Name: functional characterization of carboxylesterases in insecticide resistant house flies, musca domestica
Uploaded: 2018-08-23T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica at JoVE.com

1. espressione e l'isolamento di proteine bersaglio con un sistema di espressione di Baculovirus-mediata delle cellule di insetto
<ol><li>Direzionalmente clonazione smussato-conclusa i prodotti PCR di proteine bersaglio da mosche domestiche.<ol>
<li>Progettazione degli iniettori PCR della proteina fluorescente verde (GFP) e il gene della MdαE7 di casa volo basato sulle loro sequenze e i requisiti speciali del vettore scelto (tabella 1).</li>
		<li>Utilizzare una DNA polimerasi termostabile, correzione...

<ol>
	<li>Scott, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+resistance+in+house+flies+from+the+United+States:+Resistance+levels+and+frequency+of+pyrethroid+resistance+alleles.">Insecticide resistance in house flies from the United States: Resistance levels and frequency of pyrethroid resistance alleles.</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 107 (3), 377-384 (2013).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+whole+transcriptomal+linkage+analysis+of+gene+co-regulation+in+insecticide+resistant+house+flies,+Musca+domestica.">A whole transcriptomal linkage analysis of gene co-regulation in insecticide resistant house flies, Musca domestica.</a> BMC Genomics. 14, 803 (2013).</li><li>Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+resistance+in+mosquitoes:+impact,+mechanisms,+and+research+directions.">Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: impact, mechanisms, and research directions.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 60, 537-559 (2015).</li><li>Grigoraki, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+profiling+and+genetic+study+reveal+amplified+carboxylesterase+genes+implicated+in+temephos+resistance,+in+the+Asian+tiger+mosquito+Aedes+albopictus.">Transcriptome profiling and genetic study reveal amplified carboxylesterase genes implicated in temephos resistance, in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus.</a> e0003771. 9, e0003771 (2015).</li><li>Grigoraki, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carboxylesterase+gene+amplifications+associated+with+insecticide+resistance+in+Aedes+albopictus:+Geographical+distribution+and+evolutionary+origin.">Carboxylesterase gene amplifications associated with insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus: Geographical distribution and evolutionary origin.</a> PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 11, e0005533 (2017).</li><li>Wheelock, C., Shan, G., Ottea, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+carboxylesterases+and+their+role+in+the+metabolism+of+insecticides.">Overview of carboxylesterases and their role in the metabolism of insecticides.</a> Journal of Pesticide Science. 30, 75-83 (2005).</li><li>Feng, X., Li, M., Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carboxylesterase+genes+in+pyrethroid+resistant+house+flies,+Musca+domestica.">Carboxylesterase genes in pyrethroid resistant house flies, Musca domestica.</a> Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 92, 30-39 (2018).</li><li>Mosmann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+colorimetric+assay+for+cellular+growth+and+survival:+application+to+proliferation+and+cytotoxicity+assays.">Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.</a> J Immunol Methods. 65 (1-2), 55-63 (1983).</li><li>Jarvis, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus-insect+cell+expression+systems.">Baculovirus-insect cell expression systems.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 463, 191-222 (2009).</li><li>Berger, I., Fitzgerald, D. J., Richmond, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus+expression+system+for+heterologous+multiprotein+complexes.">Baculovirus expression system for heterologous multiprotein complexes.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 22 (12), 1583 (2004).</li><li>Gong, Y., Li, T., Feng, Y., Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+function+of+two+P450s,+CYP9M10+and+CYP6AA7,+in+the+permethrin+resistance+of+Culex+quinquefasciatus.">The function of two P450s, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7, in the permethrin resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 587 (2017).</li><li>Cao, C. W., Zhang, J., Gao, X. W., Liang, P., Guo, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+carboxylesterase+gene+associated+with+organophosphorous+insecticide+resistance+in+cotton+aphids,+Aphis+gossypii+(Glover).">Overexpression of carboxylesterase gene associated with organophosphorous insecticide resistance in cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii (Glover).</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 90 (3), 175-180 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, L., Gao, X., Liang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-cypermethrin+resistance+associated+with+high+carboxylesterase+activities+in+a+strain+of+house+fly,+Musca+domestica+(Diptera:+Muscidae).">Beta-cypermethrin resistance associated with high carboxylesterase activities in a strain of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 89, 65-72 (2007).</li><li>Van Meerloo, J., Kaspers, G. J., Cloos, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+sensitivity+assays:+the+MTT+assay.">Cell sensitivity assays: the MTT assay.</a> Cancer cell culture. , 237-245 (2011).</li><li>Stockert, J. C., Bl&#225;zquez-Castro, A., Ca&#241;ete, M., Horobin, R. W., Villanueva, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MTT+assay+for+cell+viability:+Intracellular+localization+of+the+formazan+product+is+in+lipid+droplets.">MTT assay for cell viability: Intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets.</a> Acta Histochemica. 114 (8), 785-796 (2012).</li><li>Strober, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypan+blue+exclusion+test+of+cell+viability.">Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Riss, T. L., Moravec, R. A., Niles, A. L., Duellman, S., Benink, H. A., Worzella, T. J., Minor, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+viability+assays.">Cell viability assays.</a> Assay Guidance Manual. , (2013).</li><li>Wheelock, C. E., Shan, G., Ottea, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+carboxylesterases+and+their+role+in+the+metabolism+of+insecticides.">Overview of carboxylesterases and their role in the metabolism of insecticides.</a> Journal of Pesticide Science. 30 (2), 75-83 (2005).</li><li>Li, X., Schuler, M. A., Berenbaum, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+metabolic+resistance+to+synthetic+and+natural+xenobiotics.">Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 52, 231-253 (2007).</li><li>Nakamura, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+in+vitro+metabolism+of+a+pyrethroid+insecticide,+permethrin,+and+its+hydrolysis+products+in+rats.">The in vitro metabolism of a pyrethroid insecticide, permethrin, and its hydrolysis products in rats.</a> Toxicology. 235 (3), 176-184 (2007).</li><li>Kruger, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Bradford+method+for+protein+quantitation.">The Bradford method for protein quantitation.</a> The protein protocols handbook. , 15-21 (2002).</li><li>Macauley-Patrick, S., Fazenda, M. L., McNeil, B., Harvey, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterologous+protein+production+using+the+Pichia+pastoris+expression+system.">Heterologous protein production using the Pichia pastoris expression system.</a> Yeast. 22 (4), 249-270 (2005).</li><li>Berger, I., Fitzgerald, D. J., Richmond, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus+expression+system+for+heterologous+multiprotein+complexes.">Baculovirus expression system for heterologous multiprotein complexes.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 22 (12), 1583 (2004).</li><li>Terpe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+bacterial+expression+systems+for+heterologous+protein+production:+from+molecular+and+biochemical+fundamentals+to+commercial+systems.">Overview of bacterial expression systems for heterologous protein production: from molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems.</a> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 72 (2), 211 (2006).</li><li>Bulter, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+expression+of+a+fungal+laccase+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+by+directed+evolution.">Functional expression of a fungal laccase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by directed evolution.</a> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 69 (2), 987-995 (2003).</li><li>Stepanenko, A. A., Dmitrenko, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pitfalls+of+the+MTT+assay:+Direct+and+off-target+effects+of+inhibitors+can+result+in+over/underestimation+of+cell+viability.">Pitfalls of the MTT assay: Direct and off-target effects of inhibitors can result in over/underestimation of cell viability.</a> Gene. 574 (2), 193-203 (2015).</li></ol>

Negli ultimi decenni, i sistemi di espressione eterologhi sono stati ampiamente usati per esprimere e isolare grandi quantità di proteine, permettendo la determinazione biochimica e funzionale e caratterizzazione di enzimi in vitro. Ad oggi, diversi sistemi di modello diverso tra cui Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris, Sacccharomyces cerevisiaee Spodoptera frugiperda sono stati adattati per espressione recombinant della proteina e la scelta della sistema in vitro è c...

Resistenza agli insetticidi è attualmente un problema importante di casa controllo della Mosca in tutto il mondo1,2. Gli sforzi per determinare il meccanismo della resistenza agli insetticidi facilita la comprensione di questo problema e quindi fornire nuove strategie per efficacemente prevenire o ridurre al minimo la diffusione di resistenza sviluppo3. Carboxylesterases, come uno degli enzimi più importanti di disintossicazione, hanno attirato molta attenzione per i loro ruoli in sequestranti e metabolizzare gli insetticidi in vari insetti4,5,6. Il nostro studio precedente ha identificato più carboxylesterases in casa mosche e loro livelli di espressione non erano solo costitutivamente up-regolato nel ceppo resistente ALHF ma possono anche essere indotta a più alti livelli in risposta ai trattamenti di permetrina7 . Tuttavia, le caratterizzazioni funzionali di questi geni carbossilesterasi nel metabolismo insetticidi rimangono per essere esplorato.
Dal primo rapporto nei primi anni 19808, un sistema di espressione di baculovirus-mediata del gene straniero è stato ampiamente impiegato grazie alla sua efficienza di produzione ad alta percentuale proteica e la proteina eucariotica elaborazione capacità9. Questo sistema binario è composto da due elementi essenziali: il baculovirus ricombinanti costruito offrendo geni estranei in cellule dell'ospite e l'espressione su larga scala di proteine interessate da cellule infettate da baculovirus ricombinanti. Negli ultimi decenni, il sistema di espressione di baculovirus mediata delle cellule è stato ampiamente utilizzato per produrre migliaia di proteine ricombinanti, che vanno da enzimi citosolici alle proteine di membrana-limitano in insetto e cellule di mammifero10. Il nostro studio precedente ha correttamente espresso più enzimi CYP450 in cellule di insetto Sf9 con questo sistema11. In questo studio, abbiamo costruito un baculovirus carbossilesterasi-ricombinante per infettare cellule di insetto Sf9, esplorato la tolleranza delle cellule a permetrina diversi trattamenti e su larga scala carbossilesterasi espresse proteine in vitro per funzionale esplorazione. Invece di indagare più miscele di isozima carbossilesterasi da insetto omogeneati adottata dal precedente studi12,13, questo sistema di espressione di baculovirus-mediata delle cellule di insetto permette l'espressione specifica e isolamento di proteine mirati per la migliore caratterizzazione delle loro proprietà biochimiche e strutturali.
Base di sale tetrazolio (MTT) è un metodo colorimetrico di alto-rendimento sviluppato e ottimizzato per misurare la vitalità cellulare. Questa analisi è basata sul meccanismo che solo le cellule viventi sono in grado di metabolizzare il reagente MTT di colore giallo di un precipitato di formazan colorato viola scuro, che può essere analizzato colorimetricamente dopo dissolto in solventi organici14, 15. Molti più accurata, ma metodi che richiede tempo, come esclusione in Trypan blue e la timidina titolazione dosaggio16,17, sono stati sviluppati negli ultimi anni. Tuttavia, l'analisi di MTT basati su cellule è ancora attualmente riconosciuto come il metodo più rapido e facilmente azionabile per rilevare rapidamente la vitalità cellulare. Qui, usiamo l'analisi di MTT per esplorare la tolleranza delle cellule contro trattamenti insetticidi. La maggiore tolleranza delle cellule quando infettati con baculovirus ricombinanti carbossilesterasi fortemente supporta i ruoli metabolici di carboxylesterases agli insetticidi, che a sua volta suggerisce loro coinvolgimento nella resistenza agli insetticidi.
Inoltre, un'analisi metabolica in vitro è stata anche condotta in questo studio. Rispetto generale carbossilesterasi saggi che utilizzano substrati comuni come acetato di α-napthyl (α-NA) e β-naftil acetato (β-NA) per riflettere l'attività idrolitica di carboxylesterases, lo studio metabolico in vitro è considerato come un modo accurato misurare direttamente attività di carboxylesterases verso insetticidi18. Questo metodo è stato impiegato con successo in vari insetti per caratterizzare più citocromo P450s in associazione con insetticida resistenza11,19,20. Tuttavia, questo metodo non è stato ancora applicato negli studi carbossilesterasi. Con la disponibilità di carbossilesterasi proteine prodotte dal sistema di espressione di baculovirus-mediata, possiamo eseguire uno studio metabolico in vitro di carboxylesterases verso permetrina, in grado di fornire ulteriore forte evidenza del coinvolgimento di carboxylesterases nel conferire resistenza piretroide in casa mosche.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs inc.</td>
			<td>M0491L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR/D-TOPO Cloning Kit, with One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>K240020</td>
			<td>S.O.C medium and universal M13 sequence primers were included in this kit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PureLink HiPure Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>K210002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gateway LR Clonase II Enzyme mix for BaculoDirectTM Kits</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>11791-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BaculoDirect C-Term Linear DNA Transfection Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>12562-019</td>
			<td>Cellfectin transfection reagent and ganciclovir were included in this kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR-CAT plasmid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Included in BaculoDirect C-Term Linear DNA Transfection Kit, concentration: 0.5 ug/uL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum, Certified</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10082-139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sf9 cells in Sf-900 III SFM</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12659017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insect Cell-PE LB Insect Cell Protein Extraction &#38; Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>G Biosciences by A Geno Technology Inc</td>
			<td>786-411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sf-900 III SFM (1&#215;) Serum Free Medium Complete</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12658-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grace&#39;s Insect Medium, unsupplemented</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11595030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permethrin (isomers) analytical standard</td>
			<td>SUPELCO by Solutions WithinTM</td>
			<td>442748</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol (analytical graded)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>67-56-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (analytical graded)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>75-05-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GHP Acrodisc 25 mm Syringe Filters with 0.45 &#956;m GHP Membrane (HPLC Certified)</td>
			<td>Pall Life Sciences</td>
			<td>21890388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alliance Waters 2695 HPLC System</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T100 Thermal Cycle</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.</td>
			<td>1861096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop 2000/2000c Spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ND2000CLAPTOP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multi-Mode Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional characterization of carboxylesterases in insecticide resistant house flies, musca domestica

Il metabolismo mediato carbossilesterasi è pensato per svolgere un ruolo importante nella resistenza agli insetticidi in vari insetti. Diversi carbossilesterasi geni sono stati trovati up-regolato nel ceppo resistente casa volare, mentre loro ruoli che conferiscono resistenza agli insetticidi è rimasto per essere esplorato. Qui, abbiamo progettato un protocollo per la caratterizzazione funzionale di carboxylesterases. Vengono presentati tre esperimenti di esempio: (1) espressione e l'isolamento delle proteine carbossilesterasi attraverso un insetto baculovirus-mediata Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) sistema di espressione delle cellule; (2) un MTT basati su cellule (3-[4, 5-dimethykthiazol-2-yl] -2, 5-dimethylthiazolyl bromuro) analisi di citotossicità per misurare la tolleranza delle cellule di insetto a permetrina diversi trattamenti; e (3) in vitro gli studi metabolici per esplorare la capacità metabolica di carboxylesterases verso permetrina. Il gene carbossilesterasi MdαE7 è stato clonato da una casa resistente volare ceppo ALHF e utilizzato per costruire un baculovirus ricombinanti per l'infezione di cellule Sf9. La viabilità cellulare contro permetrina diversi trattamenti sono stati misurati con l'analisi di MTT. La tolleranza cellulare avanzata del gruppo sperimentale (cellule di baculovirus infettati MdαE7-ricombinante) rispetto a quelli dei gruppi di controllo (CAT-ricombinante baculovirus infettato cellule e le cellule di baculovirus infettati GFP-ricombinante) a permetrina trattamenti suggerito le funzionalità del MdαE7 nel metabolismo insetticidi, proteggendo le cellule dai danni chimici. Oltre a questo, carbossilesterasi proteine sono stati espressi in cellule di insetto Sf9 e isolati per condurre uno studio metabolico in vitro . I nostri risultati hanno indicato una significativa in vitro efficienza metabolica di MdαE7 verso permetrina, direttamente che indica il coinvolgimento di carboxylesterases nel metabolismo insetticidi e conferendo resistenza agli insetticidi in casa mosche.

L'attuabilità delle cellule verso permetrina diversi trattamenti (analisi di MTT)
La citotossicità di permetrina è stata esaminata in MdαE7-ricombinante baculovirus infettati Sf9 (gruppo sperimentale) e CAT-ricombinante baculovirus (fornito dal kit di baculovirus infettati) infettata cellule (gruppi di controllo). Le tolleranze di avanzata delle cellule a permetrina in MdαE7 che esprimono le cellule fortemente supportano i ruo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica at JoVE.com

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per produrre casa volare carbossilesterasi proteine in vitro con un sistema di espressione di baculovirus mediata delle cellule di insetto e successivamente funzionalmente caratterizzano i loro ruoli in che metabolizza permetrina, quindi, che conferisce piretroidi resistenza conducendo basati su cellule MTT assay e in vitro gli studi metabolici.

Caratterizzazione funzionale di Carboxylesterases in casa resistente all'insetticida mosche, Musca Domestica

Carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism is thought to play a major role in insecticide resistance in various insects. Several carboxylesterase genes were ...

This method can help the key questions in the field of insect toxicology, such as, if all express the metabolic detoxification genes are involved in insecticide resistance? The main advantage of this technique is that it allows to produce larger scales of proteins, and characterize the function of these proteins in metabolizing of insecticides in vitro. Demonstrating the procedures, will be Xuechun Feng, a grad student in my laboratory.Xuechen's PhD research is focused on the characterization of function of carboxyl esterase in parasite resistance of house flies, Musca domestica. To begin, mix one microliter of GFP entry plasma DNA, with five microliters of a commercially available C-term linear DNA in 250 microliter PCR tubes. Next, add two microliters of commercially available lambda recombination mix to each of the PCR tubes.Gently mix the tubes, and incubate them at 25 degrees Celsius overnight. Seed two milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cell culture evenly to the wells of a cell culture plate. Then allow the cells to attach for at least three hours at room temperature, in the hood.Using an inverted phase microscope at 250x, check the cell attachment. Then, remove the cell culture medium, and replace it with two milliliters of Grace's insect medium. After this, prepare transfection mixture A and B solutions according to the text protocol.Then gently mix transfection mixtures A and B together by tapping the tubes. Incubate the mixture at room temperature, in the hood, for 35 minutes. Next, add the mixture drop-wise, onto the seeded cells.Seal the wells with tape, and incubate the cells at 27 degrees Celsius, overnight. Replace the two milliliters of Grace's insect medium, with two milliliters of complete growth medium. Then, add 100 micromole Ganciclovir, to each well.Seal the wells with tape, and incubate the cells at 27 degrees Celsius for 72 hours. 72 hours post-infection, collect the medium from each well, and transfer it to 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes. Then centrifuge the tubes at 1500 times G, for five minutes at four degrees Celsius.Add one milliliter of complete growth medium to the well, and use a microscope with fluorescent light, to observe the infection signs of cells at the P1 baculovirus amplification stage. Transfer the supernatant into new 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes, and store them at four degrees Celsius, in dark conditions. After this, seed two milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cell culture, evenly, in the wells of a cell culture plate.Allow the cells to attach for at least three hours at room temperature, in the hood. Inoculate five microliters of P1 virus stock into the cell seeded wells, then, add 100 micromole Ganciclovir to each well. Seal the wells, and incubate the cells for 72 hours at 27 degrees Celsius.First, culture five milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cells, with complete growth medium, in T25 non-treated flasks. Then, add 25 microliters of P1 virus stock solution to infect the cell culture, for 48 hours, with gentle shaking, at 27 degrees Celsius. Using acetonitrile, prepare serial dilutions of 100 millimole permethrin.Then, seed 200 microliters of infected cell culture supplemented with 300 microliters of complete growth media, into a 24 well plate. Making sure that permethrin is fully dissolved in the acetonitrile, and evenly delivered into each well of the plate. After adding the permethrin, gently shake the plate to fully mix the permethrin in the medium.After this, seal the plate with tape, and incubate the plate at 27 degrees Celsius, for 48 hours, in dark conditions. Remove the cell culture medium from the plate without disturbing the bottom attached cell layer. Add 200 microliters of the MMT reagent to each well.Then, incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for four hours, until dark purple formazan precipitants form in each well. Add 500 microliters of DMSO to each well, to fully dissolve the precipitants. Then transfer 200 microliters of the dissolved solution, to each well of a 96 well plate.Fully dissolving the precipitate into DMSO is crucial for the accuracy of the results. After adding the DMSO into samples in the plate, the samples will be washed using the pipette, for several times, until the precipitate has been fully dissolved. Finally, use a microplate reader to measure the absorbance values of the plate at 540 nanometers.At the P1 stage, the infection ratio is low. At the P2 stage, the infection ratio was significantly enhanced. At the P3 infection stage, almost all the cells showed symptoms of detachment from the cell culture plate, increases of cell diameter, as well as the cessation of cell growth.Based on the detected absorbance values, the Md alpha E7 expressing cells showed significantly higher viability, compared to the control CAT cells. While conducting this procedure, it is important to prevent cell contamination in all steps, by wiping the surface of stuffs, such as bottles and tubes, with 70 percentage ethanol before conducting the cell experiments. Following this procedure, some other methods, like the homology modeling and dark analysis, can be performed in order to answer additional questions, like the interactions between carboxyl esterase protein and permethrin ligand.This technique paved the way for the researchers in the insect toxicology, to explore the functional characterization of the genes and mechanisms in insecticide resistance of insects. Don't forget that working with insecticide can be very harmful, and precautions, such as gloves and lab coats, should always be taken while conducting these procedures.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Structural Characterization of Mannan Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Plants Using PACE

Caratterizzazione strutturale di Mannan polisaccaridi di parete cellulare nelle piante usando passo

Plant cell wall polysaccharides are notoriously difficult to analyze, and most methods require expensive equipment, skilled operators, and large amounts ...

Ricerca

Biochimica

Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Miglioramento protocollo per immunoprecipitazione della cromatina dal Mouse del muscolo scheletrico

We describe an efficient and reproducible protocol for the preparation of chromatin from adult mouse skeletal muscle, a physically resistant tissue with a ...

Characterization of Glycoproteins with the Immunoglobulin Fold by X-Ray Crystallography and Biophysical Techniques

Caratterizzazione delle glicoproteine con la piega di immunoglobulina mediante cristallografia a raggi x e tecniche biofisiche

Glycoproteins on the surface of cells play critical roles in cellular function, including signalling, adhesion and transport. On leukocytes, several of ...

Fluorescent Silver Staining of Proteins in Polyacrylamide Gels

Fluorescente macchiatura d'argento delle proteine nel gel di poliacrilammide

Silver staining is a colorimetric technique widely used to visualize protein bands in polyacrylamide gels following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide ...

Rapid Fluorescence-based Characterization of Single Extracellular Vesicles in Human Blood with Nanoparticle-tracking Analysis

Rapida caratterizzazione basata sulla fluorescenza delle singole vescicole extracellulari nel sangue umano con analisi Nanoparticle tracking

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are specialized membranous nano-sized vesicles found in bodily fluids that are constitutively released ...

Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction

Identificazione delle regioni di proteina funzionale attraverso la proteina chimerica costruzione

The goal of this protocol encompasses the design of chimeric proteins in which distinct regions of a protein are replaced by their corresponding sequences ...

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

Caratterizzazione dei trasportatori a membrana di Eterologous Expression in E. coli e produzione di membrane

Several methods have been developed to functionally characterize novel membrane transporters. Polyamines are ubiquitous in all organisms, but polyamine ...

SUMO-Binding Entities (SUBEs) as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

Entità DI legame SUMO (SUBE) come strumenti per l'arricchimento, l'isolamento, l'identificazione e la caratterizzazione del proteoma SUMO nel cancro al fegato

Post-translational modification is a key mechanism regulating protein homeostasis and function in eukaryotic cells. Among all ubiquitin-like proteins in ...

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

Caratterizzazione funzionale di RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro e In Planta

Ubiquitination, as a posttranslational modification of proteins, plays an important regulatory role in homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. The covalent ...

Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

Caratterizzazione delle strutture amiloidi nell'invecchiamento C. Elegans utilizzando Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

Amyloid fibrils are associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington&#39;s, Parkinson&#39;s, or Alzheimer&#39;s disease. These ...