Name: assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves
Uploaded: 2018-10-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Bu eser orta üniversiteler (2017ZY21) ve Ulusal Doğa Bilimleri Vakfı Çin (21607038) için temel araştırma fonu tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. yaprak toplama, elüsyon ve kütle ölçümü: PM
<ol><li>Beş sağlıklı bireysel ağaçlar (Yani, beş çoğaltır) meme yükseklikte benzer çapı ile her ağaç türlerinin seçin. Dört büyük dalları rastgele orta gölgelik katmanındaki dış çardağın dört yönden toplamak ve tüm bozulmamış yaprakları kesti. Not: Tüm bitkilerin yaprak örnekleme için yakından bir greening Şerit uzunluğu ve genişliği yaklaşık 250 ve 60 m, sırasıyla, bu ağaçlar çevre koşulları (rüzgar, ı...

<ol>
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P., Han, J., Cao, Y., Dong, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+assessment+of+the+impacts+of+landscape+structure+on+different-sized+airborne+particles+in+residential+areas+of+Beijing,+China.">Field assessment of the impacts of landscape structure on different-sized airborne particles in residential areas of Beijing, China.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 166, 192-203 (2017).</li><li>Liu, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+based+investigation+on+particulate+size+distribution+and+retention+efficiency+of+particulate+matters+retained+on+tree+leaves-Taking+Ginkgo+biloba+and+Pinus+tabuliformis+as+examples.">Ultrasonic based investigation on particulate size distribution and retention efficiency of particulate matters retained on tree leaves-Taking Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabuliformis as examples.</a> Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 40, 798-809 (2016).</li><li>Yao, X. Y., Hu, Y. S., Liu, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dust-retention+effect+of+8+common+greening+Tree+Species+in+Beijing.">Dust-retention effect of 8 common greening Tree Species in Beijing.</a> Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 29, 92-95 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H. 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Doğru ve uygun yaprak yüzeylerde muhafaza am am kaldırma yetenekleri farklı ağaç türlerinin değerlendirmek için temel oluşur. Ancak, geleneksel temizleme yöntemi (WC ya da artı BC) elektron mikroskobu10tarayarak teyit toz yaprak yüzeylerde tamamen kaldıramazsınız. Bu daha da açıkça da çalışmanın tarafından gösterilmiştir (Şekil 1, resim 2, Şekil 3, <strong class="...

Ortam havası PM kaldırmak için yeteneklerini farklı ağaç türlerinin yaprak yüzeylerde muhafaza PM kitle miktarının ile tespit edilebilir. Bu hedefe ulaşmak için çıkarma yöntemi1,2, membran filtre Yöntem3,4,5ve partikül boyut analiz6 ile birleştiğinde elüsyon ağırlığında yöntemi olmuştur kantitatif PM2.5 kitle tahmin etmek için uygulanan (çap ≤ 2.5 µm), PM10 (çap ≤ 10 µm) veya yapraklarda muhafaza toplam askıya alınan parçacık (TSP). Ancak, bu yöntemlerin doğruluğu temelde yaprak yüzeylerde muhafaza PM toplama performanslarını bağlıdır. Şu anda ilgili çalışmalarda sık sık kullanılan yöntem temizlik geleneksel yaprak içerir bir veya iki adım, yani sadece yıkama su (emmek ve yaprakları deiyonize su kullanarak durulayın)3,7 veya5, fırçalama artı 8 , 9. ancak, bazı çalışmalar10,11 PM yaprak yüzeylerde tamamen konvansiyonel temizleme yöntemi tarafından eluted değil olduğunu göstermiştir. Ultrasonik Temizleme yüksek hızlı, kaliteli ve nesnenin yüzeyinin az hasar avantajları olduğu gibi karmaşık microstructures ile yaprak yüzeylerde muhafaza PM toplamak için kullanılmak üzere büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir. Şu anda, Ultrasonik Temizleme yaprak yüzeylerde muhafaza PM toplamak için bazı çalışmalarda uygulanmış (yani, yaprakları deiyonize su koymak ve ultrasonik temizleyici am elute kullanmak)12,13. Ancak, bu yöntem yalnızca bir yaprak Ultrasonik Temizleme PM yaprak yüzeyler arasında toplama üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye sahiptir ve onun en iyi işletim parametrelerini de net değildir bilinen değil iken yöntemi, temizlik ek olarak kullanılır. Eğer uygun bir ultrasonik temizleme prosedürü konvansiyonel temizleme yöntemi11 için takıma Ginkgo biloba yaprak yüzeyinde muhafaza PM tamamen yaprak yüzeylere zarar vermeden eluted ki bizim önceki araştırmalar göstermiştir . Ancak, istikrar ve ultrasonik temizleme genel uygulanabilirliği parametreleri (ultrasonik güç, zaman ve diğer bilgileri) farklı bitki türleri farklı toz saklama dönemi yaşıyor hala belli değil.
Şu anda, PM2.5, PM10veya birim yaprak alan üzerinde çay kaşığı kitle PM ortam havası14,15kaldırmak için farklı ağaç türlerinin yeteneklerini değerlendirmek için sık sık kullanılmıştır. Doğal koşul altında yaprak yüzeylerde muhafaza PM iki bölüme ayrılır: ilk bölümü yaprakları rüzgar etkileri nedeniyle kapalı düşebilir PM ve diğer bölümü sıkıca yaprak yapıştırılır PM ise yağış, yüzeyler ve ea olamaz sily yağış tarafından yıkanmış. Ancak, birkaç çalışmalar PM her iki tür kitle yaprak yüzeyler üzerinde odaklanmıştır. Buna ek olarak, PM saklama dönemi farklı çalışmalarda yaprakların çok farklı. Böylece, bu çalışmaların sonuçları karşılaştırılabilir birim yaprak alanı üzerinde muhafaza PM kitle ağaçlar16PM kaldırma yeteneklerini değerlendirmek için kabul edilen Eğer fakir olacak. Sonuç olarak, PM saklama verimliliği (birim yaprak alan birim zamanda ücret üzerinde muhafaza PM kütlesi), alternatif olarak, kentsel ağaçlar5,17am arıtma etkilerini değerlendirmek için önerilmiş. Genel olarak, hala bu konuda araştırma eksikliği olduğunu. Metodolojik temel ve veri PM kaldırma yetenekleri farklı ağaç türlerinin doğru bir şekilde değerlendirmek için destek sağlamak farklı ağaç türünün ilgili çalışmalar yürütmek son derece gereklidir.
Burada, üç geniş yapraklı ağaç türleri (G. biloba, sofora japonicave Salix babylonica) ve iki needleleaf ağaç türleri (Pinus tabuliformis ve Sabina chinensis) kendi PM kaldırma değerlendirmek için seçilmiş yeteneklerini iki PM saklama dönemi. Xitucheng ağır kirliliği Pekin ile bir alanda bulunan Park (39.97 ° N 116.36 ° E), yaprak örnekleme yerdi. Bu çalışmada üç belirli hedefleri idi: (1) farklı yaprak yapraklarda, (2) üzerinde ultrasonik temizleme etkisi doğrulamak için PM eluting içinde yöntemleri (su (WC) temizlik, temizleme fırçası (M.Ö.) ve ultrasonik (UC) temizlik) Temizleme etkinliğini değerlendirmek için PM, eluting ve (3) farklı ağaç türleri am1, PM2.5PM5PM10ve çay kaşığı saklama verimliliğini değerlendirmek için.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU ten-thousandth scale</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Sartorius Scientific Instruments (Beijing) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSA2258-1CE-DU</td>
			<td style="width:688px;">precision: 0.01 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">The IS13320 laser granularity instrument</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA</td>
			<td>IS13320</td>
			<td>working conditions: liquid/power samples; particle size range of measurement: 0.017-2000 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Epson Twain Pro high-quality scanner</td>
			<td>Seiko Epson, Nagano, Japan</td>
			<td>expression1680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Automatic image analysis software WinRHIZO</td>
			<td>Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada</td>
			<td>WinRHIZO Pro 2013a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing the particulate matter removal abilities of tree leaves

Konvansiyonel temizlik yöntemleri üzerinde (su temizleme (WC) + (M.Ö.) temizlik fırça) bağlı olarak, bu çalışmada (UC) Ultrasonik Temizleme etkisi yaprak yüzeylerde muhafaza çeşitli büyüklükteki partiküler madde (PM) toplama değerlendirilir. Biz daha fazla yaprakları PM ortam havası kantitatif kaldırmak için kentsel ağaçlar yeteneklerini değerlendirmek için yardımcı olacak çeşitli büyüklükteki PM için saklama verimliliğini karakterize.
Üç geniş yapraklı ağaç türleri (Ginkgo biloba, sofora japonica ve Salix babylonica) ve iki needleleaf ağaç türleri (Pinus tabuliformis ve Sabina chinensis) araştırma nesneler olarak alarak, yaprak edildi 4 gün (kısa PM saklama dönemi) ve 14 gün (uzun PM saklama dönemi) sonra en son yağış toplanan. Yaprak yüzeylerde muhafaza PM sırayla WC, M.Ö. ve UC aracılığıyla toplanan. Sonra saklama verimliliği yaprak (AEyaprak) kolayca çıkarılabilir PM (ERP), zor Kaldır (DRP) ve tamamen çıkarılabilir (TRP), dahil olmak üzere çeşitli büyüklükteki PM üç tür için hesaplanır. Sadece yaklaşık % 23-45 üzerinde muhafaza PM bırakır toplam % kapalı temizlenmiş ve WC tarafından toplanan. Yaprakları WC + BC temizlendi, küçümseme PM saklama kapasitesi farklı ağaç türlerinin % 29-%46 için çeşitli büyüklükteki yatak Almost aralıktaki UC WC + BC için takıma Eğer tüm PM yapraklarda muhafaza kaldırılmış olabilir oldu.
UC konvansiyonel temizlik yöntemleri sonra tamamlanmaktadır, sonuç olarak, yaprak yüzeylerde daha fazla PM eluted toplanan ve olmak. Bu çalışmada geliştirilen yordam PM kaldırma yetenekleri farklı ağaç türlerinin değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir.

Yaprak yüzeylerde muhafaza PM doğal koşullarda iki türü var. Başbakanın kolayca tarafından yağış düşer ve rüzgar doğal koşullar altında kolayca çıkarılabilir partiküler madde (ERP) tanımlanır. Bu tür bir PM Bu çalışmada WC tarafından eluted PM tarafından temsil edildi. Sıkı bir şekilde yaprak bağlı kalır PM yüzeyler ve kolayca m.ö. yılında yıkanması değil ve UC kaldır zor partiküler madde (DRP) tanımlanır. AM bu tür doğal yağış ve rüzgar...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves at JoVE.com

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Ağaç partiküler madde kaldırma yeteneklerini değerlendirmek bırakır

Ultrasonik Temizleme yöntemi PM konvansiyonel temizlik yöntemleri tarafından (sadece temizlik su veya su temizleme artı temizlik fırça) eluted sonra yaprak yüzeylerde muhafaza partiküler madde (PM) elute uygulandı. Metodoloji PM saklama kapasitesi yaprakların tahmin doğruluğunu geliştirmek için yardımcı olabilir.

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

Bu yöntem, kentsel ormanlar ve partikül madde kirliliği alanı arasındaki ilişkide, yüksek partikül madde kaldırma yeteneklerine sahip ağaç türlerinin nasıl seçileceği gibi anahtar soruların yanıtlatılmasını sağlayabilir. Bu tekniğin en büyük avantajı, ağaçların PM kaldırma yeteneklerinin yaprak yüzeyinde tamamen tutulan PM'nin toplanması ile doğru ve nicel olarak değerlendirilebilmektir. Başlamak için, her ağaç türünün meme yüksekliğinde benzer çapı ile beş sağlıklı bireysel ağaçlar seçin.Sonra, rasgele orta gölgelik tabakasında dışarı gölgelik dört yönden dört büyük dalları toplamak ve tüm bozulmamış yaprakları kesti. Torbaları laboratuvara taşımadan ve buzdolabında saklamadan önce yaprakları etiketli vana torbalarına yerleştirin. Daha sonra, 80 santigrat dereceye ayarlanmış bir fırında yıkayın ve kuru beaers.Tartmadan önce beherleri oda sıcaklığına ve neme göre dengeleyin. Bundan sonra, büyük beaers birine rasgele seçilen yaprakları yerleştirin. Sonra, beaker A DI su 270 mililitre ekleyin ve tamamen yaprakları batırın.Bir cam çubuk ile bir yönde 60 saniye boyunca su karıştırın. Sonra, eşit üç küçük gagalar içine eluent dökün. Daha sonra, farklı bir büyük kabına 270 mililitre DI su ekleyin ve yaprakları bir kez daha suya batırın.Bir naylon fırça kullanarak, di su ile yaprak yüzeyleri fırçalayın, yaprak mikroyapısını yok önlemek için özen. Daha sonra, ince bir ucu ile sıkıştırılabilir bir şişe ile DI suda yaprakları yıkayın ve yeni bir büyük beher onları aktarın. Bundan sonra, üç küçük gagaları temiz bir dizi içine eluent dökün.Büyük kabına 270 mililitre DI suyu ekleyin ve yaprakları tekrar suya batırın. Sonra, üç ila 10 dakika boyunca bir ultrasonik temizleme makinesinde beher yerleştirin ve bir cam çubuk ile bir yönde yaprakları karıştırın. Sonra, yaprakları yeni bir büyük beher'e aktarın.Sonra, üç küçük gagaları yeni bir dizi içine eluent dökün. Üç küçük gaganın her birini temiz filtre kağıdıyla kapatın ve kuruyan fırındaki gagaları beş gün veya gagaların kütlesi sabit hale gelene kadar kurulayın. Bundan sonra, 30 dakika boyunca bir laboratuvar bankına gagaları koymak ve her kabın kütlesini ölçmek.İlk olarak, küçük gagaları her 50 mililitre DI su ekleyin. Sonra, PM sıvı içinde dağılır kadar 30 dakika boyunca ultrasonik temizleme makinesinde gagaları yerleştirin. Bir lazer granülerite alet için beaers gelen supernatant ekleyin ve pm çeşitli temizleme adımlarında eluted boyut dağılımını ölçmek.Sonra, plastik bir tahta üzerinde yaprakları yayıldı ve bir tarayıcı ile yaprakları tarayın. Son olarak, yaprakların yüzey alanını ve öngörülen alanını tahmin etmek için görüntü analizi yazılımını kullanın. Bu çalışmada, PM farklı temizlik yöntemleri ile ağaçların beş türün yapraklarından eluted oldu.Farklı boyutlu PM çok sayıda su temizleme artı fırça temizleme ek ultrasonik temizlik sonra yaprak yüzeyleri eluted edildi. Ultrasonik temizlik ile beş ağaç türlerinin çeşitli boyutlu PM ortalama eluted oranları, sırasıyla kısa toz tutma ve uzun toz tutma süreleri altında% 41 ve% 36 idi. Bu yordamı çalışırken, kesinlikle ultrasonik darbe ve ultrasonik zaman kontrol etmek için hatırlamak önemlidir.Bu prosedürü takiben, pm yaprakların balmumu tabakası nda tutulan toplama gibi diğer yöntemler ek sorulara cevap vermek için yapılabilir, yüzeyde PM kitle üretimi gibi ve yaprakların mumlu tabaka. Bu teknik, geliştirildikten sonra, ağaç türlerinin seçiminde yapraklarda tutulan partikül maddeyi keşfetmek için orman ve partikül madde kirlilikleri alanında araştırmanın önünü açmıştır.

assessing-the-particulate-matter-removal-abilities-of-tree-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

Ağaç Dokuların içinde eklembacaklı ve Mikrobiyal Toplulukları incelenmesi için Tekniği

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

Çevre

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

Bio-tabanlı Sanayi Feedstock olarak Tütün Ağacı ve Kavak Değerlendirme transkript ve metabolit profil

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, bir Geliştirilmiş INEX Yöntemi için<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Partikül Ölçümü ve Çözünmüş bileşikler Aktif Süspansiyon besleme üniteleri İşlenmiş

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

Sayesinde Organik Madde biyojeokimya Çözünmüş Anlamak<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Akış Ekosistemlerde Besin manipülasyonları

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

Üretim ve akış tüp reaktör organik partikül madde ölçümü

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. The complex production mechanisms and reaction pathways make this a challenging research topic. To address these issues, an environmental chamber, providing enough residence time and close-to-ambient concentrations of precursors for secondary organic materials, is needed. The Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) was built to serve this need, simulating the production of gas and particle phase species from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The HEC has a volume of 4.7 m3 and a mean residence time of 3.4 h under typical operating conditions. It is operated as a completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), providing the possibility of indefinite steady-state operation across days for sample collection and data analysis. The operation procedures are described in detail in this article. Several types of instrumentation are used to characterize the produced gas and particles. A High-Resolution Time-of-Fight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is used to characterize particles. A Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is used for gaseous analysis. Example results are presented to show the use of the environmental chamber in a wide variety of applications related to the physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of organic atmospheric particulate matter.

This paper describes operation procedures for the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and related instrumentation for measuring gaseous and particle species. The environmental chamber is used to produce and study secondary organic species produced from the organic precursors, especially related to atmospheric organic particulate matter.

Üretim ve Harvard çevre odası organik partikül madde ölçümü

The production and the evolution of atmospheric organic particulate matter (PM) are insufficiently understood for accurate simulations of atmospheric ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

Spektral Subtractions ile toprak organik madde karakterizasyonu kızılötesi spektroskopi iyileştirilmesi

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP), in non-typical ecosystems, on a currently reforested windthrow area in Poland. After a tornado event, a relatively narrow &#8220;corridor&#8221; was created within surviving forest stands, which complicates such kind of experiments. The application of other measuring techniques, such as the chamber method, is even more difficult under these circumstances, because especially at the beginning, fallen trees and in general great heterogeneity of the site provide a challenging platform to perform flux measurements and then to properly upscale obtained results. In comparison with standard EC measurements carried out in untouched forests, the case of windthrow areas requires special consideration when it comes to the site location and data analysis in order to ensure their representativeness. Therefore, here we present a protocol of real-time, continuous CO2 flux measurements at a dynamically changing, non-ideal EC site, which includes (1) site location and instrumentation setup, (2) flux computation, (3) rigorous data filtering and quality control, and (4) gap filling and net fluxes partitioning into CO2 respiration and absorption. The main advantage of the described methodology is that it provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement performance from scratch, which can be applied to other spatially limited ecosystems. It can also be viewed as a list of recommendations on how to deal with unconventional site operation, providing a description for non-specialists. Obtained quality-checked, gap filled, half-hour values of net CO2, as well as absorption and respiration fluxes, can be finally aggregated into daily, monthly, seasonal or annual totals.

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

The presented protocol uses the eddy covariance method at non-typical locations, applicable to all types of short-canopy ecosystems with limited area, on a currently reforested windthrow site in Poland. Details of measuring site setup rules, flux calculations and quality control, and final result analysis, are described.

Ideal olmayan Eddy Kovaryans sitelerinde CO2 fluxes ölçümleri

This protocol is an example of utilizing the eddy covariance (EC) technique to investigate spatially and temporally averaged net CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem ...

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover&#160;specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.

Salix alba Leaves'ta Kizobiyotik Metabolizmasının Kütle Spektrometresi Görüntüleme Yoluyla Araştırılması

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world&#8217;s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns in green crab population dynamics is essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab populations in the rocky intertidal zone of the Northwest Atlantic.

İnvaziv Avrupa Yeşil Yengeç Intertidal Popülasyonları Değerlendirilmesi

Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one ...