Name: chronic sleep deprivation in mouse pups by means of gentle handling
Uploaded: 2018-10-11T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling at JoVE.com

这项研究是由镍氢 (MH00889) 的内科学研究计划资助的。RMS 也得到了 FRAXA 博士后奖学金的支持。

注: 所有程序均经国家精神卫生动物护理和使用委员会批准, 并按照国家卫生研究院关于动物照料和使用的指导方针进行。
1. 睡眠剥夺设置
<ol><li>使用软画笔在睡觉时轻轻地戳老鼠。<ol>
<li>确保画笔可以通过鼠标笼进纸器的条形进行安装, 以确保小鼠在睡眠剥夺期间能够获得食物和水广告随意。</li>
		<li>不要将画笔用于多个保持架, 以防止在保持架之间传递气味。我们?...

<ol>
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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+and+pain:+A+relationship+that+begins+in+early+life.">Sleep and pain: A relationship that begins in early life.</a> Pain Physician. 17 (6), E787-E798 (2014).</li><li>Hairston, I. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+effects+on+growth+factor+expression+in+neonatal+rats:+a+potential+role+for+BDNF+in+the+mediation+of+delta+power.">Sleep deprivation effects on growth factor expression in neonatal rats: a potential role for BDNF in the mediation of delta power.</a> J Neurophysiol. 91 (4), 1586-1595 (2004).</li><li>Hairston, I. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+elevates+plasma+corticosterone+levels+in+neonatal+rats.">Sleep deprivation elevates plasma corticosterone levels in neonatal rats.</a> Neurosci Lett. 315 (1-2), 29-32 (2001).</li><li>Blumberg, M. S., Middlemis-Brown, J. E., Johnson, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+homeostasis+in+infant+rats.">Sleep homeostasis in infant rats.</a> Behav Neurosci. 118 (6), 1253-1261 (2004).</li><li>Feng, P., Vogel, G. W., Obermeyer, W., Kinney, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+instrumental+method+for+long-term+continuous+REM+sleep+deprivation+of+neonatal+rats.">An instrumental method for long-term continuous REM sleep deprivation of neonatal rats.</a> Sleep. 23 (2), 175-183 (2000).</li><li>Xu, Z. Q., Gao, C. Y., Fang, C. Q., Zhou, H. D., Jiang, X. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanism+and+characterization+of+learning+and+memory+impairment+in+sleep-deprived+mice.">The mechanism and characterization of learning and memory impairment in sleep-deprived mice.</a> Cell Biochem Biophys. 58 (3), 137-140 (2010).</li><li>Barriga, C., Martin, M. I., Tabla, R., Ortega, E., Rodriguez, A. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+apparatus+for+quantitation+of+social+approach+behaviors+in+mice.">Automated apparatus for quantitation of social approach behaviors in mice.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 3 (5), 303-314 (2004).</li><li>Thomas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marble+burying+reflects+a+repetitive+and+perseverative+behavior+more+than+novelty-induced+anxiety.">Marble burying reflects a repetitive and perseverative behavior more than novelty-induced anxiety.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 204 (2), 361-373 (2009).</li><li>Karlsson, K. A., Blumberg, M. 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在这里, 我们描述了一种睡眠剥夺, 温和的处理方法, 可用于啮齿动物幼崽和成人。轻柔的处理要求研究人员在睡眠剥夺期期间观察老鼠, 并在不活动或抽搐时轻轻地刺激动物以防止睡眠。以前的睡眠剥夺研究通过同步脑电图 (EEG) 记录进行验证, 轻柔处理可防止 rem 和非 rem (NREM) 睡眠10。虽然温和的处理是唯一可以用于幼鼠幼崽的睡眠剥夺方法之一, 但它的使用有一些局限性。
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睡眠在大脑发育过程中对神经元可塑性和突触形成和消除起着至关重要的作用1,2。具体地说, 快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠对于通过加强特定突触和突触修剪2形成稳定的突触电路至关重要。在生命早期的药理睡眠剥夺导致许多生理和行为缺陷3,4。除了药理性睡眠剥夺, 其他形式的睡眠剥夺, 如恒定摇晃, 强迫运动, 或厌恶刺激的表现, 在成年时与抑郁症状的症状相关, 不同的神经激活模式, 以及睡眠时间和睡眠连续性的变化在剥夺5,6,7后的恢复期间。当睡眠在小鼠的长期限制在开发期间超过五周, 行为缺陷被观察后一个月的睡眠恢复8。这些研究表明, 新生啮齿动物的睡眠中断会影响以后的睡眠模式、大脑功能和行为。强调睡眠对人类正常大脑发育的重要性, 许多神经发育障碍患者, 包括自闭症谱系障碍, 结节性硬化症, 易碎 X 综合征, 和注意缺陷/多动紊乱, 报告在睡眠模式的反常性除了各种行为缺陷1。
考虑到与异常睡眠模式相关的神经发育紊乱的数量, 了解睡眠不足对大脑功能和行为的影响是很重要的。然而, 尽管数据支持睡眠在发展过程中的重要性, 但大多数限制或剥夺睡眠动物的方法都集中在成人身上。这些技术包括各种测试, 需要强迫运动活动 (例如,恒定跑步机), 持续中断 (例如,旋转清扫棒或持续新颖的对象演示), 或扰乱动物的起始REM 睡眠 (例如,平台在水上)9,10。虽然这些方法有效地显示了与成人睡眠剥夺相关的问题, 但这些方法都不适合啮齿类动物, 因为它们的流动性有限, 睡眠率高, 以及生活中早期压力的负面影响。由于睡眠在发育过程中的重要性, 了解新生儿幼崽的睡眠限制对成年期的未来行为有何影响至关重要。
一种限制可用于啮齿动物幼崽的睡眠的技术是温和处理。温和的处理涉及调查人员与啮齿动物直接互动的任何时间睡眠行为观察。调查人员可以使用他们的手, 画笔, 或演示新的对象来物理扰乱休眠在新生儿啮齿动物8,10,11,12,13,14.睡眠可以行为由缺乏运动活动, 肌阵挛抽搐和闭眼 (在老啮齿动物幼崽) 确定。脑电图验证证实, 根据这些行为, 以温和的处理中断睡眠, P12 大鼠14的总睡眠时间减少91%。其他用于剥夺幼鼠的技术包括电击和不愉快刺激的表现, 但这些技术不能用于慢性睡眠限制, 比温和处理7更有压力,15. 慢性睡眠限制也可以通过振动协议来完成, 可以与脑电图电极植入和相关的计算机软件一起使用, 但此协议不会阻止所有睡眠, 因此更少控制比温和处理4,16。在没有特定设备、计算机软件或电极植入的情况下连续数天限制或剥夺小鼠睡眠的能力是温和处理技术的一个好处。通过轻柔处理的慢性睡眠限制有效地限制了新生啮齿动物的睡眠, 并在睡眠剥夺期8、11、12之后产生各种行为变化,17。
在这里, 我们描述的结果, 其中慢性睡眠剥夺三小时每天从产后 5 (P5) 到 P42 显著影响小鼠的社交性, 在30天的恢复期内, 睡眠不受干扰。这些结果突显了长期睡眠限制在发展过程中对未来行为的长远影响。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Labs</td>
			<td>000664</td>
			<td>Wildtype mice used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super Mouse 750 Mouse Cage</td>
			<td>Lab Products, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cages for the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SANI-Chips Bedding</td>
			<td>PJ Murphys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bedding for the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S&#38;S Bristle Brush Assortment Pack</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>Item # 13764, Model AB37100</td>
			<td>Paint brushes are used to gently poke mice</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chronic sleep deprivation in mouse pups by means of gentle handling

睡眠对于正确的发育和神经可塑性至关重要。此外, 异常睡眠模式是许多神经发育紊乱的特征。研究发展过程中慢性睡眠限制对成人行为的影响可能会增加我们对神经发育紊乱行为症状出现的理解。虽然有许多方法可以用来限制在啮齿类动物的睡眠, 包括强迫运动, 持续中断, 厌恶刺激的表现, 或电击, 许多这些方法是非常紧张的, 不能用于新生小鼠。在这里, 我们描述温和的处理, 睡眠剥夺技术, 可以长期使用在整个发展和成年, 以达到睡眠限制。轻柔的处理包括在睡眠剥夺期间对小鼠进行密切观察, 并要求研究者在不活跃或显示与睡眠相关的行为时, 轻轻地向动物进行刺激。加上脑电图记录, 轻柔的处理可用于选择性地扰乱睡眠的特定阶段, 如快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠。温和的处理技术是一个强大的工具, 研究慢性睡眠限制的影响, 甚至在新生小鼠, 绕过许多更紧张的程序, 用于睡眠剥夺。

为了研究慢性睡眠限制对行为的影响, 我们每天从 P5 到 P428的上午11:00 和下午2:00 之间睡眠限制小鼠三小时。在睡眠限制后, 老鼠被不受干扰地留了四周, 并允许从睡眠限制中恢复。在四周的恢复期后, 对小鼠进行了行为测试。三室社会行为测试用于评估社交 (与新的物体相比, 对新老鼠的偏爱) 和社会新奇 (与熟悉的老鼠相比, 对新老鼠的偏爱)。在社交测试?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling at JoVE.com

Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling

我们描述一种被称为温和处理的睡眠剥夺技术, 调查人员在任何时候都轻轻地对老鼠进行睡眠行为观察。这种方法是一个强大的工具, 让研究人员研究慢性睡眠限制在整个发展可能对未来的大脑生理学和行为的影响。

小鼠幼犬慢性睡眠剥夺的温和处理方法

Sleep is critical for proper development and neural plasticity. Moreover, abnormal sleep patterns are characteristic of many neurodevelopmental disorders. ...

这种方法可以帮助回答睡眠领域的关键问题，如产后发育过程中慢性睡眠限制的影响。这种技术的主要优点是，它的压力比它的其他睡眠剥夺技术小，可以很容易地在整个发展过程中使用，并持续到成年。首先将每个笼子分配给睡眠剥夺或对照组。确保小鼠能够获得食物和水，并移除任何可能限制小鼠视野的食物、床上用品或富集物。对于对照组，在产后第五天从育种者笼中取下陛下，然后与幼崽一起离开大坝，直到打奶。接下来，将分配给对照组的小鼠移动到睡眠剥夺室，并在实验期间每天用画笔连续用画笔轻轻推动小鼠10分钟。10分钟后，将老鼠返回动物室，不要打扰它们。首先在产后第五天将陛下从饲养员笼中移走，然后与幼崽一起离开大坝，直到打奶。在光周期内，每天将分配给睡眠剥夺组的小鼠移动到睡眠剥夺室，在那里进行监测。在此期间，如果怀疑鼠标睡着了，则用画笔轻轻抚摸鼠标，直到观察到反应。或者，反转小鼠，推上它们的背部，扰乱睡眠。如果出现以下任何情况，则考虑让鼠标处于睡眠状态：抽搐、不活动或眼睛闭着。如果老鼠四处走动，试图在背上翻过来，或者打扮自己，那么它们就清醒了。如果大坝在睡眠不足期间覆盖幼崽，则轻轻地将她从幼崽中推离，这样幼崽的视野是不受限制的。继续使用睡眠剥夺协议，直到实验终结点。当三个小时的睡眠剥夺期完成时，将床上用品和任何可能被取出的食物放回笼子，然后盖回笼子上。最后，将笼子回到动物的持有室，直到第二天睡眠不足。经过一个月的恢复期后，结果显示，在社交能力测试中，睡眠受限女性比控制雌性多时间嗅探陌生人的老鼠，睡眠受限的男性与对照男性相比，有花更多的时间嗅探物体。此外，在社会新奇测试阶段，睡眠受限的雌性小鼠比雌性对等对等小鼠花费更多的时间嗅探新小鼠。在尝试此程序时，重要的是要记住注意并及时响应睡眠前的行为，尤其是在睡眠需求很高的新生儿小鼠中。按照这个程序，其他方法，如开放领域，旋转，高架加迷宫，和社会行为测试可以执行，以回答其他问题，如慢性睡眠限制在发育过程中的长期行为影响。

chronic-sleep-deprivation-in-mouse-pups-by-means-of-gentle-handling

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

该拼图方块的使用作为评价环境富集的功效的一种手段

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little research to reveal the possible mechanisms behind these effects. To investigate the effect of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, several issues need to be addressed. The first is to identify the acupoints, which correspond between humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, the depth of insertion of the acupuncture needle, the degree of needle twist in manual needle acupuncture, and the stimulation parameters for electroacupuncture (EA) need to be determined. To evaluate the effects of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, a feasible model of epilepsy in rodents is required. We administer pilocarpine into the left central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to simulate focal temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rats. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pilocarpine induces generalized epilepsy and status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Five IP injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) with a one-day interval between each injection successfully induces spontaneous generalized epilepsy in mice. Recordings of electrocorticograms (ECoGs), electromyograms (EMGs), brain temperature, and locomotor activity are used for sleep analysis in rats, while ECoGs, EMGs, and locomotor activity are employed for sleep analysis in mice. ECoG electrodes are implanted into the frontal, parietal, and contralateral occipital cortices, and a thermistor is implanted above the cerebral cortex by stereotactic surgery. EMG electrodes are implanted into the neck muscles, and an infrared detector determines locomotor activity. The criteria for categorizing vigilance stages, including wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep are based on information from ECoGs, EMGs, brain temperature, and locomotor activity. Detailed classification criteria are stated in the text.

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms ECoGs and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

This paper demonstrates the performance of acupuncture, epilepsy models, and the analysis of sleep in rodents. The acupuncture procedure and the identification of acupoints are described. Pilocarpine or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is used to induce epilepsy. Electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), brain temperature, and locomotor activity recordings are employed for sleep analysis.

癫痫Electrocorticograms（ECoGs）的操作，并睡在针刺大鼠和小鼠

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little ...

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are also referred to as primitive reflexes. They are sensitive and consistent with later outcomes. Abnormal reflexes are described as an absence, persistence, reappearance, or latency of reflexes, which are predictive indices of infants that are at high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, often display aberrant developmental reflexes, as would be observed in human infants. The techniques described assess a variety of neurodevelopmental reflexes in neonatal rats. Neurodevelopmental reflex testing offers the investigator a testing method that is not otherwise available in such young animals. The methodology presented here aims to assist investigators in examining developmental milestones in neonatal rats as a method of detecting early-onset brain injury and/or determining the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The methodology presented here aims to provide a general guideline for investigators.

Behavioral testing is the gold standard for determining outcomes following brain injury, and can identify the presence of developmental disabilities in infants and children. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are an early indicator of these abnormalities. A host of easily accomplished developmental reflex tests in the neonatal rodent were developed and described here.

神经发育复检新生幼鼠

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are ...

Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a long recovery period. To perform an EEG recording, the animal is connected to a receiver, creating an unnatural tether to the head-mount. EEG monitoring is time consuming, carries risk to the animal, and is not a completely natural setting for the measurement of sleep. Alternative methods to detect sleep, particularly in a high-throughput fashion, would greatly advance the field of sleep research. Here, we describe a validated method for detecting sleep via activity-based home-cage monitoring. Previous studies have shown that sleep assessed via this method has a high degree of agreement with sleep defined by traditional EEG-based measures. Whereas this method is validated for total sleep time, it is important to note that sleep bout duration should be assessed by an EEG which has better temporal resolution. The EEG can also differentiate rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep, giving more detail about the exact nature of sleep. Nevertheless, activity-based sleep determination can be used to analyze multiple days of undisturbed sleep and to assess sleep as a response to an acute event (like stress). Here, we show the power of this system to detect the response of mice to daily intraperitoneal injections.

We describe a high-throughput method of measuring sleep by means of activity-based home-cage monitoring. This method offers advantages over traditional EEG-based methods. It is well validated for the determination of total sleep duration and can be a powerful tool to monitor sleep in rodent models of human disease.

无创高通量测定啮齿类动物睡眠时间

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

小鼠主动和被动驯服的测定

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

一种新的小鼠目标识别与目标定位行为测试

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various ...

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep deprivation, and consolidated periods of behavioral immobility. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus), is a model for studying trait evolution in response to environmental perturbation. A. mexicanus exist as in eyed surface-dwelling forms and multiple blind cave-dwelling populations that have robust morphological and behavioral differences. Sleep loss has occurred in multiple, independently-evolved cavefish populations. This protocol describes a methodology for quantifying sleep and locomotor activity in A. mexicanus cave and surface fish. A cost-effective video monitoring system allows for behavioral imaging of individually-housed larval or adult fish for periods of a week or longer. The system can be applied to fish aged 4 days post fertilization through adulthood. The approach can also be adapted for measuring the effects of social interactions on sleep by recording multiple fish in a single arena. Following behavioral recordings, data is analyzed using automated tracking software and sleep analysis is processed using customized scripts that quantify multiple sleep variables including duration, bout length, and bout number. This system can be applied to measure sleep, circadian behavior, and locomotor activity in almost any fish species including zebrafish and sticklebacks.

This protocol details the methodology for quantifying locomotor behavior and sleep in the Mexican cavefish. Previous analyses are extended to measure these behaviors in socially-housed fish. This system can be widely applied to study sleep and activity in other fish species.

墨西哥河鱼睡眠和睡眠活动的自动测量

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep ...

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely linked to the pathogenesis of diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. We recently found that 2 months of sleep fragmentation initiated Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD)-like behavioral and pathological changes in young wild-type mice. Herein, we present a standardized protocol to achieve chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF). Briefly, CSF was induced by an orbital rotor vibrating at 110 rpm and operating with a repetitive cycle of 10 s-on, 110 s-off, during light-ON phase (8:00 AM&#8211;8:00 PM) continuously for up to 2 months. Impairments of spatial learning and memory, anxiety-like but not depression-like behavior in mice as consequences of CSF modeling, were evaluated with Morris water maze (MWM), Novel object recognition (NOR), Open field test (OFT) and Forced swimming test (FST). In comparison with other sleep manipulations, this protocol minimizes the handling labors and maximizes the modeling efficiency. It produces stable phenotypes in young wild-type mice and can be potentially generated for a variety of research purposes.

Presented here is a protocol for chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF) model achieved by an electrically controlled orbital rotor, which could induce confirmed cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in young wild-type mice. This model can be applied to explore the pathogenesis of chronic sleep disturbance and related disorders.

使用振动轨道转子诱导年轻野生型小鼠认知缺陷和焦虑样行为的慢性睡眠碎片模型

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely ...