Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Este trabalho foi financiado pelos fundos de pesquisa Fundamental para as universidades Central (2017ZY21) e a Fundação Nacional de ciências naturais da China (21607038).

1. folha de coleta, eluição e medição de massa PM
<ol><li>Selecione cinco árvores saudáveis individuais (ou seja, cinco repetições) de cada espécie de árvore com diâmetro semelhante à altura do peito. Coletar quatro ramos maiores aleatoriamente de quatro direções do dossel exterior na camada média do dossel e cortar todas as folhas intactas. Nota: Todas as plantas para amostragem de folha devem estar localizadas perto em uma tira de ecologização com comprimento e largura de cerca 60 e 250 m...

<ol>
	<li>Baidurela, A., Halik, U., Aishan, T., Nuermaimaiti, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximum+dust+retention+of+main+greening+trees+in+arid+land+oasis+cities,+Northwest+China.">Maximum dust retention of main greening trees in arid land oasis cities, Northwest China.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 51, 57-63 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+capturing+capacities+of+twenty-six+deciduous+broad-leaved+trees+in+Beijing.">Dust capturing capacities of twenty-six deciduous broad-leaved trees in Beijing.</a> Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 39, 736-745 (2015).</li><li>Dzierzanowski, K., Gawro&#324;ski, S. 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Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+examination+of+effectiveness+of+vegetation+as+bio-filter+of+particulate+matter+in+the+urban+environment.">Experimental examination of effectiveness of vegetation as bio-filter of particulate matter in the urban environment.</a> Environmental Pollution. 208, 198-208 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Z. D., Xi, B. Y., Cao, Z. G., Jia, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+a+quantitative+methodology+to+characterize+the+retention+of+PM2.5+and+other+atmospheric+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves:+Taking+Populus+tomentosa+as+an+example.">Exploration of a quantitative methodology to characterize the retention of PM2.5 and other atmospheric particulate matter by plant leaves: Taking Populus tomentosa as an example.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 25, 2238-2242 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+Existing+Shrubs+of+the+Road+in+Changchun+and+the+Dust+Retention+Capacity+of+the+Three+Shrubs.">Studies on the Existing Shrubs of the Road in Changchun and the Dust Retention Capacity of the Three Shrubs.</a> Jilin Agricultural University. , (2013).</li><li>Beckett, K. P., Freer-Smith, P., Taylor, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+tree+species+for+local+air-quality+management.">Effective tree species for local air-quality management.</a> Journal of Arboriculture. 163, 12-19 (2000).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+captured+quantity+of+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves+under+typical+weather+conditions.">Dynamics of the captured quantity of particulate matter by plant leaves under typical weather conditions.</a> Acta Ecologica Sinica. 35, 1696-1705 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z. H., Li, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacity+of+dust+uptake+by+leaf+surface+of+Euonymus+Japonicus+Thunb.+and+the+morphology+of+captured+particle+in+air+polluted+city.">Capacity of dust uptake by leaf surface of Euonymus Japonicus Thunb. and the morphology of captured particle in air polluted city.</a> Ecology &amp; Environment. 15, 327-330 (2006).</li><li>Liu, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Role+of+Ultrasonic+Cleaning+in+Quantitative+Evaluation+of+the+Retention+of+Tree+Leaves+to+Atmospheric+Particles:+A+Case+Study+with+Ginkgo+biloba.">Analysis of the Role of Ultrasonic Cleaning in Quantitative Evaluation of the Retention of Tree Leaves to Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study with Ginkgo biloba.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 52 (12), 133-140 (2016).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+absorption+effect+of+urban+conifers+in+Northeast+China.">Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China.</a> Chinese. Journal of Applied Ecology. 14 (12), 2113-2116 (2003).</li><li>Li, H., Yang, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+of+suspended+particulates+adhering+to+salt+marsh+plants.">Changes of suspended particulates adhering to salt marsh plants.</a> Acta Oceanolo Giga Sinica. 32 (1), 114-119 (2010).</li><li>Nguyen, T., Yu, X. X., Zhang, Z. M., Liu, M. M., Liu, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+types+of+urban+forest+and+PM2.5+capture+at+three+growth+stages+of+leaves.">Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5 capture at three growth stages of leaves.</a> Journal of Environmental Sciences. 27 (1), 33-41 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. X., Li, X. P., Han, J., Cao, Y., Dong, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+assessment+of+the+impacts+of+landscape+structure+on+different-sized+airborne+particles+in+residential+areas+of+Beijing,+China.">Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on different-sized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing, China.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 166, 192-203 (2017).</li><li>Liu, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+based+investigation+on+particulate+size+distribution+and+retention+efficiency+of+particulate+matters+retained+on+tree+leaves-Taking+Ginkgo+biloba+and+Pinus+tabuliformis+as+examples.">Ultrasonic based investigation on particulate size distribution and retention efficiency of particulate matters retained on tree leaves-Taking Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabuliformis as examples.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 40, 798-809 (2016).</li><li>Yao, X. Y., Hu, Y. S., Liu, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust-retention+effect+of+8+common+greening+Tree+Species+in+Beijing.">Dust-retention effect of 8 common greening Tree Species in Beijing.</a> Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 29, 92-95 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H., Duan, J., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+surface+structure+on+the+particle+size+distribution+captured+by+Ligustrum+lucidum.">Influence of surface structure on the particle size distribution captured by Ligustrum lucidum.</a> Journal of Safety &amp; Environment. 1, 258-262 (2015).</li></ol>

Coleção exata e adequada da PM retido nas superfícies da folha é a base para avaliar as habilidades de remoção de PM de espécies de árvores diferentes. No entanto, o método convencional de limpeza (WC ou mais BC) não pode remover completamente o pó em superfícies da folha, que foi confirmado pela verificação de microscopia eletrônica10. Isto foi demonstrado mais claramente no presente estudo (Figura 1, Figura 2, </...

As habilidades de espécies arbóreas diferentes para remover o PM do ar ambiente podem ser avaliadas por meio de quantificar a massa de PM retido nas superfícies da folha. Para alcançar este objetivo, o método de subtração1,2, a membrana filtro método3,4,5e o método de eluição-pesagem juntamente com a análise de tamanho de partícula6 foram aplicado para estimar quantitativamente a massa de PM2.5 (diâmetro ≤ 2,5 µm), PM10 (diâmetro ≤ 10 µm) ou total de partículas suspensas (TSP) retida nas folhas. No entanto, a precisão desses métodos depende basicamente seu desempenho na coleta PM retido nas superfícies da folha. Atualmente, a folha convencional método usado frequentemente em estudos relacionados de limpeza inclui uma ou duas etapas, ou seja apenas água de lavagem (embeber e enxágue folhas usando água desionizada)3,7 ou mais escovação5, 8 , 9. no entanto, alguns estudos10,11 demonstraram que PM em superfícies da folha não poderia ser totalmente eluída pelo método convencional de limpeza. Como limpeza ultra-sônica tem as vantagens da alta velocidade, alta qualidade e pouco dano à superfície do objeto, que tem grande potencial para ser usado para coletar o PM retido nas superfícies da folha com microestruturas complexas. Actualmente, a limpeza ultra-sônica foi aplicada em alguns estudos para coletar PM retido nas superfícies da folha (ou seja, colocar as folhas em água desionizada e usar o líquido de limpeza ultra-sônico para eluir PM)12,13. No entanto, este método só é usado como um suplemento para uma folha de limpeza método, enquanto não se sabe se a limpeza ultra-sônica tem um efeito positivo na coleta de PM de superfícies da folha e seus parâmetros de funcionamento ideais também não são claros. Nossa pesquisa anterior mostrou que a PM retido na superfície da folha de Ginkgo biloba pode ser completamente eluída sem destruir as superfícies da folha, se um procedimento correto de limpeza ultra-sônica foi complementado para o método convencional de limpeza11 . No entanto, a estabilidade e a aplicabilidade geral das operações de limpeza ultra-sônico parâmetros (poder ultra-sônico, tempo e outras informações) para diferentes espécies de plantas experimentando períodos de retenção de poeira diferentes são ainda não está claros.
Atualmente, a massa de PM2.5, PM10ou TSP na área foliar de unidade muitas vezes tem sido utilizada para avaliar as habilidades das espécies arbóreas diferentes para remover PM ar ambiente14,15. Sob a condição natural, o PM retido nas superfícies da folha pode ser classificado em duas partes: a primeira parte é o PM que pode cair folhas devido aos efeitos de vento e chuva, enquanto a outra parte é o PM que está firmemente aderido para folha de superfícies e não pode ser ea esquesito lavado pela chuva. No entanto, poucos estudos têm incidido sobre a massa de ambos os tipos de PM em superfícies da folha. Além disso, os períodos de retenção de PM de folhas em diferentes estudos diferem enormemente. Assim, a comparabilidade dos resultados destes estudos será pobre, se a massa do PM retido na área foliar de unidade é adotada para avaliar as habilidades de remoção de PM de árvores16. Consequentemente, a eficiência de retenção PM (a massa de PM retido na área foliar de unidade por unidade de tempo), como uma alternativa, foi proposto para avaliar os efeitos de purificação de PM de árvores urbanas5,17. Em geral, ainda há uma falta de pesquisa neste aspecto. É extremamente necessário efectuar estudos relevantes para espécies de árvores diferentes fornecer dados e metodológica basic suportam para avaliar as habilidades de remoção de PM de espécies arbóreas diferentes com precisão.
Aqui, três espécies de árvores de folhas largas (g. biloba, Sophora japonicae Salix babylonica) e duas espécies de árvore needleleaf (Pinus tabuliformis e Sabina chinensis) foram selecionadas para avaliar a sua remoção da PM habilidades em dois períodos de retenção de PM. O local de amostragem de folha foi no parque de Xitucheng (39,97 ° N, 116,36 ° E), localizado em uma área com forte poluição em Pequim. Os três objectivos específicos deste estudo foram: (1) para avaliar a eficiência de diferentes folhas de limpeza métodos (água de limpeza (WC), escova de limpeza (BC) e limpeza ultra-sônica (UC)) na eluição da PM em folhas, (2) para verificar o efeito de limpeza ultra-sônica em PM, de eluição e (3) para avaliar a eficiência de retenção de espécies de árvores diferentes para PM1, PM2.5, PM5, PM10e TSP.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1519px;" width="1518">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

Baseia-se os métodos convencionais de limpeza (água de limpeza (WC) + escova de limpeza (BC)), este estudo avaliou a influência da limpeza ultra-sônica (UC) na coleta de vários tamanho partículas (PM) retidas nas superfícies da folha. Nós caracteriza-se ainda mais a eficiência de retenção de folhas de vários tamanhos PM, que ajudarão a avaliar as habilidades de árvores urbanas para remover o PM do ar ambiente, quantitativamente.
Tomar três espécies de árvores de folhas largas (Ginkgo biloba, Sophora japonica e o Salix babylonica) e dois needleleaf espécies de árvores (Pinus tabuliformis e Sabina chinensis) como os objetos de pesquisa, as amostras de folhas foram coletados (curto período de retenção de PM) de 4 dias e 14 dias (longo período de retenção de PM) após as chuvas mais recentes. PM retido nas superfícies da folha foi coletado por meio de WC, BC e UC em sequência. Em seguida, as eficiências de retenção de folhas (AEfolha) para três tipos de vários PM porte, incluindo PM facilmente removível (ERP), difícil de remover (DRP) e totalmente removível (TRP), foram calculadas. Apenas cerca de 23% - 45% do total PM retido em folhas pode ser limpos e coletados pelo WC. Quando as folhas foram limpas através de WC + BC, a subestimação da capacidade de retenção de espécies arbóreas diferentes PM estava na faixa de 29% - 46% para vários tamanhos PM. quase todos os PM retida nas folhas pode ser removido se UC foi completada para WC + BC.
Em conclusão, se a UC foi complementada após os métodos convencionais de limpeza, mais PM nas superfícies da folha pode ser eluída e coletado. O procedimento desenvolvido neste estudo pode ser usado para avaliar a capacidade de remoção de PM de espécies de árvores diferentes.

O PM retido nas superfícies da folha tinha dois tipos em condições naturais. O PM cai facilmente por chuva e vento em condições naturais é definido como a matéria particulada facilmente removível (ERP). Este tipo de PM foi representado pelo PM eluída por WC neste estudo. O PM que adere firmemente para folha de superfícies e não pode ser facilmente lavado pelo BC e UC é definido como o difícil de remover partículas em suspensão (DRP). Este tipo de PM não pode ser eluído po...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Avaliar as habilidades de remoção de partículas de árvore folhas

O método de limpeza ultra-sônica aplicou-se para eluir a matéria particulada (MP) retida nas superfícies da folha depois de PM foi eluída pelos métodos convencionais de limpeza (limpeza somente de água ou água de limpeza mais escova de limpeza). A metodologia pode ajudar a melhorar a precisão da estimativa para a capacidade de retenção de PM de folhas.

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

Este método pode ajudar a responder a perguntas-chave na relação entre florestas urbanas e campo de poluição de matérias particuladas, como como selecionar espécies de árvores com altas habilidades de remoção de material particulado. A principal vantagem dessa técnica é que as habilidades de remoção de PM das árvores podem ser avaliadas de forma precisa e quantitativa, coletando a PM retida na superfície da folha completamente. Para começar, selecione cinco árvores individuais saudáveis com diâmetro semelhante na altura mamária de cada espécie de árvore.Em seguida, colete aleatoriamente quatro ramos maiores de quatro direções do dossel para fora na camada do dossel médio, e corte todas as folhas intactas. Coloque as folhas em sacos de válvulas etiquetadas antes de transportar os sacos para o laboratório e armazená-las na geladeira. Em seguida, lave e seque os béquers em um forno definido para 80 graus Celsius.Equilibre os béquers à temperatura ambiente e umidade antes de pesá-los. Depois disso, coloque folhas selecionadas aleatoriamente em um dos grandes béquers. Em seguida, adicione 270 mililitros de água DI para béquer A, e mergulhe as folhas completamente.Mexa a água por 60 segundos em uma direção com uma haste de vidro. Em seguida, despeje uniformemente o eluente em três béquers menores. Em seguida, adicione 270 mililitros de água DI a um béquer grande diferente, e mergulhe as folhas na água mais uma vez.Usando uma escova de nylon, esfregue as superfícies da folha com a água DI, tomando cuidado para evitar destruir a microestrutura da folha. Em seguida, lave as folhas em água DI com uma garrafa espremedível com uma ponta fina, e transfira-as para um novo béquer grande. Depois disso, despeje o eluente em um conjunto limpo de três béquers menores.Adicione 270 mililitros de água DI ao béquer grande, e mergulhe as folhas na água novamente. Em seguida, coloque o béquer em uma máquina de limpeza ultrassônica por três a 10 minutos, e mexa as folhas em uma direção com uma haste de vidro. Então, transfira as folhas para um novo grande béquer.Em seguida, despeje o eluente em um novo conjunto de três pequenos béquers. Cubra cada um dos conjuntos de três pequenos béquers com papel filtro limpo, e seque os béquers no forno de secagem por cinco dias ou até que a massa dos béquers se torne constante. Depois disso, coloque os béquers em um banco de laboratório por 30 minutos, e meça a massa de cada béquer.Primeiro, adicione 50 mililitros de água DI a cada um dos pequenos béquers. Em seguida, coloque os béquers na máquina de limpeza ultrassônica por 30 minutos até que a PM se disperse no líquido. Adicione o supernasciente dos béquers a um instrumento de granularidade a laser, e meça o tamanho da distribuição da PM eluiçada nas várias etapas de limpeza.Em seguida, espalhe as folhas em uma tábua de plástico, e escaneie as folhas com um scanner. Por fim, use o software de análise de imagens para estimar a área de superfície e a área projetada das folhas. Neste estudo, a PM foi elucidada das folhas de cinco espécies de árvores por meio de diferentes métodos de limpeza.Um grande número de PM de tamanho diferente foram elucidos de superfícies de folhas após a limpeza ultrassônica de suplemento à limpeza da água mais limpeza de escovas. As proporções médias elu iludidas das cinco espécies de árvores por limpeza ultrassônica foram de 41% e 36% sob os curtos períodos de retenção de poeira e longos períodos de retenção de poeira, respectivamente. Ao tentar este procedimento, é importante lembrar-se de controlar o pulso ultrassônico e o tempo ultrassônico estritamente.Após esse procedimento, outros métodos como a coleta da PM retido em camada encerada de folhas podem ser realizados a fim de responder a perguntas adicionais, como a produção da massa de PM na superfície e na camada cerada de folhas. Após seu desenvolvimento, essa técnica abriu caminho para pesquisas no campo da poluição florestal e de partículas para explorar a matéria particulada retida nas folhas na seleção de espécies de árvores com as habilidades de remoção de material particulado.

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

Técnica de Estudos de Artrópodes e comunidades microbianas dentro Árvore Tecidos

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

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Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

Transcrição e Metabolite Profiling de Avaliação dos Árvore Tabaco e Poplar como matéria-prima para a indústria baseada em Bio

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, um método melhorado para Inex<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Medição de partículas e dissolvidos compostos Processado por alimentadores de suspensão ativa

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

Compreender orgânico dissolvido Matéria Biogeoquímica Através<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Nutrientes Manipulações no córrego Ecossistemas

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

Produção e medição de partículas orgânicas em um reator de tubo de fluxo

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

Produção e medição de partículas orgânicas na câmara ambiental de Harvard

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

Melhorando a espectroscopia de infravermelho de caracterização da matéria orgânica do solo com subtrações espectrais

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

Medidas de CO2 fluxes em locais de covariância não-ideal Eddy

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

Investigação do metabolismo xenobióticos em folhas de Salix alba via Imagem de Espectrometria de Massa

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

Avaliação de populações intertidais do caranguejo verde europeu invasivo

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...