Name: chronic sleep deprivation in mouse pups by means of gentle handling
Uploaded: 2018-10-11T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling at JoVE.com

이 연구는 NIMH (지아 MH00889)의 교내 연구 프로그램에 의해 투자 되었다. RMS는 FRAXA 박사 친교에 의해 또한 지원 되었다.

참고: 모든 절차는 국립 연구소의 정신 건강 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회에 의해 승인 되었고 국립 연구소의 건강 지침 서 관심과 동물의 사용에 따라 수행.
1. 수 면 부족 설치
<ol><li>부드러운 페인트 용을 사용 하 여 부드럽게 때 자 쥐를 찌 르 지.<ol>
<li>화 필 쥐 음식에 접근이 및 잠 박탈 동안 광고 libitum 물 마우스 케이지 급지대의 바 통해 들어갈 수 있는 다는 것을 확?...

<ol>
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여기 우리 설명 하는 방법 수 면 부족에 대 한 처리, 모두 쥐 새끼와 성인에서 사용할 수 있는 부드러운. 부드러운 나눠 연구자 수 면 박탈 기간 동안 마우스를 관찰 하 고 그들은 비활성 또는 수 면을 방지 하기 위해 꿈 틀 때마다 동물을 부드럽게 자극을 필요 합니다. 이전 수 면 박탈 연구 확인 동시 뇌 파 (EEG) 기록에 의하여 그 부드러운 처리 방지 두 REM REM NREM 수 면10. 부드러운 ...

수 면은 신경가 소성 및 시 냅 스 형성 및 두뇌 개발1,2동안 제거에 중요 한 역할을 한다. 특히, 빠른 안구 운동 (REM) 수 면 모두 특정 시 냅 스와 시 냅 스 가지 치기2의 강화를 통해 안정적인 시 냅 스 회로 형성을 위해 필수적 이다. 인생에서 일찍 약리 수 면 부족 리드 많은 생리 및 행동 적자3,4. 약리학 자 뿐만 아니라 부족, 지속적인 떨고, 등 수 면 부족의 다른 형태의 강제 운동, 또는 혐오 자극의 프레 젠 테이 션 성인, 다른 동안 우울증 같은 증상에 연관 된 신경 활성화 패턴, 그리고 박탈5,,67다음 복구 기간 동안 수 면 시간과 수 면 연속성에 변화. 수 면은 만성 개발 과정 5 주 이상에 대 한 마우스에서 제한 됩니다 때 행동 적자 다음 수 면 복구8의 달 관찰 되었다. 함께 찍은, 이러한 연구 나중 수 면 패턴, 뇌 기능 및 행동 신생아 쥐에 수 면의 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것이 좋습니다. 인간, 자폐증 스펙트럼 장애, 결 절 경화 증 복합, 허약한 X 증후군, 및 주의-결핍/과다 포함 한 neurodevelopmental 장애를 가진 많은 환자에서에서 정상적인 두뇌 개발을 위한 수 면의 중요성을 강조 장애, 행동 적자1의 다양 한 뿐만 아니라 수 면 패턴에 보고서 이상.
비정상적인 수 면 패턴에 연관 된 neurodevelopmental 장애의 수를 감안할 때, 그것은 수 면 부족 뇌 기능 및 행동에 미치는 이해 하는 것이 중요. 그러나, 데이터에도 불구 하 고를 개발, 대부분 방법론을 제한 하거나 성인에 수 면 초점의 동물을 박탈 하는 동안 수 면의 중요성을 지원 합니다. 이러한 기술을 운동 활동 (예: 상수 디딜 방 아), 일정 중단 (예를 들어, 스위퍼 바 또는 지속적인 소설 개체 프레 젠 테이 션 회전), 또는 방해의 개시에 동물을 강제로 요구 하는 테스트의 다양 한 포함 Rem 수 면 (예를 들어, 물 위에 플랫폼)9,10. 이러한 방법으로 성인 수 면 박탈과 관련 된 문제 효과적으로 나타났습니다, 하지만 아무도 이러한 메서드의 설치류 새끼에 대 한 적절 한 그들의 한정 된 기동성, 높은 수 면 드라이브, 그리고 일찍 인생에서에서 스트레스의 부작용 때문에 있습니다. 개발 하는 동안 수 면의 중요성, 성인 기 동안 신생아 강아지에 영향을 미치는 미래 행동에 어떻게 제한 된 수 면을 이해 하는 중요 한 되어 있습니다.
쥐 새끼에 사용할 수 있는 수 면을 제한 한 기술은 부드러운 처리 이다. 부드러운 처리 시간 수 면 동작을 관찰 하는 설치류와 직접 상호 작용 하는 조사를 포함 한다. 수 사관 물리적으로 신생아 설치류8,10,,1112,13,14 수 면을 방해 그들의 손, 붓, 또는 소설 개체의 프레 젠 테이 션을 사용할 수 있습니다. . 수 면 모터 활동, myoclonic 꿈 틀, 및 (더 오래 된 쥐 새끼)에 눈 폐쇄의 부족에 의해 행동 결정 될 수 있습니다. 뇌 파 유효성 검사는 이러한 행동에 따라 부드러운 처리와 수 면을 방해 총 수 면 시간 91% 감소 P12 쥐14에 확인. 젊은 쥐를 박탈 하는 데 사용 된 다른 기술은 전기 충격 등 불쾌 한 자극의 프레 젠 테이 션 하지만 이러한 기술을 만성 수 면 제한 사용할 수 있으며 부드러운 처리7, 보다 더 많은 스트레스 15. 만성 수 면 제한도 떨고 프로토콜 또는 EEG 전극 이식 및 관련된 컴퓨터 소프트웨어 없이 사용할 수 있는 통해 달성 될 수 있다 하지만이 프로토콜 모든 수 면을 방해 하지 않습니다 및 따라서 작습니다 제어 부드러운 처리4,16에 비해. 제한 하거나 마우스 특정 장비, 컴퓨터 소프트웨어, 또는 전극 이식 없이 많은 일에 대 한 수 면의 박탈 수 부드러운 처리 기술의 혜택입니다. 효과적으로 처리 하는 부드러운 통해 만성 수 면 제한 신생아 설치류에 수 면을 제한 하 고 행동 변화는 수 면 박탈 기간8,11,12, 다음의 다양 한 생산 17.
여기, 우리는 P42 출생 후 하루 5 (P5)에서 하루 3 시간 동안 만성 수 면 부족 크게 영향을 미치는 수 면은 방해 하지 30 일 복구 기간 뒤 쥐의 사교 성 결과 설명 합니다. 이러한 결과 미래 행동에 개발 하는 동안 만성 수 면 제한의 장기적인 효과 강조 표시합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Labs</td>
			<td>000664</td>
			<td>Wildtype mice used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super Mouse 750 Mouse Cage</td>
			<td>Lab Products, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cages for the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SANI-Chips Bedding</td>
			<td>PJ Murphys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bedding for the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S&#38;S Bristle Brush Assortment Pack</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>Item # 13764, Model AB37100</td>
			<td>Paint brushes are used to gently poke mice</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chronic sleep deprivation in mouse pups by means of gentle handling

수 면은 적절 한 개발 및 신경가 소성에 대 한 중요 합니다. 또한, 비정상적인 수 면 패턴은 많은 neurodevelopmental 장애의 특성. 개발 기간 동안 공부 어떻게 만성 수 면 제한 성인 행동에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다 neurodevelopmental 장애의 행동 증상의 출현에 대 한 우리의 이해에 추가할 수 있습니다. 설치류 강제 운동, 지속적인 중단, 혐오 자극 또는 전기 충격의 프레 젠 테이 션을 포함 한 수 면을 제한 하는 데 사용할 수 있는 많은 방법이 있지만, 이러한 방법의 많은 매우 스트레스 이며 신생아 쥐에 사용할 수 없습니다. 여기, 우리는 부드러운 처리, 사용 될 수 있는 만성 개발 내내 그리고 성년으로 수 면 금지를 달성 하는 수 면 박탈 기술 설명. 부드러운 처리 수 면 박탈 기간 동안 쥐의 가까운 관측을 포함 하 고 그들은 활성화 되지 않습니다 또는 수 면과 관련 된 동작을 표시할 때마다 동물을 부드럽게 자극 하는 연구원을 요구 한다. 뇌 파 기록 결합, 부드러운 처리 빠른 안구 운동 (REM) 수 면 등 수 면의 특정 단계를 선택적으로 방해 하 사용 될 수 있습니다. 부드러운 처리의 기술은 더 스트레스 절차 수 면 부족에 대 한 사용의 많은 circumvents 신생아 쥐에도 만성 수 면 제한의 효과의 연구를 위한 강력한 도구 이다.

행동에 만성 수 면 제한의 효과 조사, 우리는 매일 오전 11 시와 오후 2시 p 5에서 P428사이 3 시간 동안 제한 마우스 수 면. 수 면 제한에 따라 쥐 4 주 동안 그대로 남아 있었고, 수 면 제한에서 복구할 수 있습니다. 마우스 동작 다음 4 주 회복 기간에 대 한 테스트 되었습니다. 3-챔버 사회적 행동 테스트 사교 성 (소설 개체에 비해 소설 마우스에 대 한 기본 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling at JoVE.com

Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling

어디 조사 부드럽게 자극 쥐 든 지 수 면 행동을 관찰 하는 부드러운 처리로 알려진 수 면 박탈 기술을 설명 합니다. 이 방법은 개발에 걸쳐 만성 수 면 제한 미래의 두뇌 생리학과 행동에 미칠 수 있는 효과 연구 하는 연구자를 수 있는 강력한 도구입니다.

마우스에 만성 수 면 부족 통해 부드러운 새끼 처리

Sleep is critical for proper development and neural plasticity. Moreover, abnormal sleep patterns are characteristic of many neurodevelopmental disorders. ...

이 방법은 산후 발달 도중 만성 수면 제한의 영향과 같은 수면 필드에 있는 중요한 질문에 대답하는 것을 도울 수 있습니다. 이 기술의 주요 장점은 다른 수면 부족 기술보다 스트레스가 적고 개발 전반에 걸쳐 쉽게 사용할 수 있으며 성인기로 계속할 수 있다는 것입니다. 먼저 각 케이지를 수면 부족 또는 제어 그룹에 할당합니다.마우스가 음식과 물 광고 리비툼에 접근할 수 있는지 확인하고 마우스의 시야를 제한할 수 있는 음식, 침구 또는 농축 물체를 제거하십시오. 대조군의 경우, 산후 5일째에 육종가 케이지에서 사이어를 제거하고, 짜기 전까지 새끼와 함께 댐을 둡니다. 다음으로, 대조군에 할당된 마우스를 수면 부족실로 옮기고 실험 기간 동안 하루 10분 동안 지속적으로 페인트브러시로 마우스를 프로드한다.10 분 후, 동물을 들고 있는 방으로 돌려 보내 방해하지 않습니다. 5일째산후산후장에서 사이어를 제거하고, 새끼와 함께 댐을 떠나야 합니다. 수면 부족 그룹에 할당된 마우스를 모니터링하는 광주기 동안 매일 수면 부족실에 이동합니다.이 시간 동안, 응답이 관찰 될 때까지 잠이 의심되는 경우 페인트 브러시로 마우스를 부드럽게 prod. 또는, 마우스를 반전 하 고 수 면을 방해 하기 위해 그들의 뒷면에 밀어. 다음 중 어느 것이 발생하는 경우 수면할 마우스를 고려하십시오: 경련, 비활동, 또는 눈이 닫혀 있는 경우.마우스가 움직이고, 등에 등을 대고 뒤집거나, 손질을 하면 깨어 있는 것으로 생각해 보십시오. 댐이 수면 부족 동안 새끼를 덮고 있다면 새끼의 시야가 제한되지 않도록 부드럽게 새끼에게서 그녀를 멀리 밀어 내십시오. 실험 끝점까지 수면 부족 프로토콜을 계속합니다.3시간의 수면 부족 기간이 완료되면 침구와 제거되었을 수 있는 음식을 다시 제거하고 뚜껑을 케이지에 다시 놓습니다. 마지막으로, 수면 부족의 다음 날까지 동물 들고 방으로 케이지를 반환합니다. 한 달 회복 기간 후, 결과는 사교성 테스트에서, 수면 제한 여성이 제어 여성보다 낯선 마우스를 스니핑 더 많은 시간을 보냈다 는 것을 표시하고 수면 제한 남성은 남성을 제어 할 때 개체를 스니핑 더 많은 시간을 보내는 경향이 있었다.또한, 시험의 사회적 참신 단계에서, 수면 제한 여성 마우스는 여성 대조군보다 새로운 마우스를 스니핑하는 데 많은 시간을 보냈다. 이 절차를 시도하는 동안, 주의를 기울이고 수면 전 행동에 즉시 반응하는 것을 기억하는 것이 중요합니다, 특히 수면이 필요한 신생아 마우스에서 높은. 이 절차에 따라, 오픈 필드 같은 다른 방법, 로타로드, 높은 플러스 미로, 그리고 사회 행동 테스트 개발 하는 동안 만성 수 면 제한의 장기 행동 영향 같은 추가 질문에 대답 하기 위해 수행 될 수 있습니다.

chronic-sleep-deprivation-in-mouse-pups-by-means-of-gentle-handling

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

고무 손 환상 패러다임에서 목표 행동 측정을 확보하는 수단으로 Crossmodal 일치 성은 작업

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

연구

행동분석학

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

보충 환경의 효능을 평가하는 수단으로서 퍼즐 상자의 사용

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

충동 식품 선택을 감소시키는 수단으로서 에러

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little research to reveal the possible mechanisms behind these effects. To investigate the effect of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, several issues need to be addressed. The first is to identify the acupoints, which correspond between humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, the depth of insertion of the acupuncture needle, the degree of needle twist in manual needle acupuncture, and the stimulation parameters for electroacupuncture (EA) need to be determined. To evaluate the effects of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, a feasible model of epilepsy in rodents is required. We administer pilocarpine into the left central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to simulate focal temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rats. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pilocarpine induces generalized epilepsy and status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Five IP injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) with a one-day interval between each injection successfully induces spontaneous generalized epilepsy in mice. Recordings of electrocorticograms (ECoGs), electromyograms (EMGs), brain temperature, and locomotor activity are used for sleep analysis in rats, while ECoGs, EMGs, and locomotor activity are employed for sleep analysis in mice. ECoG electrodes are implanted into the frontal, parietal, and contralateral occipital cortices, and a thermistor is implanted above the cerebral cortex by stereotactic surgery. EMG electrodes are implanted into the neck muscles, and an infrared detector determines locomotor activity. The criteria for categorizing vigilance stages, including wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep are based on information from ECoGs, EMGs, brain temperature, and locomotor activity. Detailed classification criteria are stated in the text.

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms ECoGs and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

This paper demonstrates the performance of acupuncture, epilepsy models, and the analysis of sleep in rodents. The acupuncture procedure and the identification of acupoints are described. Pilocarpine or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is used to induce epilepsy. Electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), brain temperature, and locomotor activity recordings are employed for sleep analysis.

침술에 의해 쥐와 마우스에서 간질 Electrocorticograms (ECoGs)의 조작 및 절전

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little ...

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are also referred to as primitive reflexes. They are sensitive and consistent with later outcomes. Abnormal reflexes are described as an absence, persistence, reappearance, or latency of reflexes, which are predictive indices of infants that are at high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, often display aberrant developmental reflexes, as would be observed in human infants. The techniques described assess a variety of neurodevelopmental reflexes in neonatal rats. Neurodevelopmental reflex testing offers the investigator a testing method that is not otherwise available in such young animals. The methodology presented here aims to assist investigators in examining developmental milestones in neonatal rats as a method of detecting early-onset brain injury and/or determining the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The methodology presented here aims to provide a general guideline for investigators.

Behavioral testing is the gold standard for determining outcomes following brain injury, and can identify the presence of developmental disabilities in infants and children. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are an early indicator of these abnormalities. A host of easily accomplished developmental reflex tests in the neonatal rodent were developed and described here.

신생아 쥐 새끼들까지 잔치에서 신경 발달 반사 테스트

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are ...

Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a long recovery period. To perform an EEG recording, the animal is connected to a receiver, creating an unnatural tether to the head-mount. EEG monitoring is time consuming, carries risk to the animal, and is not a completely natural setting for the measurement of sleep. Alternative methods to detect sleep, particularly in a high-throughput fashion, would greatly advance the field of sleep research. Here, we describe a validated method for detecting sleep via activity-based home-cage monitoring. Previous studies have shown that sleep assessed via this method has a high degree of agreement with sleep defined by traditional EEG-based measures. Whereas this method is validated for total sleep time, it is important to note that sleep bout duration should be assessed by an EEG which has better temporal resolution. The EEG can also differentiate rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep, giving more detail about the exact nature of sleep. Nevertheless, activity-based sleep determination can be used to analyze multiple days of undisturbed sleep and to assess sleep as a response to an acute event (like stress). Here, we show the power of this system to detect the response of mice to daily intraperitoneal injections.

We describe a high-throughput method of measuring sleep by means of activity-based home-cage monitoring. This method offers advantages over traditional EEG-based methods. It is well validated for the determination of total sleep duration and can be a powerful tool to monitor sleep in rodent models of human disease.

수 면 기간 설치류의 비 침범 성, 높은 처리량 결정

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

마우스에서 별도로 측정 능동 및 수동 Tameness

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

소설 개체 인식 및 행동 예산에 쥐에 테스트 개체 위치

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various ...

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep deprivation, and consolidated periods of behavioral immobility. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus), is a model for studying trait evolution in response to environmental perturbation. A. mexicanus exist as in eyed surface-dwelling forms and multiple blind cave-dwelling populations that have robust morphological and behavioral differences. Sleep loss has occurred in multiple, independently-evolved cavefish populations. This protocol describes a methodology for quantifying sleep and locomotor activity in A. mexicanus cave and surface fish. A cost-effective video monitoring system allows for behavioral imaging of individually-housed larval or adult fish for periods of a week or longer. The system can be applied to fish aged 4 days post fertilization through adulthood. The approach can also be adapted for measuring the effects of social interactions on sleep by recording multiple fish in a single arena. Following behavioral recordings, data is analyzed using automated tracking software and sleep analysis is processed using customized scripts that quantify multiple sleep variables including duration, bout length, and bout number. This system can be applied to measure sleep, circadian behavior, and locomotor activity in almost any fish species including zebrafish and sticklebacks.

This protocol details the methodology for quantifying locomotor behavior and sleep in the Mexican cavefish. Previous analyses are extended to measure these behaviors in socially-housed fish. This system can be widely applied to study sleep and activity in other fish species.

수 면과 운동 활동 멕시코 Cavefish에서의 자동화 된 측정

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep ...

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely linked to the pathogenesis of diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. We recently found that 2 months of sleep fragmentation initiated Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD)-like behavioral and pathological changes in young wild-type mice. Herein, we present a standardized protocol to achieve chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF). Briefly, CSF was induced by an orbital rotor vibrating at 110 rpm and operating with a repetitive cycle of 10 s-on, 110 s-off, during light-ON phase (8:00 AM&#8211;8:00 PM) continuously for up to 2 months. Impairments of spatial learning and memory, anxiety-like but not depression-like behavior in mice as consequences of CSF modeling, were evaluated with Morris water maze (MWM), Novel object recognition (NOR), Open field test (OFT) and Forced swimming test (FST). In comparison with other sleep manipulations, this protocol minimizes the handling labors and maximizes the modeling efficiency. It produces stable phenotypes in young wild-type mice and can be potentially generated for a variety of research purposes.

Presented here is a protocol for chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF) model achieved by an electrically controlled orbital rotor, which could induce confirmed cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in young wild-type mice. This model can be applied to explore the pathogenesis of chronic sleep disturbance and related disorders.

진동 궤도 로터를 사용하여 젊은 야생 형 쥐에서 인지 적자와 불안과 같은 행동을 유도하는 만성 수면 단편화 모델

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely ...