Name: chronic sleep deprivation in mouse pups by means of gentle handling
Uploaded: 2018-10-11T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling at JoVE.com

Denne forskningen ble finansiert av Intramural forskningsprogrammet av NIMH (ZIA MH00889). RMS ble også støttet av FRAXA doc..

Merk: Alle prosedyrer ble godkjent av National Institute for psykisk helse Animal Care og bruk komité og utført i henhold til nasjonale institutter for helse veiledning på omsorg og bruk av dyr.
1. søvn deprivasjon oppsett
<ol><li>Bruk myke pensler forsiktig rote mus når du sover.<ol>
<li>Kontroller at pensel kan passe gjennom barer av musen bur materen slik at mus har tilgang til mat og vann annonse libitum under søvndeprivasjon.</li>
		<li>Ikke bruk pensler for flere burene ...

<ol>
	<li>Picchioni, D., Reith, R. M., Nadel, J. L., Smith, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep,+plasticity+and+the+pathophysiology+of+neurodevelopmental+disorders:+the+potential+roles+of+protein+synthesis+and+other+cellular+processes.">Sleep, plasticity and the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders: the potential roles of protein synthesis and other cellular processes.</a> Brain Sci. 4 (1), 150-201 (2014).</li><li>Li, W., Ma, L., Yang, G., Gan, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=REM+sleep+selectively+prunes+and+maintains+new+synapses+in+development+and+learning.">REM sleep selectively prunes and maintains new synapses in development and learning.</a> Nat Neurosci. 20 (3), 427-437 (2017).</li><li>Peirano, P. D., Algarin, C. 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G., Morrissette, R., Heller, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+sleep+deprivation+in+neonatal+rats.">Effects of sleep deprivation in neonatal rats.</a> Am J Physiol. 275 (1 Pt 2), R148-R157 (1998).</li><li>Todd, W. D., Gibson, J. L., Shaw, C. S., Blumberg, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brainstem+and+hypothalamic+regulation+of+sleep+pressure+and+rebound+in+newborn+rats.">Brainstem and hypothalamic regulation of sleep pressure and rebound in newborn rats.</a> Behav Neurosci. 124 (1), 69-78 (2010).</li><li>Sare, R. M., Levine, M., Hildreth, C., Picchioni, D., Smith, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+sleep+restriction+during+development+can+lead+to+long-lasting+behavioral+effects.">Chronic sleep restriction during development can lead to long-lasting behavioral effects.</a> Physiol Behav. 155, 208-217 (2016).</li><li>Colavito, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+sleep+deprivation+as+a+tool+to+test+memory+deficits+in+rodents.">Experimental sleep deprivation as a tool to test memory deficits in rodents.</a> Front Syst Neurosci. 7, 106 (2013).</li><li>Franken, P., Dijk, D. J., Tobler, I., Borbely, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+in+rats:+Effects+on+EEG+power+spectra,+vigilance+states,+and+cortical+temperature.">Sleep deprivation in rats: Effects on EEG power spectra, vigilance states, and cortical temperature.</a> Am J Physiol. 261 (1 Pt 2), R198-R208 (1991).</li><li>Araujo, P., Coelho, C. A., Oliveira, M. G., Tufik, S., Andersen, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+sleep+restriction+increases+nociceptive+sensitivity+in+adolescent+mice.">Neonatal sleep restriction increases nociceptive sensitivity in adolescent mice.</a> Pain Physician. 21 (2), E137-E148 (2018).</li><li>Araujo, P., Tufik, S., Anderson, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+and+pain:+A+relationship+that+begins+in+early+life.">Sleep and pain: A relationship that begins in early life.</a> Pain Physician. 17 (6), E787-E798 (2014).</li><li>Hairston, I. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+effects+on+growth+factor+expression+in+neonatal+rats:+a+potential+role+for+BDNF+in+the+mediation+of+delta+power.">Sleep deprivation effects on growth factor expression in neonatal rats: a potential role for BDNF in the mediation of delta power.</a> J Neurophysiol. 91 (4), 1586-1595 (2004).</li><li>Hairston, I. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+elevates+plasma+corticosterone+levels+in+neonatal+rats.">Sleep deprivation elevates plasma corticosterone levels in neonatal rats.</a> Neurosci Lett. 315 (1-2), 29-32 (2001).</li><li>Blumberg, M. S., Middlemis-Brown, J. E., Johnson, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+homeostasis+in+infant+rats.">Sleep homeostasis in infant rats.</a> Behav Neurosci. 118 (6), 1253-1261 (2004).</li><li>Feng, P., Vogel, G. W., Obermeyer, W., Kinney, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+instrumental+method+for+long-term+continuous+REM+sleep+deprivation+of+neonatal+rats.">An instrumental method for long-term continuous REM sleep deprivation of neonatal rats.</a> Sleep. 23 (2), 175-183 (2000).</li><li>Xu, Z. Q., Gao, C. Y., Fang, C. Q., Zhou, H. D., Jiang, X. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanism+and+characterization+of+learning+and+memory+impairment+in+sleep-deprived+mice.">The mechanism and characterization of learning and memory impairment in sleep-deprived mice.</a> Cell Biochem Biophys. 58 (3), 137-140 (2010).</li><li>Barriga, C., Martin, M. I., Tabla, R., Ortega, E., Rodriguez, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+rhythm+of+melatonin,+corticosterone+and+phagocytosis:+Effect+of+stress.">Circadian rhythm of melatonin, corticosterone and phagocytosis: Effect of stress.</a> J Pineal Res. 30 (3), 180-187 (2001).</li><li>Nadler, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+apparatus+for+quantitation+of+social+approach+behaviors+in+mice.">Automated apparatus for quantitation of social approach behaviors in mice.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 3 (5), 303-314 (2004).</li><li>Thomas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marble+burying+reflects+a+repetitive+and+perseverative+behavior+more+than+novelty-induced+anxiety.">Marble burying reflects a repetitive and perseverative behavior more than novelty-induced anxiety.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 204 (2), 361-373 (2009).</li><li>Karlsson, K. A., Blumberg, M. 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Her vi beskriver en metode for søvnmangel, forsiktig håndtering, som kan brukes i både gnager pups og voksne. Mild levere krever forskere å observere mus for varigheten av en søvn deprivasjon periode og forsiktig prod dyr når de er inaktiv eller beveger seg å forebygge sove. Tidligere søvn deprivasjon studier har bekreftet ved hjelp av samtidige EEG (EEG) innspillinger at skånsom hindrer både REM og ikke - REM NREM sove10. Skånsom er en av bare søvn deprivasjon metoder som kan brukes p...

Søvn spiller en avgjørende rolle i neuronal plastisitet og synapse dannelse og eliminering under hjerne utviklingen1,2. Spesielt er REM (REM)-søvn viktig for danner stabile synaptic kretser gjennom begge styrking av bestemte synapser og synaptic beskjæring2. Farmakologiske søvnmangel tidlig i livet fører til mange fysiologiske og behavioral underskudd3,4. I tillegg til farmakologisk søvn deprivasjon, andre former for søvnmangel som konstant skjelvende, tvang bevegelse eller presentasjon av en aversive stimulans er forbundet med depresjon-lignende symptomer voksen, forskjellige nevrale aktivisering mønstre og endringer i sove tid og søvn kontinuitet i en utvinning periode etter deprivasjon5,6,7. Når søvn er kronisk begrenset i mus i over fem uker under utvikling, ble atferdsmessige underskudd observert etter en måned med søvn utvinning8. Sammen tyder disse studiene på at forstyrrelse av søvn i neonatal gnagere kan påvirke senere søvnmønster, hjernefunksjon og virkemåte. Fremheve betydningen av søvn for normal hjerne utviklingen i mennesker, mange pasienter med neurodevelopmental lidelser, inkludert autismespekterforstyrrelser, Tuberous sklerose komplekse, skjøre X syndrom og oppmerksomhet-underskudd/hyperaktivitet Lidelse, rapporten unormalt i søvnmønster i tillegg til en rekke atferdsmessige underskudd1.
Gitt antall neurodevelopmental lidelser forbundet med unormalt søvnmønster, er det viktig å forstå hvordan søvnmangel påvirker hjernefunksjon og atferd. Men til tross for data som støtter viktigheten av søvn under utvikling, de fleste metoder som begrenser eller frata dyr søvn fokus på voksne. Disse teknikkene omfatter en rekke tester som krever tvunget locomotor aktivitet (f.eks konstant tredemølle), konstant avbrudd (f.eks roterende feiemaskin bar eller kontinuerlig romanen objektet presentasjon) eller forstyrre dyret ved utbruddet av REM-søvn (f.eks plattform over vann)9,10. Selv om disse metodene har effektivt vist problemene knyttet til søvnmangel hos voksne, er ingen av disse metodene passende for gnager pups på grunn av begrenset mobilitet, sove stasjon og de negative effektene av stress tidlig i livet. På grunn av viktigheten av søvn under utvikling er det avgjørende å forstå hvordan begrenset søvn i neonatal pups påvirker fremtidig atferd voksen.
En teknikk for å begrense søvn som kan brukes i gnager pups er skånsom. Skånsom innebærer etterforskeren direkte samspill med gnagere noen sove funksjonalitet er observert. Etterforskerne kan bruke hendene, pensel eller presentasjon av romanen objekter til å fysisk avbryte søvn i neonatal gnagere8,10,11,12,13,14 . Søvn kan behaviorally bestemmes av mangel på motorisk aktivitet, myoclonic rykninger, og øye nedleggelse (i eldre gnager pups). EEG validering bekrefter at forstyrre søvnen med mild håndtering basert på disse virkemåtene reduserer totale sove tid med 91% i P12 rotter14. Andre teknikker som har blitt brukt å frata unge mus inkluderer elektrisk støt og presentasjon av ubehagelig stimuli, men disse teknikkene kan ikke brukes for kronisk søvn begrensning og er mer stressende enn skånsom7, 15. kronisk søvn begrensning kan også gjøres gjennom en risting protokoll som kan brukes med eller uten EEG elektrode implantasjon og tilhørende programvare, men dette hindrer ikke alle skulle sovne og er derfor mindre kontrollerte forhold til skånsom4,16. Muligheten til å begrense eller frata mus søvn i mange dager på rad uten spesifikk utstyr, programvare eller elektrode implantasjon er en fordel av skånsom teknikken. Kronisk søvn begrensning via forsiktig håndtering effektivt begrenser søvn i neonatal gnagere og produserer en rekke atferdsendringer etter de søvn deprivasjon periode8,11,12, 17.
Her beskriver vi resultater som påvirker kronisk søvnmangel i tre timer per dag fra postnatal dag 5 (P5) til P42 betydelig omgjengelighet mus etter en 30-dagers restitusjonsperiode som søvn ikke forstyrres. Disse resultatene markere langtidseffekter av kronisk søvn begrensning under utvikling på fremtidig atferd.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Labs</td>
			<td>000664</td>
			<td>Wildtype mice used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super Mouse 750 Mouse Cage</td>
			<td>Lab Products, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cages for the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SANI-Chips Bedding</td>
			<td>PJ Murphys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bedding for the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S&#38;S Bristle Brush Assortment Pack</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>Item # 13764, Model AB37100</td>
			<td>Paint brushes are used to gently poke mice</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chronic sleep deprivation in mouse pups by means of gentle handling

Søvn er avgjørende for riktig utvikling og nevrale plastisitet. Videre er unormalt søvnmønster karakteristisk for mange neurodevelopmental lidelser. Studere hvordan kronisk søvn begrensning under utviklingen kan påvirke virkemåten for voksne kan legge til vår forståelse av fremveksten av atferdsmessige symptomer på neurodevelopmental lidelser. Mens det er mange metoder som kan brukes til å begrense søvn i gnagere inkludert tvungen bevegelse, konstant avbrudd, presentasjon i aversive stimulans eller elektrisk støt, mange av disse metodene er svært stressende og kan ikke brukes i neonatal mus. Her beskriver vi forsiktig håndtering, en søvn deprivasjon teknikk som kan brukes kronisk gjennom utvikling og inn i voksenlivet for å oppnå søvn begrensning. Skånsom innebærer av musene gjennom søvn deprivasjon perioden og krever forskeren å forsiktig prod dyr når de er inaktiv eller vise opptreden forbundet med søvn. Sammen med EEG innspillinger, kan skånsom brukes å selektivt forstyrre en bestemt fremdriftsfase søvn som REM (REM)-søvn. Teknikken for skånsom er et kraftig verktøy for studier av effekten av kronisk søvn begrensning i neonatal mus som omgår mange av mer stressende prosedyrene brukes for søvnmangel.

Undersøke effektene av kronisk søvn begrensning på atferd, sove vi begrenset mus i tre timer daglig mellom 11:00 AM og 2:00 fra P5 P428. Etter sove begrensningen, mus var igjen uforstyrret i fire uker og lov til å gjenopprette fra søvn begrensningen. Mus ble testet for oppførsel etter fire uker restitusjonsperiode. Testen tre-kammer sosial atferd ble brukt til å vurdere omgjengelighet (preferanse for romanen mus sammenlignet med en roman objektet) og sosiale...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling at JoVE.com

Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling

Vi beskriver en søvn deprivasjon teknikk kjent som forsiktig håndtering der etterforskere forsiktig prod mus helst søvn problemet er observert. Denne metoden er et kraftig verktøy som tillater forskere å studere virkningene kronisk søvn begrensning gjennom utvikling kan ha på fremtidige hjernen fysiologi og atferd.

Kronisk søvnmangel musen Pups gjennom forsiktig håndtering

Sleep is critical for proper development and neural plasticity. Moreover, abnormal sleep patterns are characteristic of many neurodevelopmental disorders. ...

Denne metoden kan bidra til å svare på viktige spørsmål i søvnfeltet som påvirkning av kronisk søvnbegrensning under postnatal utvikling. Den største fordelen med denne teknikken er at den er mindre stressende enn andre søvnmangelteknikker og kan enkelt brukes gjennom utviklingen og fortsette inn i voksen alder. Begynn med å tilordne hvert bur til enten søvnmangelen eller kontrollgruppen.Sørg for at mus har tilgang til mat og vann ad libitum, og fjerne mat, sengetøy eller berikelse objekter som kan begrense synet av musene. For kontrollgruppen, fjern siren fra oppdretterburet på postnatal dag fem og la demningen med valpene til avvenning. Deretter flytter du mus tildelt kontrollgruppen til søvnmangelrommet og prod musene forsiktig med en pensel kontinuerlig i 10 minutter om dagen i løpet av eksperimentet.Etter 10 minutter, returner musene til dyreholdsrommet og ikke forstyrre dem. Begynn med å fjerne siren fra oppdretterburet på postnatal dag fem og la demningen med valpene til avvenning. Flytt mus tildelt søvnmangelgruppen til søvnmangelrommet daglig i lyssyklusen hvor de vil bli overvåket.I løpet av denne tiden, forsiktig prod musen med en pensel hvis mistenkt for å sove til et svar er observert. Alternativt kan du invertere mus og skyve over på ryggen for å forstyrre søvnen. Vurder en mus å sove hvis noe av det følgende oppstår: rykninger, inaktivitet eller hvis øynene er lukket.Vurder mus å være våken hvis de beveger seg rundt, prøver å snu etter å ha vært på ryggen, eller grooming seg selv. Hvis dammen dekker valpene under søvnmangelen, proderer henne forsiktig bort fra valpene slik at utsikten over valpene er ubegrenset. Fortsett med søvnmangelprotokoll til eksperimentets endepunkt.Når den tre timer lange søvnmangelen er fullført, legger du sengetøyet og all mat som kan ha blitt fjernet tilbake og legger lokket tilbake på buret. Til slutt, returnere bur til dyret holder rommet til neste dag med søvnmangel. Etter en måneds restitusjonsperiode indikerte resultatene at i omgjengelighetstesten brukte søvnbegrensede kvinner mer tid på å snuse på den fremmede musen enn å kontrollere kvinner og søvnbegrensede menn hadde en tendens til å bruke mer tid på å snuse på objektet sammenlignet med kontroll menn.Videre, i den sosiale nyhetsfasen av testing, søvn begrenset kvinnelige mus tilbrakte en økt mengde tid sniffing den nye musen enn kvinnelige kontroller. Mens du prøver denne prosedyren, er det viktig å huske å være oppmerksom og umiddelbart svare på pre-søvn atferd, spesielt i neonatal mus hvor søvnbehovet er høyt. Etter denne prosedyren kan andre metoder som åpent felt, rotarod, forhøyet pluss labyrint og sosial atferdstesting utføres for å svare på flere spørsmål som de langsiktige atferdsmessige påvirkningene av kronisk søvnbegrensning under utviklingen.

chronic-sleep-deprivation-in-mouse-pups-by-means-of-gentle-handling

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

Den Crossmodal congruency Task som et middel for å oppnå et mål Behavioral Mål for Gummi Hånd Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

Bruk av Puzzle Box som et middel for vurdering av effektiviteten i miljøberikelse

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

Feilene som et middel for å redusere impulsiv mat valg

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little research to reveal the possible mechanisms behind these effects. To investigate the effect of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, several issues need to be addressed. The first is to identify the acupoints, which correspond between humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, the depth of insertion of the acupuncture needle, the degree of needle twist in manual needle acupuncture, and the stimulation parameters for electroacupuncture (EA) need to be determined. To evaluate the effects of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, a feasible model of epilepsy in rodents is required. We administer pilocarpine into the left central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to simulate focal temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rats. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pilocarpine induces generalized epilepsy and status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Five IP injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) with a one-day interval between each injection successfully induces spontaneous generalized epilepsy in mice. Recordings of electrocorticograms (ECoGs), electromyograms (EMGs), brain temperature, and locomotor activity are used for sleep analysis in rats, while ECoGs, EMGs, and locomotor activity are employed for sleep analysis in mice. ECoG electrodes are implanted into the frontal, parietal, and contralateral occipital cortices, and a thermistor is implanted above the cerebral cortex by stereotactic surgery. EMG electrodes are implanted into the neck muscles, and an infrared detector determines locomotor activity. The criteria for categorizing vigilance stages, including wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep are based on information from ECoGs, EMGs, brain temperature, and locomotor activity. Detailed classification criteria are stated in the text.

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms ECoGs and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

This paper demonstrates the performance of acupuncture, epilepsy models, and the analysis of sleep in rodents. The acupuncture procedure and the identification of acupoints are described. Pilocarpine or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is used to induce epilepsy. Electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), brain temperature, and locomotor activity recordings are employed for sleep analysis.

Manipulering av epileptiske Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) og Sov i rotter og mus med akupunktur

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little ...

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are also referred to as primitive reflexes. They are sensitive and consistent with later outcomes. Abnormal reflexes are described as an absence, persistence, reappearance, or latency of reflexes, which are predictive indices of infants that are at high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, often display aberrant developmental reflexes, as would be observed in human infants. The techniques described assess a variety of neurodevelopmental reflexes in neonatal rats. Neurodevelopmental reflex testing offers the investigator a testing method that is not otherwise available in such young animals. The methodology presented here aims to assist investigators in examining developmental milestones in neonatal rats as a method of detecting early-onset brain injury and/or determining the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The methodology presented here aims to provide a general guideline for investigators.

Behavioral testing is the gold standard for determining outcomes following brain injury, and can identify the presence of developmental disabilities in infants and children. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are an early indicator of these abnormalities. A host of easily accomplished developmental reflex tests in the neonatal rodent were developed and described here.

Neurodevelopmental refleks testing i Neonatal rotteunger

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are ...

Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a long recovery period. To perform an EEG recording, the animal is connected to a receiver, creating an unnatural tether to the head-mount. EEG monitoring is time consuming, carries risk to the animal, and is not a completely natural setting for the measurement of sleep. Alternative methods to detect sleep, particularly in a high-throughput fashion, would greatly advance the field of sleep research. Here, we describe a validated method for detecting sleep via activity-based home-cage monitoring. Previous studies have shown that sleep assessed via this method has a high degree of agreement with sleep defined by traditional EEG-based measures. Whereas this method is validated for total sleep time, it is important to note that sleep bout duration should be assessed by an EEG which has better temporal resolution. The EEG can also differentiate rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep, giving more detail about the exact nature of sleep. Nevertheless, activity-based sleep determination can be used to analyze multiple days of undisturbed sleep and to assess sleep as a response to an acute event (like stress). Here, we show the power of this system to detect the response of mice to daily intraperitoneal injections.

We describe a high-throughput method of measuring sleep by means of activity-based home-cage monitoring. This method offers advantages over traditional EEG-based methods. It is well validated for the determination of total sleep duration and can be a powerful tool to monitor sleep in rodent models of human disease.

Noninvasive, høy gjennomstrømming fastsettelse av søvn varighet i gnagere

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

Måle aktiv og passiv Tameness separat i mus

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

Romanen objekt gjenkjenning og objektet plassering opptreden i mus på et budsjett

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various ...

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep deprivation, and consolidated periods of behavioral immobility. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus), is a model for studying trait evolution in response to environmental perturbation. A. mexicanus exist as in eyed surface-dwelling forms and multiple blind cave-dwelling populations that have robust morphological and behavioral differences. Sleep loss has occurred in multiple, independently-evolved cavefish populations. This protocol describes a methodology for quantifying sleep and locomotor activity in A. mexicanus cave and surface fish. A cost-effective video monitoring system allows for behavioral imaging of individually-housed larval or adult fish for periods of a week or longer. The system can be applied to fish aged 4 days post fertilization through adulthood. The approach can also be adapted for measuring the effects of social interactions on sleep by recording multiple fish in a single arena. Following behavioral recordings, data is analyzed using automated tracking software and sleep analysis is processed using customized scripts that quantify multiple sleep variables including duration, bout length, and bout number. This system can be applied to measure sleep, circadian behavior, and locomotor activity in almost any fish species including zebrafish and sticklebacks.

This protocol details the methodology for quantifying locomotor behavior and sleep in the Mexican cavefish. Previous analyses are extended to measure these behaviors in socially-housed fish. This system can be widely applied to study sleep and activity in other fish species.

Automatisert målinger av søvn og Locomotor aktivitet i meksikansk Cavefish

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep ...

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely linked to the pathogenesis of diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. We recently found that 2 months of sleep fragmentation initiated Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD)-like behavioral and pathological changes in young wild-type mice. Herein, we present a standardized protocol to achieve chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF). Briefly, CSF was induced by an orbital rotor vibrating at 110 rpm and operating with a repetitive cycle of 10 s-on, 110 s-off, during light-ON phase (8:00 AM&#8211;8:00 PM) continuously for up to 2 months. Impairments of spatial learning and memory, anxiety-like but not depression-like behavior in mice as consequences of CSF modeling, were evaluated with Morris water maze (MWM), Novel object recognition (NOR), Open field test (OFT) and Forced swimming test (FST). In comparison with other sleep manipulations, this protocol minimizes the handling labors and maximizes the modeling efficiency. It produces stable phenotypes in young wild-type mice and can be potentially generated for a variety of research purposes.

Presented here is a protocol for chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF) model achieved by an electrically controlled orbital rotor, which could induce confirmed cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in young wild-type mice. This model can be applied to explore the pathogenesis of chronic sleep disturbance and related disorders.

En kronisk søvnfragmenteringsmodell ved hjelp av vibrerende orbital rotor for å indusere kognitivt underskudd og angstlignende oppførsel hos unge villtypemus

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely ...