Name: functional characterization of carboxylesterases in insecticide resistant house flies, musca domestica
Uploaded: 2018-08-23T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica at JoVE.com

1. 식 및 곤충 세포 잠재 중재 식 시스템 대상 단백질의 격리
<ol><li>으로 집에서 파리에서 대상 단백질의 무뚝뚝한 끝난 PCR 제품을 복제.<ol>
<li>녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP)의 PCR 뇌관과 집 플라이 MdαE7 유전자 그들의 순서 및 선택한 벡터 (표 1)의 특별 한 요구에 따라 디자인.</li>
		<li>내, 교정 DNA 중 합 효소 및 단계 1.1.1에서에서 프라이 머를 사용 하 여 수행 (30 µ L의 반응 버퍼, 10mm dNTPs, DNA ...

<ol>
	<li>Scott, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+resistance+in+house+flies+from+the+United+States:+Resistance+levels+and+frequency+of+pyrethroid+resistance+alleles.">Insecticide resistance in house flies from the United States: Resistance levels and frequency of pyrethroid resistance alleles.</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 107 (3), 377-384 (2013).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+whole+transcriptomal+linkage+analysis+of+gene+co-regulation+in+insecticide+resistant+house+flies,+Musca+domestica.">A whole transcriptomal linkage analysis of gene co-regulation in insecticide resistant house flies, Musca domestica.</a> BMC Genomics. 14, 803 (2013).</li><li>Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+resistance+in+mosquitoes:+impact,+mechanisms,+and+research+directions.">Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: impact, mechanisms, and research directions.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 60, 537-559 (2015).</li><li>Grigoraki, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+profiling+and+genetic+study+reveal+amplified+carboxylesterase+genes+implicated+in+temephos+resistance,+in+the+Asian+tiger+mosquito+Aedes+albopictus.">Transcriptome profiling and genetic study reveal amplified carboxylesterase genes implicated in temephos resistance, in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus.</a> e0003771. 9, e0003771 (2015).</li><li>Grigoraki, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carboxylesterase+gene+amplifications+associated+with+insecticide+resistance+in+Aedes+albopictus:+Geographical+distribution+and+evolutionary+origin.">Carboxylesterase gene amplifications associated with insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus: Geographical distribution and evolutionary origin.</a> PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 11, e0005533 (2017).</li><li>Wheelock, C., Shan, G., Ottea, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+carboxylesterases+and+their+role+in+the+metabolism+of+insecticides.">Overview of carboxylesterases and their role in the metabolism of insecticides.</a> Journal of Pesticide Science. 30, 75-83 (2005).</li><li>Feng, X., Li, M., Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carboxylesterase+genes+in+pyrethroid+resistant+house+flies,+Musca+domestica.">Carboxylesterase genes in pyrethroid resistant house flies, Musca domestica.</a> Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 92, 30-39 (2018).</li><li>Mosmann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+colorimetric+assay+for+cellular+growth+and+survival:+application+to+proliferation+and+cytotoxicity+assays.">Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.</a> J Immunol Methods. 65 (1-2), 55-63 (1983).</li><li>Jarvis, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus-insect+cell+expression+systems.">Baculovirus-insect cell expression systems.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 463, 191-222 (2009).</li><li>Berger, I., Fitzgerald, D. J., Richmond, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus+expression+system+for+heterologous+multiprotein+complexes.">Baculovirus expression system for heterologous multiprotein complexes.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 22 (12), 1583 (2004).</li><li>Gong, Y., Li, T., Feng, Y., Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+function+of+two+P450s,+CYP9M10+and+CYP6AA7,+in+the+permethrin+resistance+of+Culex+quinquefasciatus.">The function of two P450s, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7, in the permethrin resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 587 (2017).</li><li>Cao, C. W., Zhang, J., Gao, X. W., Liang, P., Guo, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+carboxylesterase+gene+associated+with+organophosphorous+insecticide+resistance+in+cotton+aphids,+Aphis+gossypii+(Glover).">Overexpression of carboxylesterase gene associated with organophosphorous insecticide resistance in cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii (Glover).</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 90 (3), 175-180 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, L., Gao, X., Liang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-cypermethrin+resistance+associated+with+high+carboxylesterase+activities+in+a+strain+of+house+fly,+Musca+domestica+(Diptera:+Muscidae).">Beta-cypermethrin resistance associated with high carboxylesterase activities in a strain of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).</a> Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 89, 65-72 (2007).</li><li>Van Meerloo, J., Kaspers, G. J., Cloos, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+sensitivity+assays:+the+MTT+assay.">Cell sensitivity assays: the MTT assay.</a> Cancer cell culture. , 237-245 (2011).</li><li>Stockert, J. C., Bl&#225;zquez-Castro, A., Ca&#241;ete, M., Horobin, R. W., Villanueva, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MTT+assay+for+cell+viability:+Intracellular+localization+of+the+formazan+product+is+in+lipid+droplets.">MTT assay for cell viability: Intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets.</a> Acta Histochemica. 114 (8), 785-796 (2012).</li><li>Strober, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypan+blue+exclusion+test+of+cell+viability.">Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Riss, T. L., Moravec, R. A., Niles, A. L., Duellman, S., Benink, H. A., Worzella, T. J., Minor, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+viability+assays.">Cell viability assays.</a> Assay Guidance Manual. , (2013).</li><li>Wheelock, C. E., Shan, G., Ottea, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+carboxylesterases+and+their+role+in+the+metabolism+of+insecticides.">Overview of carboxylesterases and their role in the metabolism of insecticides.</a> Journal of Pesticide Science. 30 (2), 75-83 (2005).</li><li>Li, X., Schuler, M. A., Berenbaum, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+metabolic+resistance+to+synthetic+and+natural+xenobiotics.">Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 52, 231-253 (2007).</li><li>Nakamura, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+in+vitro+metabolism+of+a+pyrethroid+insecticide,+permethrin,+and+its+hydrolysis+products+in+rats.">The in vitro metabolism of a pyrethroid insecticide, permethrin, and its hydrolysis products in rats.</a> Toxicology. 235 (3), 176-184 (2007).</li><li>Kruger, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Bradford+method+for+protein+quantitation.">The Bradford method for protein quantitation.</a> The protein protocols handbook. , 15-21 (2002).</li><li>Macauley-Patrick, S., Fazenda, M. L., McNeil, B., Harvey, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterologous+protein+production+using+the+Pichia+pastoris+expression+system.">Heterologous protein production using the Pichia pastoris expression system.</a> Yeast. 22 (4), 249-270 (2005).</li><li>Berger, I., Fitzgerald, D. J., Richmond, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus+expression+system+for+heterologous+multiprotein+complexes.">Baculovirus expression system for heterologous multiprotein complexes.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 22 (12), 1583 (2004).</li><li>Terpe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+bacterial+expression+systems+for+heterologous+protein+production:+from+molecular+and+biochemical+fundamentals+to+commercial+systems.">Overview of bacterial expression systems for heterologous protein production: from molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems.</a> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 72 (2), 211 (2006).</li><li>Bulter, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+expression+of+a+fungal+laccase+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+by+directed+evolution.">Functional expression of a fungal laccase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by directed evolution.</a> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 69 (2), 987-995 (2003).</li><li>Stepanenko, A. A., Dmitrenko, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pitfalls+of+the+MTT+assay:+Direct+and+off-target+effects+of+inhibitors+can+result+in+over/underestimation+of+cell+viability.">Pitfalls of the MTT assay: Direct and off-target effects of inhibitors can result in over/underestimation of cell viability.</a> Gene. 574 (2), 193-203 (2015).</li></ol>

최근 수십 년간, 분리 식 시스템 널리 표현 하 고 많은 양의 단백질, 생화학 및 기능 확인 및 체 외에서효소의 특성화 되므로 격리 사용 되었습니다. 날짜 하려면, 대장균, Pichia pastoris, Sacccharomyces cerevisiae및 Spodoptera frugiperda 를 포함 하 여 여러 다른 모델 시스템은 재조합 형 단백질 표정, 그리고의 선택에 대 한 적응 되었습니다는 생체 외에서 시스템 관심된 ...

살충제 저항은 현재 하우스 비행 제어 전세계1,2의 주요 문제 이다. 살충제 저항 메커니즘을 결정 하는 노력이 문제의 더 나은 이해를 용이 하 게 하 고 따라서 새로운 전략을 효과적으로 방지 하거나 저항 개발3의 확산을 최소화를 제공 합니다. Carboxylesterases, 주요 해독 효소 중 하나로 격리 및 다양 한 곤충4,,56에 살충제를 metabolizing에서 그들의 역할에 대 한 관심을 많이 받고 있다. 우리의 이전 연구는 집 파리에 여러 carboxylesterases를 발견 했다와 그들의 식 레벨만 constitutively 최대 저항 하는 ALHF 긴장에 규제 있었지만 또한 높은 유발된 수준 permethrin 치료7에 대 한에서 일 수 있다 . 그러나, 살충제를 metabolizing에서이 carboxylesterase 유전자의 기능 characterizations 탐험 남아 있다.
초기 1980 년대8에서 첫 번째 보고서 이후 외국 유전자 잠재 중재 식 시스템은 널리 고용 높은 단백질 생산 효율성 및 기능9를 처리 하는 진 핵 단백질. 이 이진 시스템은 두 개의 필수 요소 구성: 생성 된 재조합 잠재 호스트 세포와 세포 재조합 잠재 감염 하 여 관심된 단백질의 대규모 식으로 외국 유전자를 제공. 지난 수 십년 동안 잠재 중재 셀 식 시스템 곤충에 막 도약 단백질을 cytosolic 효소에서 배열 하는 재조합 단백질의 수천을 생산 하기 위해 널리 이용 되는 고 포유동물 세포10. 우리의 이전 연구는 성공적으로이 시스템11곤충 Sf9 세포에 여러 CYP450 효소를 표현 했다. 이 연구에서 우리 곤충 Sf9 세포를 감염 하는 carboxylesterase 재조합 잠재 건설, 셀 공차를 다른 permethrin 처리 및 대규모 표현된 carboxylesterase 단백질에서 체 외에 대 한 탐구 기능 탐구입니다. 이전 연구12,13로 채택 곤충 homogenates에서 여러 carboxylesterase isozyme 혼합물을 조사, 대신이 잠재 중재 곤충 세포 표현 시스템 특정 식 수 및 그들의 생 화 학적 및 구조적 특성의 더 나은 특성에 대 한 타겟된 단백질의 격리.
Tetrazolium 소금 기반 시험 (MTT)은 높은 처리량 색도계 방법 개발 및 세포 생존 능력을 측정 하도록 최적화입니다. 이 분석 결과 살아있는 세포만 분석 될 수 있다 colorimetrically 유기 용 매14에에서 용 해 한 후, 어두운 자주색 색깔된 formazan 침전에 노란색 색 MTT 시 약을 물질 대사로 변화 시키기의 수 있는 메커니즘에 따라 15. Trypan 블루 제외 등 티 미 딘 적정 분석 결과16,17시간이 걸리는 방법, 그러나 더 정확 하 게 몇몇 최근 몇 년 동안에서 개발 되었습니다. 그러나, 셀 기반 MTT 분석 결과 여전히 현재 인식 가장 신속 하 고 쉽게 운영 방법으로 신속 하 게 세포 생존 능력을 감지 하. 여기, MTT 분석 결과 사용 하 여 살충제 처리에 대 한 셀 공차를 탐험. 셀 때 강하게 carboxylesterase 재조합 잠재 감염의 향상 된 공차에 살충제 저항에 그들의 관련을 건의 하는 살충제에 carboxylesterases의 대사 역할을 지원 합니다.
또한, 생체 외에서 대사 분석 결과 또한이 연구에서 실시 되었다. 생체 외에서 대사 연구는 정확한 방법으로 여겨진다 carboxylesterases의 가수분해 활동을 반영 하기 위해 일반적인 기판 α-napthyl 아세테이트 (α-나) 등 β naphthyl 아세테이트 (β-없음)를 사용 하는 일반적인 carboxylesterase 분석 실험에 비해, 직접 carboxylesterases 살충제18대의 활동을 측정 합니다. 이 방법은 성공적으로 다양 한 곤충에 살충제 저항11,,1920와 협회에서 여러 시 토 크롬 P450s 하를 고용 하고있다. 그러나,이 방법은 하지 아직 적용 되었습니다 carboxylesterase 연구에서. 잠재 중재 식 시스템에 의해 생산 하는 carboxylesterase 단백질의 가용성, 우리는 체 외에서 대사 연구 permethrin, 더는 참여의 강력한 증거를 제공할 수 있는 방향으로 carboxylesterases의 실행할 수 있다 집에서 pyrethroid 저항을 부여에 carboxylesterases의 파리.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs inc.</td>
			<td>M0491L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR/D-TOPO Cloning Kit, with One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>K240020</td>
			<td>S.O.C medium and universal M13 sequence primers were included in this kit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PureLink HiPure Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>K210002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gateway LR Clonase II Enzyme mix for BaculoDirectTM Kits</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>11791-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BaculoDirect C-Term Linear DNA Transfection Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td>12562-019</td>
			<td>Cellfectin transfection reagent and ganciclovir were included in this kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR-CAT plasmid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen by life technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Included in BaculoDirect C-Term Linear DNA Transfection Kit, concentration: 0.5 ug/uL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum, Certified</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10082-139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sf9 cells in Sf-900 III SFM</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12659017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insect Cell-PE LB Insect Cell Protein Extraction &#38; Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>G Biosciences by A Geno Technology Inc</td>
			<td>786-411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sf-900 III SFM (1&#215;) Serum Free Medium Complete</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12658-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grace&#39;s Insect Medium, unsupplemented</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11595030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permethrin (isomers) analytical standard</td>
			<td>SUPELCO by Solutions WithinTM</td>
			<td>442748</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol (analytical graded)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>67-56-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (analytical graded)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>75-05-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GHP Acrodisc 25 mm Syringe Filters with 0.45 &#956;m GHP Membrane (HPLC Certified)</td>
			<td>Pall Life Sciences</td>
			<td>21890388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alliance Waters 2695 HPLC System</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T100 Thermal Cycle</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.</td>
			<td>1861096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop 2000/2000c Spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ND2000CLAPTOP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multi-Mode Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional characterization of carboxylesterases in insecticide resistant house flies, musca domestica

Carboxylesterase 중재 대사는 다양 한 곤충의 살충제 저항에 중요 한 역할을 생각입니다. 몇몇 carboxylesterase 유전자 살충제 저항을 부여에 있는 그들의 역할 탐구 될 남아 반면 내성 집 비행 긴장에서 최대 통제 발견 됐다. 여기, 우리는 carboxylesterases의 기능 특성에 대 한 프로토콜 설계 되었습니다. 3 예제 실험 제공 됩니다: (1) 식과 잠재 중재 곤충 Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) 셀 식 시스템을 통해 carboxylesterase 단백질의 격리 (2) 셀 기반 MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethykthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium 브 로마 이드) 세포 독성 분석 결과 다른 permethrin 치료; 곤충 세포의 허용 오차를 측정 하 (3) 생체 외에서 대사 연구를 permethrin로 carboxylesterases의 대사 기능을 탐구 하 고. MdαE7 저항 하는 집에서 복제는 carboxylesterase 유전자 변형 ALHF 조종 하 고 Sf9 세포 감염에 대 한 재조합 잠재를 구성 하는 데 사용. 셀 viabilities 다른 permethrin 치료에 대 한 MTT 분석 결과와 측정 되었다. Permethrin 제어 그룹 (고양이 재조합 잠재 감염 세포와 GFP 재조합 잠재 감염 세포)의 그들과 비교 된 실험 그룹 (MdαE7-재조합 잠재 감염 세포)의 향상 된 셀 허용 치료는 살충제, 화학 손상에서 세포를 보호 함으로써 metabolizing에서 MdαE7의 기능을 제안 했다. 게다가, carboxylesterase 단백질 곤충 Sf9 세포에 표현 되었고 고립 생체 외에서 대사 연구를 실시. 우리의 결과 중요 한 생체 외에서 대사 효율을 MdαE7의 향해 permethrin, 직접 살충제를 metabolizing에서 carboxylesterases의 개입을 나타내는 표시를 따라서 집에서 살충제 저항을 부여 있습니다.

다른 permethrin 치료 (MTT assay)으로 세포 생존 능력
Permethrin의 세포 독성 MdαE7 재조합 잠재 감염 Sf9 셀 (실험 그룹)과 고양이 재조합 잠재 감염 (잠재 감염 키트에 의해 제공) 셀 (제어 그룹)에서 시험 되었다. 향상 된 셀 공차 세포를 강하게 표현 하는 MdαE7에 permethrin 살충제와 화학 손상에서 따라서 보호 셀이이 carboxylesterase의 대사 역...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica at JoVE.com

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

여기, 우리 제시 집 플라이 carboxylesterase 단백질에서 생체 외에서 잠재 중재 곤충 세포 표현 시스템으로 생산 하 고 나중 기능 metabolizing permethrin에 그들의 역할을, 특성화를 프로토콜 pyrethroid 부여 셀 기반 MTT 분석 결과 및 체 외에서 대사 연구를 실시 하 여 저항.

살충제 내성 집 파리, 파리 자리 부채 에 Carboxylesterases의 기능 특성

Carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism is thought to play a major role in insecticide resistance in various insects. Several carboxylesterase genes were ...

This method can help the key questions in the field of insect toxicology, such as, if all express the metabolic detoxification genes are involved in insecticide resistance? The main advantage of this technique is that it allows to produce larger scales of proteins, and characterize the function of these proteins in metabolizing of insecticides in vitro. Demonstrating the procedures, will be Xuechun Feng, a grad student in my laboratory.Xuechen's PhD research is focused on the characterization of function of carboxyl esterase in parasite resistance of house flies, Musca domestica. To begin, mix one microliter of GFP entry plasma DNA, with five microliters of a commercially available C-term linear DNA in 250 microliter PCR tubes. Next, add two microliters of commercially available lambda recombination mix to each of the PCR tubes.Gently mix the tubes, and incubate them at 25 degrees Celsius overnight. Seed two milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cell culture evenly to the wells of a cell culture plate. Then allow the cells to attach for at least three hours at room temperature, in the hood.Using an inverted phase microscope at 250x, check the cell attachment. Then, remove the cell culture medium, and replace it with two milliliters of Grace's insect medium. After this, prepare transfection mixture A and B solutions according to the text protocol.Then gently mix transfection mixtures A and B together by tapping the tubes. Incubate the mixture at room temperature, in the hood, for 35 minutes. Next, add the mixture drop-wise, onto the seeded cells.Seal the wells with tape, and incubate the cells at 27 degrees Celsius, overnight. Replace the two milliliters of Grace's insect medium, with two milliliters of complete growth medium. Then, add 100 micromole Ganciclovir, to each well.Seal the wells with tape, and incubate the cells at 27 degrees Celsius for 72 hours. 72 hours post-infection, collect the medium from each well, and transfer it to 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes. Then centrifuge the tubes at 1500 times G, for five minutes at four degrees Celsius.Add one milliliter of complete growth medium to the well, and use a microscope with fluorescent light, to observe the infection signs of cells at the P1 baculovirus amplification stage. Transfer the supernatant into new 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes, and store them at four degrees Celsius, in dark conditions. After this, seed two milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cell culture, evenly, in the wells of a cell culture plate.Allow the cells to attach for at least three hours at room temperature, in the hood. Inoculate five microliters of P1 virus stock into the cell seeded wells, then, add 100 micromole Ganciclovir to each well. Seal the wells, and incubate the cells for 72 hours at 27 degrees Celsius.First, culture five milliliters of log phase growth insect SF9 cells, with complete growth medium, in T25 non-treated flasks. Then, add 25 microliters of P1 virus stock solution to infect the cell culture, for 48 hours, with gentle shaking, at 27 degrees Celsius. Using acetonitrile, prepare serial dilutions of 100 millimole permethrin.Then, seed 200 microliters of infected cell culture supplemented with 300 microliters of complete growth media, into a 24 well plate. Making sure that permethrin is fully dissolved in the acetonitrile, and evenly delivered into each well of the plate. After adding the permethrin, gently shake the plate to fully mix the permethrin in the medium.After this, seal the plate with tape, and incubate the plate at 27 degrees Celsius, for 48 hours, in dark conditions. Remove the cell culture medium from the plate without disturbing the bottom attached cell layer. Add 200 microliters of the MMT reagent to each well.Then, incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for four hours, until dark purple formazan precipitants form in each well. Add 500 microliters of DMSO to each well, to fully dissolve the precipitants. Then transfer 200 microliters of the dissolved solution, to each well of a 96 well plate.Fully dissolving the precipitate into DMSO is crucial for the accuracy of the results. After adding the DMSO into samples in the plate, the samples will be washed using the pipette, for several times, until the precipitate has been fully dissolved. Finally, use a microplate reader to measure the absorbance values of the plate at 540 nanometers.At the P1 stage, the infection ratio is low. At the P2 stage, the infection ratio was significantly enhanced. At the P3 infection stage, almost all the cells showed symptoms of detachment from the cell culture plate, increases of cell diameter, as well as the cessation of cell growth.Based on the detected absorbance values, the Md alpha E7 expressing cells showed significantly higher viability, compared to the control CAT cells. While conducting this procedure, it is important to prevent cell contamination in all steps, by wiping the surface of stuffs, such as bottles and tubes, with 70 percentage ethanol before conducting the cell experiments. Following this procedure, some other methods, like the homology modeling and dark analysis, can be performed in order to answer additional questions, like the interactions between carboxyl esterase protein and permethrin ligand.This technique paved the way for the researchers in the insect toxicology, to explore the functional characterization of the genes and mechanisms in insecticide resistance of insects. Don't forget that working with insecticide can be very harmful, and precautions, such as gloves and lab coats, should always be taken while conducting these procedures.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Structural Characterization of Mannan Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Plants Using PACE

속도 사용 하 여 식물에 Mannan 세포 벽 다 당 류 구조 특성

Plant cell wall polysaccharides are notoriously difficult to analyze, and most methods require expensive equipment, skilled operators, and large amounts ...

연구

생화학

Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

마우스 골격 근육에서 Chromatin Immunoprecipitation에 대 한 향상 된 프로토콜

We describe an efficient and reproducible protocol for the preparation of chromatin from adult mouse skeletal muscle, a physically resistant tissue with a ...

Characterization of Glycoproteins with the Immunoglobulin Fold by X-Ray Crystallography and Biophysical Techniques

X 선 결정학 및 생물 기술에 의해 면역 글로불린 겹와 Glycoproteins의 특성

Glycoproteins on the surface of cells play critical roles in cellular function, including signalling, adhesion and transport. On leukocytes, several of ...

Fluorescent Silver Staining of Proteins in Polyacrylamide Gels

Polyacrylamide 젤에 단백질의 형광은 얼룩

Silver staining is a colorimetric technique widely used to visualize protein bands in polyacrylamide gels following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide ...

Rapid Fluorescence-based Characterization of Single Extracellular Vesicles in Human Blood with Nanoparticle-tracking Analysis

나노-추적 분석 인 혈에 있는 단일 Extracellular Vesicles의 빠른 형광 기반 특성

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are specialized membranous nano-sized vesicles found in bodily fluids that are constitutively released ...

Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction

공상 단백질 구축을 통한 기능성 단백질 영역 식별

The goal of this protocol encompasses the design of chimeric proteins in which distinct regions of a protein are replaced by their corresponding sequences ...

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

대장균의 이종 식에 의한 멤브레인 수송기의 특성화 및 멤브레인 소포 생산

Several methods have been developed to functionally characterize novel membrane transporters. Polyamines are ubiquitous in all organisms, but polyamine ...

SUMO-Binding Entities (SUBEs) as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

간암에서 스모 프로테오메의 농축, 격리, 식별 및 특성화를 위한 도구로 스모 결합 엔티티(SUBEs)

Post-translational modification is a key mechanism regulating protein homeostasis and function in eukaryotic cells. Among all ubiquitin-like proteins in ...

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

시험관 내 링 타입 E3 유비퀴틴 리가제의 기능적 특성화

Ubiquitination, as a posttranslational modification of proteins, plays an important regulatory role in homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. The covalent ...

Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

형광 일생 화상 진찰을 사용하여 노화 C. Elegans에 있는 아밀로이드 구조물의 특성화

Amyloid fibrils are associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington&#39;s, Parkinson&#39;s, or Alzheimer&#39;s disease. These ...