Name: functional characterization of carboxylesterases in insecticide resistant house flies, musca domestica
Uploaded: 2018-08-23T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica at JoVE.com

1. Ausdruck und Isolation von Zielproteinen mit einem Insekt Zelle Baculovirus-vermittelten Expressionssystem
<ol><li>Direktional Klonen Sie PCR-Produkte von Zielproteinen von Stubenfliegen Blunt beendet.<ol>
<li>Design-PCR Primer grün fluoreszierenden Proteins (GFP) und das Haus fliegen MdαE7 gen basierend auf ihre Sequenzen und die besonderen Anforderungen des gewählten Vektors (Tabelle 1).</li>
		<li>Verwenden Sie ein Lektorat, thermostabile DNA-Polymerase und Primer aus Schritt 1.1.1 150 µL-PCR...

<ol>
	<li>Scott, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+resistance+in+house+flies+from+the+United+States:+Resistance+levels+and+frequency+of+pyrethroid+resistance+alleles.">Insecticide resistance in house flies from the United States: Resistance levels and frequency of pyrethroid resistance alleles.</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 107 (3), 377-384 (2013).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+whole+transcriptomal+linkage+analysis+of+gene+co-regulation+in+insecticide+resistant+house+flies,+Musca+domestica.">A whole transcriptomal linkage analysis of gene co-regulation in insecticide resistant house flies, Musca domestica.</a> BMC Genomics. 14, 803 (2013).</li><li>Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+resistance+in+mosquitoes:+impact,+mechanisms,+and+research+directions.">Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: impact, mechanisms, and research directions.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 60, 537-559 (2015).</li><li>Grigoraki, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+profiling+and+genetic+study+reveal+amplified+carboxylesterase+genes+implicated+in+temephos+resistance,+in+the+Asian+tiger+mosquito+Aedes+albopictus.">Transcriptome profiling and genetic study reveal amplified carboxylesterase genes implicated in temephos resistance, in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus.</a> e0003771. 9, e0003771 (2015).</li><li>Grigoraki, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carboxylesterase+gene+amplifications+associated+with+insecticide+resistance+in+Aedes+albopictus:+Geographical+distribution+and+evolutionary+origin.">Carboxylesterase gene amplifications associated with insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus: Geographical distribution and evolutionary origin.</a> PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 11, e0005533 (2017).</li><li>Wheelock, C., Shan, G., Ottea, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+carboxylesterases+and+their+role+in+the+metabolism+of+insecticides.">Overview of carboxylesterases and their role in the metabolism of insecticides.</a> Journal of Pesticide Science. 30, 75-83 (2005).</li><li>Feng, X., Li, M., Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carboxylesterase+genes+in+pyrethroid+resistant+house+flies,+Musca+domestica.">Carboxylesterase genes in pyrethroid resistant house flies, Musca domestica.</a> Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 92, 30-39 (2018).</li><li>Mosmann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+colorimetric+assay+for+cellular+growth+and+survival:+application+to+proliferation+and+cytotoxicity+assays.">Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.</a> J Immunol Methods. 65 (1-2), 55-63 (1983).</li><li>Jarvis, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus-insect+cell+expression+systems.">Baculovirus-insect cell expression systems.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 463, 191-222 (2009).</li><li>Berger, I., Fitzgerald, D. J., Richmond, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus+expression+system+for+heterologous+multiprotein+complexes.">Baculovirus expression system for heterologous multiprotein complexes.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 22 (12), 1583 (2004).</li><li>Gong, Y., Li, T., Feng, Y., Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+function+of+two+P450s,+CYP9M10+and+CYP6AA7,+in+the+permethrin+resistance+of+Culex+quinquefasciatus.">The function of two P450s, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7, in the permethrin resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 587 (2017).</li><li>Cao, C. W., Zhang, J., Gao, X. W., Liang, P., Guo, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+carboxylesterase+gene+associated+with+organophosphorous+insecticide+resistance+in+cotton+aphids,+Aphis+gossypii+(Glover).">Overexpression of carboxylesterase gene associated with organophosphorous insecticide resistance in cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii (Glover).</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 90 (3), 175-180 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, L., Gao, X., Liang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-cypermethrin+resistance+associated+with+high+carboxylesterase+activities+in+a+strain+of+house+fly,+Musca+domestica+(Diptera:+Muscidae).">Beta-cypermethrin resistance associated with high carboxylesterase activities in a strain of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 89, 65-72 (2007).</li><li>Van Meerloo, J., Kaspers, G. J., Cloos, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+sensitivity+assays:+the+MTT+assay.">Cell sensitivity assays: the MTT assay.</a> Cancer cell culture. , 237-245 (2011).</li><li>Stockert, J. C., Bl&#225;zquez-Castro, A., Ca&#241;ete, M., Horobin, R. W., Villanueva, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MTT+assay+for+cell+viability:+Intracellular+localization+of+the+formazan+product+is+in+lipid+droplets.">MTT assay for cell viability: Intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets.</a> Acta Histochemica. 114 (8), 785-796 (2012).</li><li>Strober, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypan+blue+exclusion+test+of+cell+viability.">Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Riss, T. L., Moravec, R. A., Niles, A. L., Duellman, S., Benink, H. A., Worzella, T. J., Minor, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+viability+assays.">Cell viability assays.</a> Assay Guidance Manual. , (2013).</li><li>Wheelock, C. E., Shan, G., Ottea, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+carboxylesterases+and+their+role+in+the+metabolism+of+insecticides.">Overview of carboxylesterases and their role in the metabolism of insecticides.</a> Journal of Pesticide Science. 30 (2), 75-83 (2005).</li><li>Li, X., Schuler, M. A., Berenbaum, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+metabolic+resistance+to+synthetic+and+natural+xenobiotics.">Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 52, 231-253 (2007).</li><li>Nakamura, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+in+vitro+metabolism+of+a+pyrethroid+insecticide,+permethrin,+and+its+hydrolysis+products+in+rats.">The in vitro metabolism of a pyrethroid insecticide, permethrin, and its hydrolysis products in rats.</a> Toxicology. 235 (3), 176-184 (2007).</li><li>Kruger, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Bradford+method+for+protein+quantitation.">The Bradford method for protein quantitation.</a> The protein protocols handbook. , 15-21 (2002).</li><li>Macauley-Patrick, S., Fazenda, M. L., McNeil, B., Harvey, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterologous+protein+production+using+the+Pichia+pastoris+expression+system.">Heterologous protein production using the Pichia pastoris expression system.</a> Yeast. 22 (4), 249-270 (2005).</li><li>Berger, I., Fitzgerald, D. J., Richmond, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus+expression+system+for+heterologous+multiprotein+complexes.">Baculovirus expression system for heterologous multiprotein complexes.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 22 (12), 1583 (2004).</li><li>Terpe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+bacterial+expression+systems+for+heterologous+protein+production:+from+molecular+and+biochemical+fundamentals+to+commercial+systems.">Overview of bacterial expression systems for heterologous protein production: from molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems.</a> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 72 (2), 211 (2006).</li><li>Bulter, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+expression+of+a+fungal+laccase+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+by+directed+evolution.">Functional expression of a fungal laccase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by directed evolution.</a> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 69 (2), 987-995 (2003).</li><li>Stepanenko, A. A., Dmitrenko, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pitfalls+of+the+MTT+assay:+Direct+and+off-target+effects+of+inhibitors+can+result+in+over/underestimation+of+cell+viability.">Pitfalls of the MTT assay: Direct and off-target effects of inhibitors can result in over/underestimation of cell viability.</a> Gene. 574 (2), 193-203 (2015).</li></ol>

In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben heterologen Expressionssysteme verbreitet zu äußern und große Mengen von Proteinen, so dass Biochemische und funktionelle Bestimmung und Charakterisierung der Enzyme in Vitrozu isolieren. Bisher wurden mehrere verschiedene Modellsysteme wie Escherichia coli, Pichia Pastoris, Sacccharomyces Cerevisiaeund Spodoptera Frugiperda angepasst für rekombinante Proteinexpression und die Wahl des der in-vitro- System ist entscheidend für gro...

Insektizid-Widerstand ist derzeit ein wichtiges Thema der Haus Fliegenbekämpfung weltweit1,2. Bemühungen um den Mechanismus der Insektizid Widerstand bestimmen erleichtert dieses Problem besseren zu verstehen und somit für neue Strategien, um effektiv zu verhindern oder zu minimieren die Ausbreitung der Widerstand Entwicklung3. Carboxylesterases, haben eine Menge Aufmerksamkeit für ihre Rollen in Sequestrierung und metabolisierenden Insektizide in verschiedenen Insekten4,5,6als eines der wichtigsten Entgiftung Enzyme angezogen. Unsere früheren Studie identifizierte mehrere Carboxylesterases in Stubenfliegen und ihren Ausdruck Ebenen wurden nicht nur in der resistenten Stamm ALHF konstitutiv geregelt sondern können auch induzierte zu höheren Ebenen in Reaktion auf Permethrin Behandlungen7 . Allerdings müssen die funktionale Charakterisierungen dieser Carboxylesterase Gene in metabolisierenden Insektizide noch erkundet werden.
Seit dem ersten Bericht in den frühen 1980er Jahren8wurde eine Baculovirus-vermittelten Fremdgen Expressionssystems weithin wegen seiner hohen Protein-Produktions-Leistungsfähigkeit und eukaryotic Protein Verarbeitung Funktionen9eingesetzt. Diese binären System besteht aus zwei wesentlichen Elementen: die konstruierte rekombinante Baculovirus Bereitstellung fremder Gene in den Wirtszellen und die groß angelegte Expression interessiert Proteine von Zellen durch rekombinante Baculovirus infiziert. In den letzten Jahrzehnten das Baculovirus vermittelte Zelle Ausdruck System ist weit verbreitet, Tausende von rekombinanten Proteinen, Membrane-springen Proteine im Insekt von zytosolischen Enzyme bis zu produzieren und Säugetier-Zellen10. Unsere früheren Studie äußerte erfolgreich mehrere CYP450 Enzymen in Sf9 Insektenzellen mit diesem System11. In dieser Studie wir konstruiert eine Carboxylesterase-rekombinante Baculovirus Sf9 Insektenzellen infizieren, erkundet die Zelle Toleranz gegenüber unterschiedlichen Permethrin Behandlungen und groß angelegte ausgedrückt Carboxylesterase Proteine in Vitro für funktionale Exploration. Anstatt mehrere Carboxylesterase isozymen Mischungen von Insekten Homogenates wie von früheren Studien12,13angenommen, dieses Insekt Zelle Baculovirus-vermittelten Ausdruck System ermöglicht die Konkretisierung und Isolierung von gezielten Proteine für bessere Charakterisierung ihrer biochemischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften.
Tetrazoliumsalz Salz basierende Assays (MTT) ist ein Hochdurchsatz-kolorimetrischen Verfahren entwickelt und optimiert, um die Zellviabilität messen. Dieser Test basiert auf den Mechanismus, die nur lebende Zellen in der Lage metabolisierenden gelb gefärbten MTT Reagenz zu einem dunklen lila farbigen Formazan Niederschlag, farbmetrisch analysiert werden kann sind, nachdem in organischen Lösungsmitteln14aufgelöst, 15. Einige genauere aber zeitaufwändige Methoden, z. B. Trypan blau Ausgrenzung und das Thymidin Titration Assay16,17, wurden in den letzten Jahren entwickelt. Die zellbasierte MTT-Assay wird jedoch derzeit noch als die schnellste und einfach zu bedienen-Methode anerkannt, Zellviabilität schnell erkennen. Hier verwenden wir die MTT-Assay, um Zell Toleranz gegen insektizidbehandlungen zu erkunden. Die verbesserte Toleranz der Zellen wenn mit rekombinanten Baculovirus Carboxylesterase stark infiziert unterstützt die metabolische Rollen des Carboxylesterases gegen Insektizide, die wiederum ihre Beteiligung in Insektizid Widerstand schlägt.
Darüber hinaus wurde ein in-vitro- metabolische Test auch in dieser Studie durchgeführt. Im Vergleich mit allgemeinen Carboxylesterase Tests, mit denen gemeinsame Substrate wie α-Napthyl-Acetat (α-NA) und β-Naphthyl Acetat (β-NA) hydrolytische Tätigkeit der Carboxylesterases widerspiegeln, ist die in-vitro- metabolische Studie eine genaue Weg angesehen Aktivitäten der Carboxylesterases in Richtung Insektizide18direkt zu messen. Diese Methode wurde bereits erfolgreich in verschiedene Insekten eingesetzt, mehrere Cytochrom P450s in Verbindung mit Insektizid Widerstand11,19,20zu charakterisieren. Allerdings hat diese Methode noch nicht in Carboxylesterase Studien angewendet. Mit der Verfügbarkeit von Carboxylesterase Proteine produziert durch Baculovirus-vermittelten Expressionssystems kann eine in-vitro- metabolische Untersuchung der Carboxylesterases in Richtung Permethrin, führen wir die weitere starke Beweise für die Beteiligung bieten können der Carboxylesterases in Übertragung Pyrethroid-Resistenz im Haus fliegt.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs inc.</td>
			<td>M0491L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR/D-TOPO Cloning Kit, with One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>K240020</td>
			<td>S.O.C medium and universal M13 sequence primers were included in this kit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PureLink HiPure Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>K210002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gateway LR Clonase II Enzyme mix for BaculoDirectTM Kits</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>11791-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BaculoDirect C-Term Linear DNA Transfection Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>12562-019</td>
			<td>Cellfectin transfection reagent and ganciclovir were included in this kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR-CAT plasmid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Included in BaculoDirect C-Term Linear DNA Transfection Kit, concentration: 0.5 ug/uL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum, Certified</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10082-139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sf9 cells in Sf-900 III SFM</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12659017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insect Cell-PE LB Insect Cell Protein Extraction &#38; Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>G Biosciences by A Geno Technology Inc</td>
			<td>786-411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sf-900 III SFM (1&#215;) Serum Free Medium Complete</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12658-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grace&#39;s Insect Medium, unsupplemented</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11595030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permethrin (isomers) analytical standard</td>
			<td>SUPELCO by Solutions WithinTM</td>
			<td>442748</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol (analytical graded)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>67-56-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (analytical graded)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>75-05-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GHP Acrodisc 25 mm Syringe Filters with 0.45 &#956;m GHP Membrane (HPLC Certified)</td>
			<td>Pall Life Sciences</td>
			<td>21890388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alliance Waters 2695 HPLC System</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T100 Thermal Cycle</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.</td>
			<td>1861096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop 2000/2000c Spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ND2000CLAPTOP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multi-Mode Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional characterization of carboxylesterases in insecticide resistant house flies, musca domestica

Carboxylesterase vermittelte Stoffwechsel wird gedacht, um in Insektizid Widerstand bei verschiedenen Insekten eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Mehrere Carboxylesterase Gene wurden bis in die resistenten Haus fliegen Belastung geregelt gefunden, während ihre Rolle bei der Übertragung der Insektizid Widerstand blieb um erkundet zu werden. Hier haben wir ein Protokoll für die funktionelle Charakterisierung von Carboxylesterases entwickelt. Drei Beispiel-Experimenten werden dargestellt: (1) Ausdruck und Isolation von Carboxylesterase Proteinen durch ein Insekt Baculovirus-vermittelten Zellsystem Ausdruck Spodoptera Frugiperda (Sf9); (2) eine zellbasierte MTT (3-[4, 5-Dimethykthiazol-2-Yl] -2, 5-Diphenyltetrazolium-Bromid) Zytotoxizität Assay, Messen Sie die Toleranz von Insektenzellen gegenüber verschiedenen Permethrin Behandlungen; und (3) in-vitro- metabolische Studien, die metabolische Funktionen des Carboxylesterases in Richtung Permethrin zu erkunden. Die Carboxylesterase gen, die MdαE7 aus einem beständigen Haus geklont wurde Belastung ALHF fliegen und verwendet, um eine rekombinante Baculovirus für Sf9 Zellen Infektion zu konstruieren. Die Zelle künstliche gegen verschiedene Permethrin Behandlungen wurden mit dem MTT-Assay gemessen. Die verbesserte Zell Toleranz der Versuchsgruppe (MdαE7-rekombinante Baculovirus infizierte Zellen) im Vergleich zu den Kontrollgruppen (CAT-rekombinante Baculovirus infiziert und GFP-rekombinante Baculovirus infizierte Zellen), permethrin in metabolisierenden Insektizide, dadurch Schutz der Zellen vor chemischen Schäden vorgeschlagenen Behandlungen die Funktionen des MdαE7. Darüber hinaus wurden Carboxylesterase Proteine in Sf9 Insektenzellen ausgedrückt und isoliert, um eine in-vitro- metabolische Studie durchzuführen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigten eine signifikante in Vitro stoffwechseleffizienz des MdαE7 in Richtung Permethrin, direkt auf die Einbeziehung der Carboxylesterases in metabolisierenden Insektizide und verleiht somit Insektizid Widerstand im Haus fliegt.

Die Zellviabilität gegenüber verschiedenen Permethrin Behandlungen (MTT-Assay)
Die Zytotoxizität von Permethrin wurde im MdαE7-rekombinante Baculovirus infiziert Sf9 (Versuchsgruppe) und CAT-rekombinante Baculovirus (bereitgestellt von Baculovirus infiziert Kit) infizierte Zellen (Kontrollgruppe) untersucht. Die verstärkte Zelle Toleranzen zu Permethrin in MdαE7 mit dem Ausdruck Zellen stark unterstützen die metabolische Rol...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica at JoVE.com

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Hier präsentieren wir Ihnen ein Protokoll zur Produktion Haus fliegen Carboxylesterase Proteine in Vitro mit einem Baculovirus vermittelte Insekt Ausdruck Zellsystem und später funktionell charakterisieren ihre Rolle bei der Metabolisierung Permethrin, dadurch konferieren pyrethroid Widerstand von zellbasierten MTT-Assay und in-vitro- metabolische Studien.

Funktionelle Charakterisierung von Carboxylesterases in Insektizid gegen Stubenfliegen, Musca Domestica

Carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism is thought to play a major role in insecticide resistance in various insects. Several carboxylesterase genes were ...

This method can help the key questions in the field of insect toxicology, such as, if all express the metabolic detoxification genes are involved in insecticide resistance? The main advantage of this technique is that it allows to produce larger scales of proteins, and characterize the function of these proteins in metabolizing of insecticides in vitro. Demonstrating the procedures, will be Xuechun Feng, a grad student in my laboratory.Xuechen's PhD research is focused on the characterization of function of carboxyl esterase in parasite resistance of house flies, Musca domestica. To begin, mix one microliter of GFP entry plasma DNA, with five microliters of a commercially available C-term linear DNA in 250 microliter PCR tubes. Next, add two microliters of commercially available lambda recombination mix to each of the PCR tubes.Gently mix the tubes, and incubate them at 25 degrees Celsius overnight. Seed two milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cell culture evenly to the wells of a cell culture plate. Then allow the cells to attach for at least three hours at room temperature, in the hood.Using an inverted phase microscope at 250x, check the cell attachment. Then, remove the cell culture medium, and replace it with two milliliters of Grace's insect medium. After this, prepare transfection mixture A and B solutions according to the text protocol.Then gently mix transfection mixtures A and B together by tapping the tubes. Incubate the mixture at room temperature, in the hood, for 35 minutes. Next, add the mixture drop-wise, onto the seeded cells.Seal the wells with tape, and incubate the cells at 27 degrees Celsius, overnight. Replace the two milliliters of Grace's insect medium, with two milliliters of complete growth medium. Then, add 100 micromole Ganciclovir, to each well.Seal the wells with tape, and incubate the cells at 27 degrees Celsius for 72 hours. 72 hours post-infection, collect the medium from each well, and transfer it to 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes. Then centrifuge the tubes at 1500 times G, for five minutes at four degrees Celsius.Add one milliliter of complete growth medium to the well, and use a microscope with fluorescent light, to observe the infection signs of cells at the P1 baculovirus amplification stage. Transfer the supernatant into new 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes, and store them at four degrees Celsius, in dark conditions. After this, seed two milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cell culture, evenly, in the wells of a cell culture plate.Allow the cells to attach for at least three hours at room temperature, in the hood. Inoculate five microliters of P1 virus stock into the cell seeded wells, then, add 100 micromole Ganciclovir to each well. Seal the wells, and incubate the cells for 72 hours at 27 degrees Celsius.First, culture five milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cells, with complete growth medium, in T25 non-treated flasks. Then, add 25 microliters of P1 virus stock solution to infect the cell culture, for 48 hours, with gentle shaking, at 27 degrees Celsius. Using acetonitrile, prepare serial dilutions of 100 millimole permethrin.Then, seed 200 microliters of infected cell culture supplemented with 300 microliters of complete growth media, into a 24 well plate. Making sure that permethrin is fully dissolved in the acetonitrile, and evenly delivered into each well of the plate. After adding the permethrin, gently shake the plate to fully mix the permethrin in the medium.After this, seal the plate with tape, and incubate the plate at 27 degrees Celsius, for 48 hours, in dark conditions. Remove the cell culture medium from the plate without disturbing the bottom attached cell layer. Add 200 microliters of the MMT reagent to each well.Then, incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for four hours, until dark purple formazan precipitants form in each well. Add 500 microliters of DMSO to each well, to fully dissolve the precipitants. Then transfer 200 microliters of the dissolved solution, to each well of a 96 well plate.Fully dissolving the precipitate into DMSO is crucial for the accuracy of the results. After adding the DMSO into samples in the plate, the samples will be washed using the pipette, for several times, until the precipitate has been fully dissolved. Finally, use a microplate reader to measure the absorbance values of the plate at 540 nanometers.At the P1 stage, the infection ratio is low. At the P2 stage, the infection ratio was significantly enhanced. At the P3 infection stage, almost all the cells showed symptoms of detachment from the cell culture plate, increases of cell diameter, as well as the cessation of cell growth.Based on the detected absorbance values, the Md alpha E7 expressing cells showed significantly higher viability, compared to the control CAT cells. While conducting this procedure, it is important to prevent cell contamination in all steps, by wiping the surface of stuffs, such as bottles and tubes, with 70 percentage ethanol before conducting the cell experiments. Following this procedure, some other methods, like the homology modeling and dark analysis, can be performed in order to answer additional questions, like the interactions between carboxyl esterase protein and permethrin ligand.This technique paved the way for the researchers in the insect toxicology, to explore the functional characterization of the genes and mechanisms in insecticide resistance of insects. Don't forget that working with insecticide can be very harmful, and precautions, such as gloves and lab coats, should always be taken while conducting these procedures.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Structural Characterization of Mannan Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Plants Using PACE

Strukturelle Charakterisierung von Mannan Zellwand Polysaccharide in Anlagen, in denen Tempo

Plant cell wall polysaccharides are notoriously difficult to analyze, and most methods require expensive equipment, skilled operators, and large amounts ...

Forschung

Biochemie

Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Verbesserte Protokoll für Chromatin Immunopräzipitation aus Maus skelettartiger Muskel

We describe an efficient and reproducible protocol for the preparation of chromatin from adult mouse skeletal muscle, a physically resistant tissue with a ...

Characterization of Glycoproteins with the Immunoglobulin Fold by X-Ray Crystallography and Biophysical Techniques

Charakterisierung von Glykoproteinen mit dem Immunglobulin-Falz durch Röntgen-Kristallographie und biophysikalischen Techniken

Glycoproteins on the surface of cells play critical roles in cellular function, including signalling, adhesion and transport. On leukocytes, several of ...

Fluorescent Silver Staining of Proteins in Polyacrylamide Gels

Fluoreszierende silberne Färbung von Proteinen im Polyacrylamid-Gele

Silver staining is a colorimetric technique widely used to visualize protein bands in polyacrylamide gels following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide ...

Rapid Fluorescence-based Characterization of Single Extracellular Vesicles in Human Blood with Nanoparticle-tracking Analysis

Rasche Fluoreszenz basierende Charakterisierung der einzelnen extrazelluläre Vesikel im menschlichen Blut mit Nanopartikel-Tracking Analyse

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are specialized membranous nano-sized vesicles found in bodily fluids that are constitutively released ...

Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction

Festlegung der funktionellen Protein Regionen durch chimäres Protein Aufbau

The goal of this protocol encompasses the design of chimeric proteins in which distinct regions of a protein are replaced by their corresponding sequences ...

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

Charakterisierung von Membrantransportern durch heterologen Ausdruck in E. coli und Herstellung von Membranvesikeln

Several methods have been developed to functionally characterize novel membrane transporters. Polyamines are ubiquitous in all organisms, but polyamine ...

SUMO-Binding Entities (SUBEs) as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

SUMO-Binding Entities (SUBEs) als Werkzeuge zur Anreicherung, Isolierung, Identifizierung und Charakterisierung des SUMO-Proteoms bei Leberkrebs

Post-translational modification is a key mechanism regulating protein homeostasis and function in eukaryotic cells. Among all ubiquitin-like proteins in ...

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

Funktionelle Charakterisierung von RING-Typ E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro und In Planta

Ubiquitination, as a posttranslational modification of proteins, plays an important regulatory role in homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. The covalent ...

Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

Charakterisierung von Amyloidstrukturen im Altern C. Elegans mit Fluoreszenz-Lebensdauer-Bildgebung

Amyloid fibrils are associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington&#39;s, Parkinson&#39;s, or Alzheimer&#39;s disease. These ...