatene av disse studiene være dårlig, hvis masse PM beholdt på blad areal er vedtatt for å vurdere PM fjerning evner trær16. Følgelig PM oppbevaring effektiviteten (massen av PM beholdt på blad arealenhet per enhetstid), som et alternativ, ble foreslått å evaluere PM rensing effekten av urbane trær5,17. Generelt, er det fortsatt en mangel på forskning i dette aspektet. Det er svært nødvendig å foreta relevante studier for ulike treslag å gi metodologiske basic og data støtte for å vurdere PM fjerning evner av ulike treslag nøyaktig.
Her ble tre Bredbladet treslag (G. biloba Sophora japonicaog Salix babylonica) og to needleleaf trearter (Pinus tabuliformis og Sabina chinensis) valgt å evaluere straffrihet PM ferdigheter under to PM oppbevaringsperioder. Blad prøvetaking stedet var i Xitucheng Park (39.97° N, 116.36° E) ligger i et område med tung forurensning i Beijing. De tre spesifikke mål av denne studien var: (1) å vurdere effektiviteten av ulike blad rengjøring metoder (vann rengjøring (dusj), pensel rengjøring (F.Kr.) og ultralyd (UC)) i eluting PM på blader, (2) for å kontrollere effekten av ultralyd på eluting PM, og (3) for å vurdere oppbevaring effektiviteten av ulike treslag PM1, PM2.5, PM5, PM10og TS.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

Basert på de konvensjonelle metodene for rensing (vann rengjøring (WC) + rengjøring (F.Kr.)), vurdert denne studien påvirkning av ultralyd (UC) på samle ulike størrelse svevestøv (PM) beholdes på blad overflater. Vi ytterligere preget oppbevaring effektiviteten av bladene til ulike størrelser PM, som vil bidra til å vurdere evnene til urbane trær fjerne PM fra luften kvantitativt.
Tar tre Bredbladet treslag (Ginkgo biloba, Sophora japonica, og Salix babylonica) og to needleleaf trearter (Pinus tabuliformis og Sabina chinensis) som forskning objektene, var blad prøvene samlet 4 dager (kort PM oppbevaringsperiode) og 14 dager (lang PM oppbevaringsperiode) etter den siste nedbøren. PM beholdt på blad overflater var samlet WC, BC, og UC i sekvensen. Deretter ble oppbevaring effektiviteten av blader (AEblad) til tre typer ulike størrelse PM, inkludert lett tas PM (ERP), vanskelig å fjerne PM (DRP) og helt flyttbare PM (TRP), beregnet. Bare rundt 23-45% av totalen PM beholdt på blader kan tørkes av og samlet inn av WC. Når bladene ble renset gjennom WC + BC, var undervurdering av PM oppbevaring kapasitet på ulike treslag i området av 29% - 46% for ulike størrelse PM. nesten alle PM beholdt på blader kan fjernes hvis UC ble supplert til WC + F.Kr.
Avslutningsvis hvis Høgskolen ble supplert etter de konvensjonelle metodene for rensing, kunne mer PM på blad overflater være elut og samlet. Prosedyren utviklet i denne studien kan brukes for å vurdere PM fjerning evner av ulike treslag.

PM beholdt på blad overflater hadde to typer under naturlige forhold. PM faller lett av regn og vind under naturlige forhold er definert som den lett tas av svevestøv (ERP). Denne typen PM var representert ved PM elut ved WC i denne studien. PM som tett følger for å blad overflater og ikke kan enkelt vaskes av av F.Kr og UC er definert som vanskelig å fjerne partikler (DRP). Denne typen PM kan ikke være elut av naturlig regnskyll og vind.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Vurdere svevestøv fjerning evner av tre blader

Ultralyd rengjøring metoden ble brukt til å elute svevestøv (PM) beholdes på blad overflater etter PM var elut av konvensjonelle rengjøring metoder (rengjøring bare vann eller vann rengjøring pluss rengjøring). Metodikken kan bidra til å forbedre estimering nøyaktigheten for PM oppbevaring kapasitet på bladene.

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

Denne metoden kan bidra til å svare på viktige spørsmål i forholdet mellom urbane skoger og forurensningsfelt for svevestøv, for eksempel hvordan man velger treslag med høy partikkel fjerning evner. Den største fordelen med denne teknikken er at pm fjerning evner av trær kan vurderes nøyaktig og kvantitativt ved å samle statsministeren beholdt på bladoverflaten helt. Til å begynne med velger du fem sunne individuelle trær med lignende diameter i brysthøyde for hver treart.Deretter samler tilfeldig fire større grener fra fire retninger av ut baldakin i midten baldakin laget, og kuttet av alle intakte blader. Legg bladene i merkede ventilposer før du transporterer posene til laboratoriet og lagrer dem i kjøleskapet. Deretter vasker og tørker beger i en ovn satt til 80 grader Celsius.Likevekt beger til romtemperatur og fuktighet før du veier dem. Etter dette plasserer du tilfeldig valgte blader i et av de store beger. Deretter legger du til 270 milliliter DI-vann til beger A, og dypp bladene helt.Rør vannet i 60 sekunder i en retning med en glassstang. Hell deretter eluent jevnt i tre mindre beger. Deretter legger du til 270 milliliter DI-vann til et annet stort beger, og dypp bladene i vann igjen.Bruk en nylonbørste til å skrubbe bladflatene med DI-vannet, og ta vare på å unngå å ødelegge bladmikrostrukturen. Deretter vasker du bladene i DI-vann med en klembar flaske med et fint tips, og overfører dem til et nytt stort beger. Etter dette, hell eluent i et rent sett med tre mindre beger.Tilsett 270 milliliter DI vann til det store begeret, og dypp bladene i vann igjen. Deretter plasserer du begeret i en ultralydrengjøringsmaskin i tre til 10 minutter, og rør bladene i en retning med en glassstang. Deretter overfører du bladene til et nytt stort beger.Deretter hell eluent i et nytt sett med tre små beger. Dekk hvert av settene med tre små beger med rent filterpapir, og tørk begerene i tørkeovnen i fem dager eller til massen av begeret blir konstant. Etter dette, legg begerene på en laboratoriebenk i 30 minutter, og mål massen av hvert beger.Først legger du til 50 milliliter DI-vann til hvert av de små beger. Deretter plasserer du begerene i ultralydrengjøringsmaskinen i 30 minutter til statsministeren sprer seg i væsken. Tilsett supernatant fra beger til en laser detaljrikdom instrument, og måle størrelsesfordelingen av statsministeren eluted i de ulike rengjøringtrinnene.Deretter sprer du bladene på et plastbrett, og skanner bladene med en skanner. Til slutt bruker du bildeanalyseprogramvare for å estimere overflatearealet og projisert område av bladene. I denne studien ble PM unnsluppet fra bladene av fem arter av trær via forskjellige rengjøringsmetoder.Et stort antall forskjellige størrelse PM ble eluted fra bladflater etter supplement ultralyd rengjøring til vann rengjøring pluss børste rengjøring. De gjennomsnittlige eluted proporsjoner av ulike størrelse PM av de fem treslagene ved ultralyd rengjøring var 41%og 36% under kort støvretensjon og lange støv oppbevaring perioder, henholdsvis. Mens du prøver denne prosedyren, er det viktig å huske å kontrollere ultralydpulsen og ultralydtiden strengt.Etter denne prosedyren kan andre metoder som å samle statsministeren beholdt i voksaktig lag av blader utføres for å svare på flere spørsmål, som produksjon av massen av PM på overflaten og i voksaktig lag av blader. Etter utviklingen banet denne teknikken vei for forskning innen skog og svevestøvforurensninger for å utforske svevestøvet som beholdes på blader ved valg av treslag med hvordan partikkelfjerningsevner.

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

Teknikk for å studere Arthropod og mikrobielle samfunn innen Tre Vev

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

Avskrift og Metabolitt Profilering for bedømmelse av tobakk Tree and Poplar som råstoff for bio-basert industri

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, en forbedret Inex Metode for<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Måling av partikkel og oppløst Forbindelser Behandlet av Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

Forstå løst organisk materiale Biogeokjemi Gjennom<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Nærings manipulasjoner i Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

Produksjon og måling av organiske partikler i en flyt Tube reaktor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

Produksjon og måling av organiske partikler i Harvard miljømessige kammeret

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

Forbedre infrarødspektroskopi karakteristikk av jord organisk materiale med spektral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

Målinger av CO2 flukser på ikke-ideal Eddy kovariansen nettsteder

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

Undersøkelse av Xenobiotics Metabolism i Salix alba blader via massespektrometri imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

Vurdere intertidale populasjoner av den invasive europeiske grønne krabbe

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...