Name: functional characterization of carboxylesterases in insecticide resistant house flies, musca domestica
Uploaded: 2018-08-23T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica at JoVE.com

1 式とバキュロ ウイルス媒介昆虫細胞発現系が付いているターゲット蛋白質の分離
<ol><li>方向家のハエからターゲット蛋白質の鈍終了 PCR の製品をクローンします。<ol>
<li>緑色蛍光タンパク質 (GFP) の PCR プライマーとその系列と選択したベクトル (表 1) の特別な要件に基づく家フライ MdαE7 遺伝子をデザインします。</li>
		<li>耐熱性、校正の DNA ポリメラーゼとステップ 1.1.1 か?...

<ol>
	<li>Scott, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+resistance+in+house+flies+from+the+United+States:+Resistance+levels+and+frequency+of+pyrethroid+resistance+alleles.">Insecticide resistance in house flies from the United States: Resistance levels and frequency of pyrethroid resistance alleles.</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 107 (3), 377-384 (2013).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+whole+transcriptomal+linkage+analysis+of+gene+co-regulation+in+insecticide+resistant+house+flies,+Musca+domestica.">A whole transcriptomal linkage analysis of gene co-regulation in insecticide resistant house flies, Musca domestica.</a> BMC Genomics. 14, 803 (2013).</li><li>Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+resistance+in+mosquitoes:+impact,+mechanisms,+and+research+directions.">Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: impact, mechanisms, and research directions.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 60, 537-559 (2015).</li><li>Grigoraki, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+profiling+and+genetic+study+reveal+amplified+carboxylesterase+genes+implicated+in+temephos+resistance,+in+the+Asian+tiger+mosquito+Aedes+albopictus.">Transcriptome profiling and genetic study reveal amplified carboxylesterase genes implicated in temephos resistance, in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus.</a> e0003771. 9, e0003771 (2015).</li><li>Grigoraki, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carboxylesterase+gene+amplifications+associated+with+insecticide+resistance+in+Aedes+albopictus:+Geographical+distribution+and+evolutionary+origin.">Carboxylesterase gene amplifications associated with insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus: Geographical distribution and evolutionary origin.</a> PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 11, e0005533 (2017).</li><li>Wheelock, C., Shan, G., Ottea, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+carboxylesterases+and+their+role+in+the+metabolism+of+insecticides.">Overview of carboxylesterases and their role in the metabolism of insecticides.</a> Journal of Pesticide Science. 30, 75-83 (2005).</li><li>Feng, X., Li, M., Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carboxylesterase+genes+in+pyrethroid+resistant+house+flies,+Musca+domestica.">Carboxylesterase genes in pyrethroid resistant house flies, Musca domestica.</a> Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 92, 30-39 (2018).</li><li>Mosmann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+colorimetric+assay+for+cellular+growth+and+survival:+application+to+proliferation+and+cytotoxicity+assays.">Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.</a> J Immunol Methods. 65 (1-2), 55-63 (1983).</li><li>Jarvis, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus-insect+cell+expression+systems.">Baculovirus-insect cell expression systems.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 463, 191-222 (2009).</li><li>Berger, I., Fitzgerald, D. J., Richmond, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus+expression+system+for+heterologous+multiprotein+complexes.">Baculovirus expression system for heterologous multiprotein complexes.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 22 (12), 1583 (2004).</li><li>Gong, Y., Li, T., Feng, Y., Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+function+of+two+P450s,+CYP9M10+and+CYP6AA7,+in+the+permethrin+resistance+of+Culex+quinquefasciatus.">The function of two P450s, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7, in the permethrin resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 587 (2017).</li><li>Cao, C. W., Zhang, J., Gao, X. W., Liang, P., Guo, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+carboxylesterase+gene+associated+with+organophosphorous+insecticide+resistance+in+cotton+aphids,+Aphis+gossypii+(Glover).">Overexpression of carboxylesterase gene associated with organophosphorous insecticide resistance in cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii (Glover).</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 90 (3), 175-180 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, L., Gao, X., Liang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-cypermethrin+resistance+associated+with+high+carboxylesterase+activities+in+a+strain+of+house+fly,+Musca+domestica+(Diptera:+Muscidae).">Beta-cypermethrin resistance associated with high carboxylesterase activities in a strain of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 89, 65-72 (2007).</li><li>Van Meerloo, J., Kaspers, G. J., Cloos, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+sensitivity+assays:+the+MTT+assay.">Cell sensitivity assays: the MTT assay.</a> Cancer cell culture. , 237-245 (2011).</li><li>Stockert, J. C., Bl&#225;zquez-Castro, A., Ca&#241;ete, M., Horobin, R. W., Villanueva, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MTT+assay+for+cell+viability:+Intracellular+localization+of+the+formazan+product+is+in+lipid+droplets.">MTT assay for cell viability: Intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets.</a> Acta Histochemica. 114 (8), 785-796 (2012).</li><li>Strober, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypan+blue+exclusion+test+of+cell+viability.">Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Riss, T. L., Moravec, R. A., Niles, A. L., Duellman, S., Benink, H. A., Worzella, T. J., Minor, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+viability+assays.">Cell viability assays.</a> Assay Guidance Manual. , (2013).</li><li>Wheelock, C. E., Shan, G., Ottea, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+carboxylesterases+and+their+role+in+the+metabolism+of+insecticides.">Overview of carboxylesterases and their role in the metabolism of insecticides.</a> Journal of Pesticide Science. 30 (2), 75-83 (2005).</li><li>Li, X., Schuler, M. A., Berenbaum, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+metabolic+resistance+to+synthetic+and+natural+xenobiotics.">Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 52, 231-253 (2007).</li><li>Nakamura, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+in+vitro+metabolism+of+a+pyrethroid+insecticide,+permethrin,+and+its+hydrolysis+products+in+rats.">The in vitro metabolism of a pyrethroid insecticide, permethrin, and its hydrolysis products in rats.</a> Toxicology. 235 (3), 176-184 (2007).</li><li>Kruger, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Bradford+method+for+protein+quantitation.">The Bradford method for protein quantitation.</a> The protein protocols handbook. , 15-21 (2002).</li><li>Macauley-Patrick, S., Fazenda, M. L., McNeil, B., Harvey, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterologous+protein+production+using+the+Pichia+pastoris+expression+system.">Heterologous protein production using the Pichia pastoris expression system.</a> Yeast. 22 (4), 249-270 (2005).</li><li>Berger, I., Fitzgerald, D. J., Richmond, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus+expression+system+for+heterologous+multiprotein+complexes.">Baculovirus expression system for heterologous multiprotein complexes.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 22 (12), 1583 (2004).</li><li>Terpe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+bacterial+expression+systems+for+heterologous+protein+production:+from+molecular+and+biochemical+fundamentals+to+commercial+systems.">Overview of bacterial expression systems for heterologous protein production: from molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems.</a> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 72 (2), 211 (2006).</li><li>Bulter, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+expression+of+a+fungal+laccase+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+by+directed+evolution.">Functional expression of a fungal laccase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by directed evolution.</a> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 69 (2), 987-995 (2003).</li><li>Stepanenko, A. A., Dmitrenko, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pitfalls+of+the+MTT+assay:+Direct+and+off-target+effects+of+inhibitors+can+result+in+over/underestimation+of+cell+viability.">Pitfalls of the MTT assay: Direct and off-target effects of inhibitors can result in over/underestimation of cell viability.</a> Gene. 574 (2), 193-203 (2015).</li></ol>

最近数十年で表現し、大量の蛋白質の生化学的, 機能的定量法と体外酵素の特性をこのように分離異種発現システムに広く使用されています。日には、大腸菌、 ・組成分析、 Sacccharomyces 酵母、ハスモンヨトウ frugiperdaなどいくつかの別のモデル システムは組換え蛋白質の表現との選択に適応されている、興味の蛋白質22,<sup class="xref...

殺虫剤抵抗性は現在家はえ制御世界中1,2の主要な問題であります。殺虫剤抵抗性のメカニズムを容易にこの問題のより良い理解を決定するため、新しい戦略を効果的に防止したり、抵抗の開発3の拡散を最小限に努力。カルボキシルエステラーゼ、主要な解毒酵素の一つとして、多くの隔離と様々 な昆虫4,5,6の殺虫剤の代謝における役割のため注目を集めています。私たちの以前の研究は家のハエで複数カルボキシルエステラーゼを識別しているの発現量恒常耐性 ALHF 株にまで規制がありませんがまたペルメトリン治療7 への応答で高い誘導のレベルをすることができます。.ただし、殺虫剤の代謝におけるこれらのカルボキシルエステラーゼ遺伝子の機能的な特徴は、探検するために残ります。
初期の 1980 年代8の最初のレポート以来高蛋白質生産効率性真核生物のタンパク質のプロセッシング機能9バキュロ ウイルスを介する遺伝子発現システムに広く採用されています。このバイナリ システムは 2 つの本質的な要素で構成される: 構築された組換えバキュロ ウイルスの宿主細胞と遺伝子組換えバキュロ ウイルスによる感染細胞による興味のあるタンパク質の大量発現に外国の遺伝子を提供します。過去十年にわたってバキュロ ウイルス媒介電池式システムは、組換えタンパク質、細胞質酵素から昆虫の膜結合型蛋白質に至るまでの数千を生成する広く使用されています、哺乳類細胞の10。私たちの以前の研究は正常にこのシステム11Sf9 昆虫細胞での複数の CYP450 酵素を表明しています。本研究で我々 は Sf9 昆虫細胞に感染するカルボキシルエステラーゼ組換えバキュロ ウイルスを構築、異なるペルメトリン治療し、大規模な表現カルボキシルエステラーゼ タンパク質の in vitroの免疫寛容を検討機能探査。以前研究12,13で採択された「昆虫ホモジュネートからの複数のカルボキシルエステラーゼ アイソザイムの混合物を調査して、代わりこのバキュロ ウイルス媒介昆虫細胞発現系により特定の式とターゲットタンパク質の生化学的および構造特性より良い評価のための分離。
テトラゾリウム塩を用いた測定 (MTT) は、高スループットの比色定量法を開発し、細胞生存率を測定するために最適化されました。このアッセイは、生細胞のみがこの分析できる有機溶剤14に溶解した後、暗い紫色着色された塩の沈殿物に黄色の MTT の試薬を代謝できるメカニズムに基づいています 15。トリパン ブルー色素排除とチミジン滴定分析16,17などの時間のかかる方法がより正確なのいくつかは近年開発されています。ただし、MTT の細胞に基づく試金はまだ現在、細胞生存率を迅速に検出する最も迅速かつ簡単に操作の方法として認識されます。ここでは、MTT の試金を使用殺虫剤の治療に対して免疫寛容を探索します。強くカルボキシルエステラーゼ組換えバキュロ ウイルスに感染している場合に、セルの強化されたトレランスは、順番で殺虫剤抵抗性への関与を示唆している殺虫剤、カルボキシルエステラーゼの代謝の役割をサポートします。
さらに、体外代謝アッセイは、この研究も行われました。カルボキシルエステラーゼの加水分解の活動を反映するように α ラウリン酢酸 (α-NA) と β-ナフチル酢酸 (β-NA) などの一般的な基材を使用して一般的なカルボキシルエステラーゼの試金と比較して、体外代謝研究は正確な方法とみなされる殺虫剤18に向かってカルボキシルエステラーゼの活動を直接測定します。このメソッドは正常に様々 な昆虫の殺虫剤抵抗11,19,20協会における複数チトクロム p450 の特性評価に採用されています。ただし、このメソッドがまだ適用されていないカルボキシルエステラーゼの研究。バキュロ ウイルスによる発現システムによって生成するカルボキシルエステラーゼ タンパク質の可用性、我々 の関与の強力な証拠を提供することができます。 さらにペルメトリンに向かってカルボキシルエステラーゼの体外代謝研究を実行できます。ピレスロイド耐性を家の中でカルボキシルエステラーゼのハエします。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs inc.</td>
			<td>M0491L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR/D-TOPO Cloning Kit, with One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>K240020</td>
			<td>S.O.C medium and universal M13 sequence primers were included in this kit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PureLink HiPure Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>K210002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gateway LR Clonase II Enzyme mix for BaculoDirectTM Kits</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>11791-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BaculoDirect C-Term Linear DNA Transfection Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>12562-019</td>
			<td>Cellfectin transfection reagent and ganciclovir were included in this kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR-CAT plasmid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Included in BaculoDirect C-Term Linear DNA Transfection Kit, concentration: 0.5 ug/uL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum, Certified</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10082-139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sf9 cells in Sf-900 III SFM</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12659017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insect Cell-PE LB Insect Cell Protein Extraction &#38; Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>G Biosciences by A Geno Technology Inc</td>
			<td>786-411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sf-900 III SFM (1&#215;) Serum Free Medium Complete</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12658-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grace&#39;s Insect Medium, unsupplemented</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11595030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permethrin (isomers) analytical standard</td>
			<td>SUPELCO by Solutions WithinTM</td>
			<td>442748</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol (analytical graded)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>67-56-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (analytical graded)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>75-05-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GHP Acrodisc 25 mm Syringe Filters with 0.45 &#956;m GHP Membrane (HPLC Certified)</td>
			<td>Pall Life Sciences</td>
			<td>21890388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alliance Waters 2695 HPLC System</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T100 Thermal Cycle</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.</td>
			<td>1861096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop 2000/2000c Spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ND2000CLAPTOP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multi-Mode Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional characterization of carboxylesterases in insecticide resistant house flies, musca domestica

カルボキシルエステラーゼを介した代謝は、さまざまな昆虫の殺虫剤抵抗性に大きな役割を果たすと考えられます。いくつかのカルボキシルエステラーゼ遺伝子は、探検するために殺虫剤耐性での役割が残っているに対し、抵抗性イエバエ フライひずみの調整を発見されました。ここでは、我々 はカルボキシルエステラーゼの機能解析のためのプロトコルを設計しました。3 つの例の実験を紹介する: (1) 式とバキュロ ウイルス媒介昆虫ハスモンヨトウ frugiperda (Sf9) セル式システムによるカルボキシルエステラーゼ タンパク質の分離(2) の細胞ベースの MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethykthiazol-2-イル]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium ブロマイド) 異なるペルメトリン治療昆虫細胞の耐性を測定する細胞毒性アッセイ(3)の in vitro代謝の研究ペルメトリンに向かってカルボキシルエステラーゼの代謝機能を調査します。MdαE7 抵抗性イエバエから複製されたカルボキシルエステラーゼ遺伝子系統 ALHF を飛ぶし、Sf9 細胞感染の組換えバキュロ ウイルスを作成するために使用します。異なるペルメトリン治療に対してセル目は、MTT アッセイを測定しました。パーメスリン抵抗性制御グループ (猫組換えバキュロ ウイルス感染細胞と GFP 遺伝子組換えバキュロ ウイルス感染細胞) の比較実験グループ (MdαE7 組換えバキュロ ウイルス感染細胞) の高められた細胞トレランス治療は、それにより化学損傷から細胞を保護する殺虫剤の代謝で MdαE7 の機能を提案しました。それに加えて、カルボキシルエステラーゼ蛋白質は昆虫 Sf9 細胞で発現され分離体外代謝研究を行うこと。かなりの in vitro代謝効率 MdαE7 のペルメトリン、殺虫剤の代謝でカルボキシルエステラーゼの関与を示す直接の方が示唆し、飛ぶため殺虫剤抵抗性の家を授与します。

異なるペルメトリン トリートメント (MTT の試金) に向かって細胞生存率
MdαE7 組換えバキュロ ウイルス感染 Sf9 細胞 (実験群) と猫組換えバキュロ ウイルス感染 (感染するバキュロ ウイルス キット提供) 細胞 (群) のペルメトリンの細胞毒性を調べた。拡張セル許容範囲が MdαE7 強く発現細胞を用いたペルメトリンには、殺虫?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica at JoVE.com

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

ここでは、プロトコルを提案家フライ カルボキシルエステラーゼ タンパク質の in vitroバキュロ ウイルス媒介昆虫細胞発現系を生成し、後で機能的、それにより代謝ペルメトリンの役割を特徴づけるピレスロイドを授与セルベースの MTT アッセイと体外代謝研究を行うことにより抵抗。

殺虫剤抵抗性イエバエ、イエバエのカルボキシルエステラーゼの機能特性

Carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism is thought to play a major role in insecticide resistance in various insects. Several carboxylesterase genes were ...

This method can help the key questions in the field of insect toxicology, such as, if all express the metabolic detoxification genes are involved in insecticide resistance? The main advantage of this technique is that it allows to produce larger scales of proteins, and characterize the function of these proteins in metabolizing of insecticides in vitro. Demonstrating the procedures, will be Xuechun Feng, a grad student in my laboratory.Xuechen's PhD research is focused on the characterization of function of carboxyl esterase in parasite resistance of house flies, Musca domestica. To begin, mix one microliter of GFP entry plasma DNA, with five microliters of a commercially available C-term linear DNA in 250 microliter PCR tubes. Next, add two microliters of commercially available lambda recombination mix to each of the PCR tubes.Gently mix the tubes, and incubate them at 25 degrees Celsius overnight. Seed two milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cell culture evenly to the wells of a cell culture plate. Then allow the cells to attach for at least three hours at room temperature, in the hood.Using an inverted phase microscope at 250x, check the cell attachment. Then, remove the cell culture medium, and replace it with two milliliters of Grace's insect medium. After this, prepare transfection mixture A and B solutions according to the text protocol.Then gently mix transfection mixtures A and B together by tapping the tubes. Incubate the mixture at room temperature, in the hood, for 35 minutes. Next, add the mixture drop-wise, onto the seeded cells.Seal the wells with tape, and incubate the cells at 27 degrees Celsius, overnight. Replace the two milliliters of Grace's insect medium, with two milliliters of complete growth medium. Then, add 100 micromole Ganciclovir, to each well.Seal the wells with tape, and incubate the cells at 27 degrees Celsius for 72 hours. 72 hours post-infection, collect the medium from each well, and transfer it to 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes. Then centrifuge the tubes at 1500 times G, for five minutes at four degrees Celsius.Add one milliliter of complete growth medium to the well, and use a microscope with fluorescent light, to observe the infection signs of cells at the P1 baculovirus amplification stage. Transfer the supernatant into new 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes, and store them at four degrees Celsius, in dark conditions. After this, seed two milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cell culture, evenly, in the wells of a cell culture plate.Allow the cells to attach for at least three hours at room temperature, in the hood. Inoculate five microliters of P1 virus stock into the cell seeded wells, then, add 100 micromole Ganciclovir to each well. Seal the wells, and incubate the cells for 72 hours at 27 degrees Celsius.First, culture five milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cells, with complete growth medium, in T25 non-treated flasks. Then, add 25 microliters of P1 virus stock solution to infect the cell culture, for 48 hours, with gentle shaking, at 27 degrees Celsius. Using acetonitrile, prepare serial dilutions of 100 millimole permethrin.Then, seed 200 microliters of infected cell culture supplemented with 300 microliters of complete growth media, into a 24 well plate. Making sure that permethrin is fully dissolved in the acetonitrile, and evenly delivered into each well of the plate. After adding the permethrin, gently shake the plate to fully mix the permethrin in the medium.After this, seal the plate with tape, and incubate the plate at 27 degrees Celsius, for 48 hours, in dark conditions. Remove the cell culture medium from the plate without disturbing the bottom attached cell layer. Add 200 microliters of the MMT reagent to each well.Then, incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for four hours, until dark purple formazan precipitants form in each well. Add 500 microliters of DMSO to each well, to fully dissolve the precipitants. Then transfer 200 microliters of the dissolved solution, to each well of a 96 well plate.Fully dissolving the precipitate into DMSO is crucial for the accuracy of the results. After adding the DMSO into samples in the plate, the samples will be washed using the pipette, for several times, until the precipitate has been fully dissolved. Finally, use a microplate reader to measure the absorbance values of the plate at 540 nanometers.At the P1 stage, the infection ratio is low. At the P2 stage, the infection ratio was significantly enhanced. At the P3 infection stage, almost all the cells showed symptoms of detachment from the cell culture plate, increases of cell diameter, as well as the cessation of cell growth.Based on the detected absorbance values, the Md alpha E7 expressing cells showed significantly higher viability, compared to the control CAT cells. While conducting this procedure, it is important to prevent cell contamination in all steps, by wiping the surface of stuffs, such as bottles and tubes, with 70 percentage ethanol before conducting the cell experiments. Following this procedure, some other methods, like the homology modeling and dark analysis, can be performed in order to answer additional questions, like the interactions between carboxyl esterase protein and permethrin ligand.This technique paved the way for the researchers in the insect toxicology, to explore the functional characterization of the genes and mechanisms in insecticide resistance of insects. Don't forget that working with insecticide can be very harmful, and precautions, such as gloves and lab coats, should always be taken while conducting these procedures.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Structural Characterization of Mannan Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Plants Using PACE

マンナン ペースを用いた植物細胞壁多糖の構造解析

Plant cell wall polysaccharides are notoriously difficult to analyze, and most methods require expensive equipment, skilled operators, and large amounts ...

生化学

Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

クロマチン免疫沈降マウス骨格筋からの改善されたプロトコル

We describe an efficient and reproducible protocol for the preparation of chromatin from adult mouse skeletal muscle, a physically resistant tissue with a ...

Characterization of Glycoproteins with the Immunoglobulin Fold by X-Ray Crystallography and Biophysical Techniques

糖タンパク質 x 線結晶構造解析および生物物理学的手法によって、免疫グロブリンフォールドのキャラクタリゼーション

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Fluorescent Silver Staining of Proteins in Polyacrylamide Gels

蛍光タンパク質のポリアクリルアミドゲルの銀製の汚損

Silver staining is a colorimetric technique widely used to visualize protein bands in polyacrylamide gels following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide ...

Rapid Fluorescence-based Characterization of Single Extracellular Vesicles in Human Blood with Nanoparticle-tracking Analysis

ナノ粒子追跡によるひと血中の細胞小胞単一の急速な蛍光特性評価

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are specialized membranous nano-sized vesicles found in bodily fluids that are constitutively released ...

Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction

キメラ蛋白質の構築による機能性タンパク質領域の同定

The goal of this protocol encompasses the design of chimeric proteins in which distinct regions of a protein are replaced by their corresponding sequences ...

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

大腸菌における異種発現による膜トランスポーターの特性評価と膜小胞の産生

Several methods have been developed to functionally characterize novel membrane transporters. Polyamines are ubiquitous in all organisms, but polyamine ...

SUMO-Binding Entities (SUBEs) as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

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肝癌における相撲プロテオームの濃縮、単離、同定、特性評価のためのツールとしての相撲結合エンティティ(SES)

Post-translational modification is a key mechanism regulating protein homeostasis and function in eukaryotic cells. Among all ubiquitin-like proteins in ...

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

インビトロとプランタにおけるRING型E3ユビキチンリガーゼの機能特性評価

Ubiquitination, as a posttranslational modification of proteins, plays an important regulatory role in homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. The covalent ...

Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

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蛍光生涯イメージングを用いたエージングC.エレガンスにおけるアミロイド構造の特徴

Amyloid fibrils are associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington&#39;s, Parkinson&#39;s, or Alzheimer&#39;s disease. These ...