Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Este trabajo fue financiado por los fondos de investigación fundamentales para la Universidad Central (2017ZY21) y la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias naturales de China (21607038).

1. hoja de recogida, elución y medición de la masa de PM
<ol><li>Seleccione cinco árboles individuales saludables (es decir, cinco repeticiones) de cada especie de árbol con diámetro similar a la altura del pecho. Recoger cuatro ramas más grandes al azar de cuatro direcciones de la cubierta exterior de la capa de dosel medio y corte todas las hojas intactas. Nota: Todas las plantas para el muestreo foliar deben estar ubicadas cerca en una franja verde con longitud y anchura de unos 250 y 60 m, respect...

<ol>
	<li>Baidurela, A., Halik, U., Aishan, T., Nuermaimaiti, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximum+dust+retention+of+main+greening+trees+in+arid+land+oasis+cities,+Northwest+China.">Maximum dust retention of main greening trees in arid land oasis cities, Northwest China.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 51, 57-63 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+capturing+capacities+of+twenty-six+deciduous+broad-leaved+trees+in+Beijing.">Dust capturing capacities of twenty-six deciduous broad-leaved trees in Beijing.</a> Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 39, 736-745 (2015).</li><li>Dzierzanowski, K., Gawro&#324;ski, S. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+a+quantitative+methodology+to+characterize+the+retention+of+PM2.5+and+other+atmospheric+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves:+Taking+Populus+tomentosa+as+an+example.">Exploration of a quantitative methodology to characterize the retention of PM2.5 and other atmospheric particulate matter by plant leaves: Taking Populus tomentosa as an example.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 25, 2238-2242 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+Existing+Shrubs+of+the+Road+in+Changchun+and+the+Dust+Retention+Capacity+of+the+Three+Shrubs.">Studies on the Existing Shrubs of the Road in Changchun and the Dust Retention Capacity of the Three Shrubs.</a> Jilin Agricultural University. , (2013).</li><li>Beckett, K. P., Freer-Smith, P., Taylor, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+tree+species+for+local+air-quality+management.">Effective tree species for local air-quality management.</a> Journal of Arboriculture. 163, 12-19 (2000).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+captured+quantity+of+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves+under+typical+weather+conditions.">Dynamics of the captured quantity of particulate matter by plant leaves under typical weather conditions.</a> Acta Ecologica Sinica. 35, 1696-1705 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z. H., Li, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacity+of+dust+uptake+by+leaf+surface+of+Euonymus+Japonicus+Thunb.+and+the+morphology+of+captured+particle+in+air+polluted+city.">Capacity of dust uptake by leaf surface of Euonymus Japonicus Thunb. and the morphology of captured particle in air polluted city.</a> Ecology &amp; Environment. 15, 327-330 (2006).</li><li>Liu, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Role+of+Ultrasonic+Cleaning+in+Quantitative+Evaluation+of+the+Retention+of+Tree+Leaves+to+Atmospheric+Particles:+A+Case+Study+with+Ginkgo+biloba.">Analysis of the Role of Ultrasonic Cleaning in Quantitative Evaluation of the Retention of Tree Leaves to Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study with Ginkgo biloba.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 52 (12), 133-140 (2016).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+absorption+effect+of+urban+conifers+in+Northeast+China.">Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China.</a> Chinese. Journal of Applied Ecology. 14 (12), 2113-2116 (2003).</li><li>Li, H., Yang, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+of+suspended+particulates+adhering+to+salt+marsh+plants.">Changes of suspended particulates adhering to salt marsh plants.</a> Acta Oceanolo Giga Sinica. 32 (1), 114-119 (2010).</li><li>Nguyen, T., Yu, X. X., Zhang, Z. M., Liu, M. M., Liu, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+types+of+urban+forest+and+PM2.5+capture+at+three+growth+stages+of+leaves.">Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5 capture at three growth stages of leaves.</a> Journal of Environmental Sciences. 27 (1), 33-41 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. X., Li, X. P., Han, J., Cao, Y., Dong, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+assessment+of+the+impacts+of+landscape+structure+on+different-sized+airborne+particles+in+residential+areas+of+Beijing,+China.">Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on different-sized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing, China.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 166, 192-203 (2017).</li><li>Liu, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+based+investigation+on+particulate+size+distribution+and+retention+efficiency+of+particulate+matters+retained+on+tree+leaves-Taking+Ginkgo+biloba+and+Pinus+tabuliformis+as+examples.">Ultrasonic based investigation on particulate size distribution and retention efficiency of particulate matters retained on tree leaves-Taking Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabuliformis as examples.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 40, 798-809 (2016).</li><li>Yao, X. Y., Hu, Y. S., Liu, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust-retention+effect+of+8+common+greening+Tree+Species+in+Beijing.">Dust-retention effect of 8 common greening Tree Species in Beijing.</a> Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 29, 92-95 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H., Duan, J., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+surface+structure+on+the+particle+size+distribution+captured+by+Ligustrum+lucidum.">Influence of surface structure on the particle size distribution captured by Ligustrum lucidum.</a> Journal of Safety &amp; Environment. 1, 258-262 (2015).</li></ol>

Precisa y adecuada la PM retenido en la superficie de las hojas es la base para la evaluación de las capacidades de eliminación de PM de diversa especie del árbol. Sin embargo, el método convencional de limpieza (WC o más BC) no se puede quitar completamente el polvo de las hojas, que ha sido confirmado por análisis de microscopía electrónica10. Esto fue demostrado más claramente por el presente estudio (figura 1, figura 2,<stron...

Las capacidades de diversa especie del árbol para quitar PM del aire ambiente pueden ser evaluadas a través de la cuantificación de la masa de PM retenido en la superficie de las hojas. Para lograr este objetivo, el método de sustracción1,2, la membrana filtro método3,4,5y el método de elución de peso juntada con el análisis de tamaño de partícula6 han sido aplicados para estimar cuantitativamente la masa de PM2.5 (diámetro ≤ 2.5 μm), PM10 (diámetro ≤ 10 μm) o partículas suspendidas totales (TSP) retenido en las hojas. Sin embargo, la exactitud de estos métodos depende básicamente de su desempeño en la recolección de PM retenida en la superficie de las hojas. En la actualidad, la hoja convencional utilizado en estudios relacionados con método de limpieza incluye uno o dos pasos, es decir sólo agua lavado (remojo y enjuague las hojas con agua desionizada)3,7 o más cepillado5, 8 , 9. sin embargo, algunos estudios10,11 han demostrado que PM en superficies de la hoja no podría ser eluido totalmente por el método de limpieza convencional. Limpieza por ultrasonidos tiene las ventajas de alta velocidad, alta calidad y poco daño a la superficie del objeto, tiene gran potencial para ser utilizado para recoger la PM retenido en la superficie de las hojas con microestructuras complejas. En la actualidad, limpieza por ultrasonidos se ha aplicado en algunos estudios para recoger PM retenido en la superficie de las hojas (es decir, poner las hojas en agua desionizada y uso el limpiador ultrasónico a fin de eluir PM)12,13. Sin embargo, este método sólo se utiliza como complemento de una hoja de limpieza método, aunque no se conoce si la limpieza por ultrasonidos tiene un efecto positivo en la recogida de PM de las hojas y sus parámetros de funcionamiento óptimo no son también claras. Nuestra investigación anterior ha demostrado que la PM retenido en la superficie de la hoja de Ginkgo biloba podría ser Eluya completamente sin destruir la superficie de las hojas, si un procedimiento adecuado de limpieza ultrasónico fue suplido al método convencional de limpieza11 . Sin embargo, la estabilidad y la aplicabilidad general de la limpieza por ultrasonidos parámetros (energía ultrasónica, tiempo y otra información) para diferentes especies de plantas experimentan períodos de retención de polvo diferentes son todavía no claros.
En la actualidad, la masa de PM2.5y PM10TSP en unidad de área de hoja a menudo se ha utilizado para evaluar las habilidades de diversa especie del árbol para quitar PM de aire ambiente14,15. Bajo las condiciones naturales, el PM retenido en la superficie de las hojas se puede clasificar en dos partes: la primera parte es de la PM que puede caer hojas debido a los efectos de viento y lluvia, mientras que la otra parte es de la PM que se adhiere firmemente a la hoja de las superficies ya no ea sily lavada por la lluvia. Sin embargo, pocos estudios se han centrado en la masa de ambos tipos de PM en las hojas. Además, los períodos de retención de PM de hojas en diferentes estudios difieren enormemente. Así, la comparabilidad de los resultados de estos estudios será pobre, si se adopta la masa de PM retenido en la unidad de área de hoja para evaluar las capacidades de eliminación de PM de árboles16. En consecuencia, la eficiencia de retención de PM (la masa de PM retenido en la unidad de superficie foliar por unidad de tiempo), como alternativa, se propuso evaluar los efectos de la purificación de PM de árboles urbanos5,17. En general, todavía hay una falta de investigación en este aspecto. Es extremadamente necesario para llevar a cabo los estudios pertinentes por diversas especies del árbol prestar apoyan metodológico basic y datos para evaluar con precisión las capacidades de eliminación de PM de diversa especie del árbol.
Aquí, tres especies de árboles de hoja ancha (g. biloba, Sophora japonicay Salix babylonica) y dos especies de árbol de needleleaf (Pinus tabuliformis y Sabina chinensis) fueron seleccionadas para evaluar su retiro de PM habilidades en dos períodos de retención de PM. El sitio de muestreo de hojas fue en Parque Xitucheng (39,97 ° N, 116,36 ° E), situado en una zona con fuerte contaminación en Beijing. Los tres objetivos específicos de este estudio fueron: (1) para evaluar la eficacia de la hoja de diferentes métodos (limpieza del agua (WC), limpieza con cepillo (A.C.) y limpieza ultrasónica (UC)) en liberador de la PM en las hojas, (2) para verificar el efecto de limpieza por ultrasonidos en de limpieza liberador de PM y (3) para evaluar la eficiencia de retención de diversa especie del árbol PM1, PM2.5, PM5, PM10, y TSP.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

Basado en los métodos de limpieza convencionales (agua de limpieza (WC) + cepillo de limpieza (AC)), este estudio evalúa la influencia de limpieza ultrasónica (UC) que recoge diferentes tamaño particulado (PM) retenido en la superficie de las hojas. Nos caracteriza la eficiencia de retención de hojas para diferentes tamaño PM, que ayudarán a evaluar las capacidades de los árboles urbanos para quitar PM de aire ambiente cuantitativamente.
Teniendo tres especies de árboles de hoja ancha (Ginkgo biloba, Sophora japonica y Salix babylonica) y dos especies del árbol del needleleaf (Pinus tabuliformis y Sabina chinensis) como los objetos de investigación, fueron las muestras de hojas recogidas 4 días (período de retención corto de PM) y 14 días (período largo de retención de PM) después de las últimas lluvias. PM retenida en la superficie de las hojas se recolectó por medio de WC, AC y UC en secuencia. Luego, se calculó la eficiencia de retención de hojas (hojadeAE) a tres tipos de la PM tamaño diversos, incluyendo PM fácilmente extraíble (ERP), difícil de quitar PM (DRP) y PM totalmente extraíble (TRP). Sólo alrededor de 23% - 45% del total PM retenido en las hojas podría limpiar y recogido por el WC. Cuando las hojas se hayan limpiado a través de WC + BC, la subestimación de la capacidad de retención de PM de diversa especie del árbol estaba en la gama de 29% - 46% para varios tamaños casi de h. PM todos retenidos en las hojas podría ser quitado si la UC se complementó al WC + AC.
En conclusión, si la UC se complementó después de los métodos de limpieza convencionales, más tarde las hojas podría eluida y recogida. El procedimiento desarrollado en este estudio puede utilizarse para evaluar las capacidades de eliminación de PM de diversa especie del árbol.

Las retenidas en la superficie de las hojas de la tarde tenía dos tipos bajo condiciones naturales. El PM se cae fácilmente por las lluvias y viento en condiciones naturales se define como la materia de partículas fácilmente extraíble (ERP). Este tipo de PM estuvo representado por el PM eluida por WC en este estudio. La PM que se adhiere firmemente a la hoja de las superficies y no puede ser fácilmente lavada por BC y UC se define como la materia de partículas difíciles de elimina...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Evaluación de las capacidades de eliminación de materia particulada de árbol hojas

Para eluir la materia particulada (PM) retenida en la superficie de las hojas después de PM eluyó por los métodos convencionales de limpieza (lavado sólo con agua o el lavado con agua y cepillo de limpieza) se aplicó el método de limpieza ultrasónico. La metodología puede ayudar a mejorar la precisión de la estimación para PM capacidad de retención de hojas.

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

Este método puede ayudar a responder preguntas clave en la relación entre los bosques urbanos y el campo de la contaminación de partículas, como cómo seleccionar especies arbóreas con altas capacidades de eliminación de partículas. La principal ventaja de esta técnica es que las capacidades de eliminación de PM de los árboles se pueden evaluar con precisión y cuantitativamente mediante la recolección del PM retenido en la superficie de la hoja completamente. Para comenzar, seleccione cinco árboles individuales sanos con un diámetro similar a la altura del pecho de cada especie de árbol.Luego, recoge al azar cuatro ramas más grandes de cuatro direcciones del dosel hacia fuera en la capa del dosel medio, y corta todas las hojas intactas. Coloque las hojas en bolsas de válvulas etiquetadas antes de transportar las bolsas al laboratorio y almacenarlas en la nevera. A continuación, lave y seque los vasos en un horno de 80 grados centígrados.Equilibre los vasos a temperatura ambiente y humedad antes de pesarlos. Después de esto, coloque las hojas seleccionadas al azar en uno de los vasos grandes. A continuación, agregue 270 mililitros de agua DI para vaso de precipitados A, y sumerja las hojas por completo.Revuelva el agua durante 60 segundos en una dirección con una varilla de vidrio. Luego, vierta uniformemente el eluyente en tres vasos más pequeños. A continuación, agregue 270 mililitros de agua DI a un vaso de precipitados grande diferente, y sumerja las hojas en agua una vez más.Con un cepillo de nylon, frote las superficies de las hojas con el agua DI, teniendo cuidado de evitar la destrucción de la microestructura de la hoja. A continuación, lave las hojas en agua DI con una botella exprimible con una punta fina, y transfiéralas a un vaso de precipitados grande. Después de esto, vierta el eluyente en un conjunto limpio de tres vasos más pequeños.Añadir 270 mililitros de agua DI al vaso de precipitados grande, y sumergir las hojas en agua de nuevo. A continuación, coloque el vaso de precipitados en una máquina de limpieza ultrasónica durante tres a 10 minutos, y revuelva las hojas en una dirección con una varilla de vidrio. Luego, transfiera las hojas a un nuevo vaso grande.A continuación, vierta el eluyente en un nuevo conjunto de tres vasos pequeños. Cubra cada uno de los conjuntos de tres vasos pequeños con papel de filtro limpio y seque los vasos en el horno de secado durante cinco días o hasta que la masa de los vasos se vuelva constante. Después de esto, coloque los vasos en un banco de laboratorio durante 30 minutos, y mida la masa de cada vaso de precipitados.En primer lugar, agregue 50 mililitros de agua DI a cada uno de los vasos pequeños. A continuación, coloque los vasos en la máquina de limpieza ultrasónica durante 30 minutos hasta que la PM se disperse en el líquido. Agregue el sobrenadante de los vasos de pico a un instrumento de granularidad láser, y mida la distribución del tamaño del PM eluido en los diversos pasos de limpieza.A continuación, extienda las hojas en una placa de plástico y escanee las hojas con un escáner. Por último, utilice el software de análisis de imágenes para estimar la superficie y el área proyectada de las hojas. En este estudio, PM fue eluido de las hojas de cinco especies de árboles a través de diferentes métodos de limpieza.Un gran número de PM de diferentes tamaños fueron eluidos de las superficies de las hojas después de complementar la limpieza ultrasónica a la limpieza de agua más la limpieza del cepillo. Las proporciones medias eluidas de PM de varios tamaños de las cinco especies de árboles por limpieza ultrasónica fueron 41% y 36% bajo la corta retención de polvo y largos períodos de retención de polvo, respectivamente. Al intentar este procedimiento, es importante recordar controlar el pulso ultrasónico y el tiempo ultrasónico estrictamente.Siguiendo este procedimiento, se pueden realizar otros métodos como la recolección del PM retenido en capa cerosa de hojas con el fin de responder a preguntas adicionales, como la producción de la masa de PM en la superficie y en la capa cerosa de hojas. Después de su desarrollo, esta técnica allanó el camino para la investigación en el campo de la contaminación forestal y de partículas para explorar la materia particulada retenida en las hojas en la selección de especies arbóreas con la forma en que las capacidades de eliminación de partículas.

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

Técnica para el estudio de los artrópodos y las comunidades microbianas dentro de los tejidos del árbol

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

Investigación

Medio ambiente

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

Transcripción y metabolito de perfiles para la Evaluación de árbol Tabaco y Poplar como materia prima para la industria basada en Bio

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, un método mejorado para InEx<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Medición de las partículas y compuestos disueltos procesada por Alimentadores Active Suspension

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

La comprensión de materia orgánica disuelta Biogeoquímica través<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Nutrientes Las manipulaciones en la corriente de los ecosistemas

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

Producción y medición de la materia orgánica de partículas en un Reactor de tubo de flujo

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

Producción y medición de la materia orgánica particulada en la cámara ambiental de Harvard

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

Mejorar la caracterización de la espectroscopia infrarroja de materia orgánica del suelo con restas espectrales

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

Mediciones de flujos de CO2 en sitios de covarianza eddy no ideales

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

Investigación Del Metabolismo De Xenobióticos En Hojas De Salix alba A Través De Imágenes Espectrometría De Masas

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

Evaluación de las poblaciones intermareales del cangrejo verde europeo invasor

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...