Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Detta arbete stöds av grundläggande forskningsmedel för Central universiteten (2017ZY21) och den nationella naturvetenskap Foundation i Kina (21607038).

1. blad insamling, eluering och massa mätning av PM
<ol><li>Välj fem friska enskilda träd (dvs fem replikat) av varje trädslag med liknande diameter i brösthöjd. Samla fyra större grenar slumpmässigt från fyra riktningar av yttre trädkronorna i mellersta trädkronorna lagret och skära av alla intakt blad. Obs: Alla växter för leaf provtagning bör finnas nära i en grönare remsa med längd och bredd av ca 250 och 60 m, respektive, för att säkerställa att miljön villkor (vind, ljus och regn...

<ol>
	<li>Baidurela, A., Halik, U., Aishan, T., Nuermaimaiti, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximum+dust+retention+of+main+greening+trees+in+arid+land+oasis+cities,+Northwest+China.">Maximum dust retention of main greening trees in arid land oasis cities, Northwest China.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 51, 57-63 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+capturing+capacities+of+twenty-six+deciduous+broad-leaved+trees+in+Beijing.">Dust capturing capacities of twenty-six deciduous broad-leaved trees in Beijing.</a> Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 39, 736-745 (2015).</li><li>Dzierzanowski, K., Gawro&#324;ski, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+trees+for+reducing+particulate+matter+pollution+in+air.">Use of trees for reducing particulate matter pollution in air.</a> Challenges of Modern Technology. 2, 69-73 (2011).</li><li>Przybysz, A., S&#230;b&#248;, A., Hanslin, H. M., Gawro&#324;ski, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+particulate+matter+and+trace+elements+on+vegetation+as+affected+by+pollution+level,+rainfall+and+the+passage+of+time.">Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level, rainfall and the passage of time.</a> Science of the Total Environment. 481, 360-369 (2014).</li><li>Chen, L. X., Liu, C. M., Zou, R., Yang, M., Zhang, Z. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+examination+of+effectiveness+of+vegetation+as+bio-filter+of+particulate+matter+in+the+urban+environment.">Experimental examination of effectiveness of vegetation as bio-filter of particulate matter in the urban environment.</a> Environmental Pollution. 208, 198-208 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Z. D., Xi, B. Y., Cao, Z. G., Jia, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+a+quantitative+methodology+to+characterize+the+retention+of+PM2.5+and+other+atmospheric+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves:+Taking+Populus+tomentosa+as+an+example.">Exploration of a quantitative methodology to characterize the retention of PM2.5 and other atmospheric particulate matter by plant leaves: Taking Populus tomentosa as an example.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 25, 2238-2242 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+Existing+Shrubs+of+the+Road+in+Changchun+and+the+Dust+Retention+Capacity+of+the+Three+Shrubs.">Studies on the Existing Shrubs of the Road in Changchun and the Dust Retention Capacity of the Three Shrubs.</a> Jilin Agricultural University. , (2013).</li><li>Beckett, K. P., Freer-Smith, P., Taylor, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+tree+species+for+local+air-quality+management.">Effective tree species for local air-quality management.</a> Journal of Arboriculture. 163, 12-19 (2000).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+captured+quantity+of+particulate+matter+by+plant+leaves+under+typical+weather+conditions.">Dynamics of the captured quantity of particulate matter by plant leaves under typical weather conditions.</a> Acta Ecologica Sinica. 35, 1696-1705 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z. H., Li, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacity+of+dust+uptake+by+leaf+surface+of+Euonymus+Japonicus+Thunb.+and+the+morphology+of+captured+particle+in+air+polluted+city.">Capacity of dust uptake by leaf surface of Euonymus Japonicus Thunb. and the morphology of captured particle in air polluted city.</a> Ecology &amp; Environment. 15, 327-330 (2006).</li><li>Liu, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Role+of+Ultrasonic+Cleaning+in+Quantitative+Evaluation+of+the+Retention+of+Tree+Leaves+to+Atmospheric+Particles:+A+Case+Study+with+Ginkgo+biloba.">Analysis of the Role of Ultrasonic Cleaning in Quantitative Evaluation of the Retention of Tree Leaves to Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study with Ginkgo biloba.</a> Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 52 (12), 133-140 (2016).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust+absorption+effect+of+urban+conifers+in+Northeast+China.">Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China.</a> Chinese. Journal of Applied Ecology. 14 (12), 2113-2116 (2003).</li><li>Li, H., Yang, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+of+suspended+particulates+adhering+to+salt+marsh+plants.">Changes of suspended particulates adhering to salt marsh plants.</a> Acta Oceanolo Giga Sinica. 32 (1), 114-119 (2010).</li><li>Nguyen, T., Yu, X. X., Zhang, Z. M., Liu, M. M., Liu, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+types+of+urban+forest+and+PM2.5+capture+at+three+growth+stages+of+leaves.">Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5 capture at three growth stages of leaves.</a> Journal of Environmental Sciences. 27 (1), 33-41 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S. X., Li, X. P., Han, J., Cao, Y., Dong, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+assessment+of+the+impacts+of+landscape+structure+on+different-sized+airborne+particles+in+residential+areas+of+Beijing,+China.">Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on different-sized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing, China.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 166, 192-203 (2017).</li><li>Liu, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+based+investigation+on+particulate+size+distribution+and+retention+efficiency+of+particulate+matters+retained+on+tree+leaves-Taking+Ginkgo+biloba+and+Pinus+tabuliformis+as+examples.">Ultrasonic based investigation on particulate size distribution and retention efficiency of particulate matters retained on tree leaves-Taking Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabuliformis as examples.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 40, 798-809 (2016).</li><li>Yao, X. Y., Hu, Y. S., Liu, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust-retention+effect+of+8+common+greening+Tree+Species+in+Beijing.">Dust-retention effect of 8 common greening Tree Species in Beijing.</a> Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 29, 92-95 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H. X., Shi, H., Wang, Y. H., Duan, J., Wang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+surface+structure+on+the+particle+size+distribution+captured+by+Ligustrum+lucidum.">Influence of surface structure on the particle size distribution captured by Ligustrum lucidum.</a> Journal of Safety &amp; Environment. 1, 258-262 (2015).</li></ol>

Noggrann och ordentlig samling av PM kvar på leaf ytor är grunden för att bedöma PM borttagning kapaciteterna av olika trädslag. Emellertid den konventionella städmetoden (WC eller plus BC) inte helt ta bort dammet på leaf ytor, vilket har bekräftats av scanning electron microscopy10. Detta visades ytterligare tydligt av den aktuella studien (figur 1, figur 2, figur 3, <strong class=...

Olika trädslag förmåga att ta bort PM från luften kan bedömas genom kvantifiering av massan av PM kvar på leaf ytor. För att uppnå detta mål, har det subtraktion metod1,2, membran filter metod3,4,5och metoden eluering-vägning tillsammans med partikel storlek analys6 varit tillämpas för att kvantitativt beräkna massan av PM2.5 (diameter ≤ 2,5 µm), PM10 (diameter ≤ 10 µm) eller totalt svävande partiklar (TSP) kvar på bladen. Riktigheten av dessa metoder beror dock i princip på deras prestationer i samlande PM kvar på leaf ytor. För närvarande omfattar den konventionella blad städmetod används i relaterade studier ofta ett eller två steg, nämligen endast vatten tvätt (Blötlägg och skölj bladen med avjoniserat vatten)3,7 eller plus borstning5, 8 , 9. dock vissa studier10,11 visat att PM på leaf ytor inte kunde vara helt elueras med konventionell rengöring metod. Som Ultraljuds rengöring har fördelarna med hög hastighet, hög kvalitet och liten skada på ytan av objektet, har det stor potential att användas för att samla in PM kvar på leaf ytor med komplexa mikrostrukturer. För närvarande ultraljudsrengöring har tillämpats i vissa studier att samla PM kvar på leaf ytor (dvslägga bladen i avjoniserat vatten och använda ultraljud renare för att eluera PM)12,13. Denna metod används dock endast som ett komplement till ett löv som städmetod, medan det inte är känt om Ultraljuds rengöring har en positiv effekt på samlande PM från leaf ytor och dess optimala operativa parametrar är inte heller klart. Vår tidigare forskning har visat att PM kvar på Ginkgo biloba blad yta kunde vara helt elueras utan att förstöra blad ytorna, om ett korrekt förfarande för ultraljud rengöring kompletterades till konventionell rengöring metod11 . Dock stabilitet och allmänna tillämpligheten av Ultraljuds rengöring parametrar (ultraljud makt, tid och annan information) till olika växtarter som upplever olika damm lagringsperioder är fortfarande inte klart.
För närvarande har massan av PM2.5, PM10eller tsk på leaf ytenhet ofta använts för att utvärdera olika trädslag förmåga att ta bort PM från luften14,15. På naturliga villkor, PM kvar på leaf ytor kan delas in i två delar: den första delen är den PM som kan falla av bladen på grund av vind och regn, medan den andra delen är den PM som följs tätt för att blad ytor och kan inte vara ea sily tvättas bort av regn. Dock har få studier fokuserat på massan av båda typerna av PM på leaf ytor. Dessutom PM lagringstiderna av löv i olika studier skiljer sig enormt. Således, jämförbarheten av resultaten av dessa studier blir dålig, om massan av PM kvar på leaf ytenhet antas för att bedöma PM borttagning kapaciteterna av träd16. Följaktligen den PM retention effektiviteten (massa PM kvar på leaf ytenhet per tidsenhet), alternativt föreslogs att utvärdera PM rening effekterna av stadsträd5,17. I allmänhet finns det fortfarande en brist på forskning i denna aspekt. Det är ytterst nödvändigt att utföra relevanta studier för olika trädslag att erbjuda metodologiska basic och data för att bedöma PM borttagning kapaciteterna av olika trädslag korrekt.
Här, har tre bredbladig trädslag (G. biloba, Sophora japonicaoch Salix babylonica) och två needleleaf trädslag (Pinus tabuliformis och Sabina chinensis) valts för att utvärdera deras PM borttagning förmågor under två PM lagringstider. Leaf provtagningsplatsen var i Xitucheng Park (39.97° N, 116.36° E), ligger i ett område med tunga föroreningar i Peking. De tre särskilda målen för denna studie var: (1) att bedöma effektiviteten i olika blad rengöring metoder (vatten rengöring (WC), penselrengöring (BC) och ultraljudsrengöring (UC)) i eluering PM på blad, (2) för att verifiera effekten av ultraljud rengöring på eluering PM, och (3) för att bedöma olika trädslag att PM1, PM2.5, PM5, PM10och tsk retention effektivitet.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

Baserat på de vanliga rengöringsmetoderna (vattenrening (WC) + pensel rengöring (BC)), utvärderade denna studie påverkan av ultraljud rengöring (UC) på att samla olika storlek partiklar (PM) behålls på leaf ytor. Vi kännetecknas vidare av bladen till olika storlek PM, som hjälper till att bedöma stadsträd förmåga att ta bort PM från luften kvantitativt retention effektivitet.
Ta tre bredbladig trädslag (Ginkgo biloba, Sophora japonica, och Salix babylonica) och två needleleaf trädslag (Pinus tabuliformis och Sabina chinensis) som forskning anmärker, var leaf prover samlas in 4 (kort PM djurhållningsperioden) och 14 dagar (lång PM djurhållningsperioden) efter de senaste regnen. PM kvar på leaf ytor var insamlade med hjälp av WC, BC, och UC i sekvens. Sedan, retention effektivitetsvinsterna av bladen (AEblad) till tre typer av olika storlek PM, inklusive enkelt flyttbara PM (ERP), svårt-att ta bort PM (DRP), och helt flyttbara (TRP), beräknades. Bara omkring 23% - 45% av den totala PM kvar på lämnar kunde vara rensade bort och samlas in av WC. När bladen rengjordes genom WC + BC, var underskattningen av PM retention kapacitet av olika trädslag i intervallet 29% - 46% för olika storlek PM. nästan alla PM kvar på bladen kunde tas bort om UC kompletterades till WC + BC.
Sammanfattningsvis om UC kompletterades efter de vanliga rengöringsmetoderna, kunde mer PM på leaf ytor vara elueras och samlas in. Det förfarande som utvecklats i denna studie kan användas för att bedöma PM borttagning kapaciteterna av olika trädslag.

PM kvar på leaf ytor hade två typer under naturliga förhållanden. PM faller lätt av regn och vind under naturliga förhållanden definieras som den lätt avtagbara partiklar (ERP). Denna typ av PM företräddes av PM elueras av WC i denna studie. Den PM som tätt följer för att blad ytor och kan inte tvättas enkelt bort f.kr och UC definieras som det svåra-att ta bort partiklar (DRP). Denna typ av PM kan inte vara elueras av naturlig nederbörd och vind.
<p class="jove_conten...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Bedömning av partiklar borttagning kapaciteterna av träd lämnar

Den Ultraljuds rengöring metoden tillämpades för att eluera de atmosfäriska partiklar (PM) kvar på leaf ytor efter PM var eluerat genom de vanliga rengöringsmetoderna (vatten rengöring endast eller vattenrening plus pensel rengöring). Metoden kan hjälpa till att förbättra uppskattning för PM retention kapacitet av löv.

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

Denna metod kan bidra till att besvara viktiga frågor i förhållandet mellan urbana skogar och partiklar förorening fält, till exempel hur man väljer trädslag med hög partikelborttagning förmågor. Den största fördelen med denna teknik är att PM borttagning förmågor av träd kan bedömas korrekt och kvantitativt genom att samla in PM kvar på bladytan helt. Till att börja, välj fem friska enskilda träd med liknande diameter på brösthöjd av varje trädslag.Sedan, slumpmässigt samla fyra större grenar från fyra riktningar av ut trädkronorna i mitten baldakinskiktet, och skär av alla intakta blad. Placera bladen i märkta ventilpåsar innan du transporterar påsarna till laboratoriet och förvarar dem i kylen. Därefter tvätta och torka bägare i en ugn inställd på 80 grader Celsius.Jämviktsbägarna till rumstemperatur och luftfuktighet innan de vägs. Efter detta, placera slumpmässigt utvalda blad i en av de stora bägare. Tillsätt sedan 270 milliliter DI-vatten till bägare A, och sänk ner bladen helt.Rör om vattnet i 60 sekunder i en riktning med en glasstav. Sedan, jämnt hälla eluent i tre mindre bägare. Därefter lägger du till 270 milliliter DI-vatten till en annan stor bägare och sänk ner bladen i vatten en gång till.Med hjälp av en nylonborste, skrubba bladytorna med DI-vattnet, var noga med att undvika att förstöra bladens mikrostruktur. Därefter tvättar du bladen i DI-vatten med en klämbar flaska med en fin spets och överför dem till en ny stor bägare. Efter detta häller eluent i en ren uppsättning av tre mindre bägare.Tillsätt 270 milliliter DI vatten till den stora bägaren, och sänk ner bladen i vatten igen. Placera sedan bägaren i en ultraljudsrengöringsmaskin i tre till 10 minuter, och rör om i bladen i en riktning med en glasstav. Sedan, överföra bladen till en ny stor bägare.Därefter häller eluent i en ny uppsättning av tre små bägare. Täck var och en av uppsättningarna med tre små bägare med rent filterpapper, och torka bägarna i torkugnen i fem dagar eller tills bägarnas massa blir konstant. Efter detta, sätta bägarna på ett laboratorium bänk i 30 minuter, och mäta massan av varje bägare.Tillsätt först 50 milliliter DI-vatten till var och en av de små bägarna. Placera sedan bägarna i ultraljudsrengöringsmaskinen i 30 minuter tills PM:en skingras i vätskan. Tillsätt supernatanten från bägarna till ett lasergranularitetsinstrument, och mät storleksfördelningen av PM-eluted i de olika rengöringsstegen.Därefter sprider du bladen på en plastbräda och skannar bladen med en skanner. Slutligen, använd bildanalys programvara för att uppskatta ytan och projicerade området av bladen. I denna studie eluterades PM från bladen från fem trädarter via olika rengöringsmetoder.Ett stort antal olika storlek PM var eluted från blad ytor efter tillägg ultraljud rengöring till vatten rengöring plus borste rengöring. Den genomsnittliga eluted proportioner av olika storlek PM av de fem trädslag genom ultraljud rengöring var 41%och 36%under kort damm retention och långa perioder damm lagring, respektive. Medan du försöker detta förfarande, Det är viktigt att komma ihåg att kontrollera ultraljud puls och ultraljud tid strikt.Efter detta förfarande, andra metoder som samlar PM kvar i vaxartad lager av blad kan utföras för att besvara ytterligare frågor, som produktionen av massan av PM på yta och i vaxartad lager av blad. Efter dess utveckling banade denna teknik vägen för forskning inom området för föroreningar av skogs- och partiklar för att utforska de partiklar som behålls på löv vid val av trädslag med hur partikelborttagningsförmåga.

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

Teknik för att studera leddjur och mikrobiella samhällen inom Tree vävnader

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

Transcript och metabolit profilering för utvärdering av tobaks Träd och poppel som råvara för biobaserade industri

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, en förbättrad Inex metod för<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Mätning av partikel och lösta föreningar bearbetade Active suspensionsätare

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

Förståelse Upplöst Organiskt material Biogeochemistry Genom<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Närings manipulationer i Stream ekosystem

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

Produktion och mätning av organiska partiklar i ett flöde Tube reaktor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

Produktion och mätning av organiska partiklar i Harvard miljömässiga kammaren

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

Att förbättra infraröd spektroskopi karakterisering av markens organiska material med spektrala subtraktioner

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

Mätningar av CO2 -flöden vid icke-idealiska Eddy Kovariansplatser

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

Undersökning av Xenobiotika metabolism i Salix alba blad via masspektrometri imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

Bedöma intertidal populationer av invasiva europeiska gröna krabba

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...