Name: chronic sleep deprivation in mouse pups by means of gentle handling
Uploaded: 2018-10-11T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling at JoVE.com

Bu araştırma NIMH (ziya MH00889) Intramural araştırma programı tarafından finanse edildi. RMS FRAXA doktora sonrası bursu tarafından da desteklenmiştir.

Not: Tüm yordamlar Ulusal Enstitüsü ruh sağlığı hayvan bakımı ve kullanımı Komitesi tarafından onaylanmış ve ulusal sağlık kuralları Enstitüleri bakım ve hayvanların kullanımı uygun olarak gerçekleştirilen.
1. uyku yoksunluğu Kur
<ol><li>Yumuşak boya fırçaları yavaşça fare ne zaman uykuya poke için kullanın.<ol>
<li>Boya fırçası fareler gıda erişimi ve uyku yoksunluğu sırasında ad libitum su sağlamak için fare kafesi besleyici parmaklıklar...

<ol>
	<li>Picchioni, D., Reith, R. M., Nadel, J. L., Smith, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep,+plasticity+and+the+pathophysiology+of+neurodevelopmental+disorders:+the+potential+roles+of+protein+synthesis+and+other+cellular+processes.">Sleep, plasticity and the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders: the potential roles of protein synthesis and other cellular processes.</a> Brain Sci. 4 (1), 150-201 (2014).</li><li>Li, W., Ma, L., Yang, G., Gan, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=REM+sleep+selectively+prunes+and+maintains+new+synapses+in+development+and+learning.">REM sleep selectively prunes and maintains new synapses in development and learning.</a> Nat Neurosci. 20 (3), 427-437 (2017).</li><li>Peirano, P. D., Algarin, C. 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G., Morrissette, R., Heller, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+sleep+deprivation+in+neonatal+rats.">Effects of sleep deprivation in neonatal rats.</a> Am J Physiol. 275 (1 Pt 2), R148-R157 (1998).</li><li>Todd, W. D., Gibson, J. L., Shaw, C. S., Blumberg, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brainstem+and+hypothalamic+regulation+of+sleep+pressure+and+rebound+in+newborn+rats.">Brainstem and hypothalamic regulation of sleep pressure and rebound in newborn rats.</a> Behav Neurosci. 124 (1), 69-78 (2010).</li><li>Sare, R. M., Levine, M., Hildreth, C., Picchioni, D., Smith, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+sleep+restriction+during+development+can+lead+to+long-lasting+behavioral+effects.">Chronic sleep restriction during development can lead to long-lasting behavioral effects.</a> Physiol Behav. 155, 208-217 (2016).</li><li>Colavito, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+sleep+deprivation+as+a+tool+to+test+memory+deficits+in+rodents.">Experimental sleep deprivation as a tool to test memory deficits in rodents.</a> Front Syst Neurosci. 7, 106 (2013).</li><li>Franken, P., Dijk, D. J., Tobler, I., Borbely, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+in+rats:+Effects+on+EEG+power+spectra,+vigilance+states,+and+cortical+temperature.">Sleep deprivation in rats: Effects on EEG power spectra, vigilance states, and cortical temperature.</a> Am J Physiol. 261 (1 Pt 2), R198-R208 (1991).</li><li>Araujo, P., Coelho, C. A., Oliveira, M. G., Tufik, S., Andersen, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+sleep+restriction+increases+nociceptive+sensitivity+in+adolescent+mice.">Neonatal sleep restriction increases nociceptive sensitivity in adolescent mice.</a> Pain Physician. 21 (2), E137-E148 (2018).</li><li>Araujo, P., Tufik, S., Anderson, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+and+pain:+A+relationship+that+begins+in+early+life.">Sleep and pain: A relationship that begins in early life.</a> Pain Physician. 17 (6), E787-E798 (2014).</li><li>Hairston, I. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+effects+on+growth+factor+expression+in+neonatal+rats:+a+potential+role+for+BDNF+in+the+mediation+of+delta+power.">Sleep deprivation effects on growth factor expression in neonatal rats: a potential role for BDNF in the mediation of delta power.</a> J Neurophysiol. 91 (4), 1586-1595 (2004).</li><li>Hairston, I. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+elevates+plasma+corticosterone+levels+in+neonatal+rats.">Sleep deprivation elevates plasma corticosterone levels in neonatal rats.</a> Neurosci Lett. 315 (1-2), 29-32 (2001).</li><li>Blumberg, M. S., Middlemis-Brown, J. E., Johnson, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+homeostasis+in+infant+rats.">Sleep homeostasis in infant rats.</a> Behav Neurosci. 118 (6), 1253-1261 (2004).</li><li>Feng, P., Vogel, G. W., Obermeyer, W., Kinney, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+instrumental+method+for+long-term+continuous+REM+sleep+deprivation+of+neonatal+rats.">An instrumental method for long-term continuous REM sleep deprivation of neonatal rats.</a> Sleep. 23 (2), 175-183 (2000).</li><li>Xu, Z. Q., Gao, C. Y., Fang, C. Q., Zhou, H. D., Jiang, X. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanism+and+characterization+of+learning+and+memory+impairment+in+sleep-deprived+mice.">The mechanism and characterization of learning and memory impairment in sleep-deprived mice.</a> Cell Biochem Biophys. 58 (3), 137-140 (2010).</li><li>Barriga, C., Martin, M. I., Tabla, R., Ortega, E., Rodriguez, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+rhythm+of+melatonin,+corticosterone+and+phagocytosis:+Effect+of+stress.">Circadian rhythm of melatonin, corticosterone and phagocytosis: Effect of stress.</a> J Pineal Res. 30 (3), 180-187 (2001).</li><li>Nadler, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+apparatus+for+quantitation+of+social+approach+behaviors+in+mice.">Automated apparatus for quantitation of social approach behaviors in mice.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 3 (5), 303-314 (2004).</li><li>Thomas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marble+burying+reflects+a+repetitive+and+perseverative+behavior+more+than+novelty-induced+anxiety.">Marble burying reflects a repetitive and perseverative behavior more than novelty-induced anxiety.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 204 (2), 361-373 (2009).</li><li>Karlsson, K. A., Blumberg, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+union+of+the+state:+Myoclonic+twitching+is+coupled+with+nuchal+muscle+atonia+in+infant+rats.">The union of the state: Myoclonic twitching is coupled with nuchal muscle atonia in infant rats.</a> Behav Neurosci. 116 (5), 912-917 (2002).</li></ol>

Burada bir yöntemi açıklamak için uykusuzluk, kemirgen her iki yavru ve yetişkin kullanılabilir işleme, nazik. Nazik teslim araştırmacılar fareler bir uyku yoksunluğu dönemi süresince gözlemlemek ve etkin olmayan veya uyku önlemek için tik olduklarında yavaşça hayvanlar eşya gerektirir. Önceki uyku yoksunluğu çalışmaları nazik işleme hem REM engeller ve non - REM NREM uyku10eşzamanlı electroencephalogram (EEG) kayıtları aracılığıyla doğruladıktan. Nazik işleme...

Uyku nöronal plastisite ve synapse oluşumu ve eleme sırasında beyin geliştirme1,2kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle, Hızlı göz hareketleri (REM) uyku her iki güçlendirilmesi belirli sinapslarda ve sinaptik budama2ile istikrarlı sinaptik devreleri kurma esastır. Farmakolojik uyku yoksunluğu erken yaşamda birçok fizyolojik ve davranışsal açıkları3,4' e yol açar. Ek olarak farmakolojik uyku yoksunluğu, diğer formları gibi sürekli titriyor, uykusuzluk, zorla hareket veya itici bir uyarıcı sunumunu yetişkinlik sırasında farklı depresyon benzeri belirtiler ile ilişkili olmuştur sinir harekete geçirmek desen ve uyku zaman ve uyku süreklilikte bir iyileşme döneminde yoksunluğu5,6,7takip sırasında değişiklikleri. Uyku kronik fareler üzerinde beş hafta geliştirme sırasında sınırlı zaman davranış açıkları uyku kurtarma8ay takip tespit edildi. Birlikte ele alındığında, bu çalışmalar yenidoğan kemirgen uykusunda bozulma daha sonra uyku düzeni, beyin fonksiyonu ve davranışını etkileyebilir öneririz. Uyku insanlarda, otistik spektrum bozukluğu, tüberoz skleroz kompleksi, kırılgan X sendromu ve dikkat eksikliği/hiperaktivite gibi nörogelişimsel bozuklukları olan birçok hasta normal beyin gelişimi için önemini vurgulama Bozukluğu, uyku düzeni davranış açıkları1çeşitli ek olarak rapor anormallikleri.
Anormal uyku düzeni ile ilgili olan nörogelişimsel bozukluklar sayısı göz önüne alındığında, beyin fonksiyonu ve davranış uyku eksikliği nasıl etkilediğini anlamak önemlidir. Ancak, veri rağmen bu uyku önemi geliştirme, sınırlamak veya hayvan yetişkin odaklanarak uyku mahrum çoğu metodolojileri sırasında destekler. Bu teknikler gerektiren testleri lokomotor aktivite (Örneğin, sabit koşu bandı), sürekli bozulma (süpürmek bar veya sürekli yeni nesne tanıtımı dönenÖrneğin, ) veya hayvan başlangıcı, rahatsız edici zorla çeşitli içerir REM uykusu (Örneğin, su üzerinde platformu)9,10. Bu yöntemler etkili yetişkinlerde uyku yoksunluğu ile ilgili sorunları göstermiştir, bu yöntemlerden hiçbiri kendi sınırlı mobilite, yüksek uyku sürücü ve erken yaşamda stres olumsuz etkileri nedeniyle kemirgen yavrular için uygun olmakla birlikte. Geliştirme sırasında uyku önemi nedeniyle, yetişkinlik sırasında nasıl sınırlı uyku yenidoğan pups etkiler gelecek davranış anlamak için önemlidir.
Kemirgen pups içinde kullanılabilir uyku sınırlandırmada bir nazik işleme tekniğidir. Nazik işleme doğrudan herhangi bir zaman uyku davranış gözlenen kemirgenler ile etkileşim araştırmacı içerir. Müfettişler fiziksel olarak yenidoğan kemirgenler8,10,11,12,13,14 uykusunda bozmaya ellerini, fırça ya da roman nesneleri sunumunu kullanabilirsiniz . Uyku davranışsal motor aktivite, Miyklonik seğirmesi ve göz kapatma (içinde büyük kemirgen pups) tarafından belirlenebilir. EEG doğrulama nazik işleme bu davranışları üzerinde dayalı ile uyku engellemeden toplam uyku süresi P12 fareler1491 oranında azalttığı onaylar. Elektrik çarpması ve hoş olmayan uyarıcılara sunumunu genç fareler mahrum için kullanılan diğer teknikleri içerir, ancak bu teknikler Kronik uyku kısıtlama için kullanılamaz ve nazik işleme7daha, daha stresli 15. Kronik uyku kısıtlama veya EEG elektrot implantasyon ve ilişkili bilgisayar yazılımı olmadan kullanılabilir titreyen bir iletişim kuralı aracılığıyla da gerçekleştirilebilir, ama bu iletişim kuralı tüm uyku engellemez ve bu nedenle daha az kontrollü nazik işleme4' e,16ile karşılaştırıldığında. Kısıtlamak veya fareler belirli donanımları, bilgisayar yazılım veya elektrot implantasyon olmadan arka arkaya birçok gün için uyku mahrum bir yararı nazik işleme tekniği, yeteneğidir. Nazik etkili kullanımı ile Kronik uyku kısıtlama uyku yenidoğan Rodents sınırlar ve uyku yoksunluğu dönem8,11,12, aşağıdaki davranış değişiklikleri çeşitli üretir 17.
Burada, içinde kronik uykusuzluk P42 için Doğum sonrası günden 5 (P5) günde üç saat önemli ölçüde sosyallik 30 günlük kurtarma döneminden sonra hangi uyku rahatsız farelerin etkiler sonuçları açıklayın. Bu sonuçlar Kronik uyku kısıtlama gelecekteki davranışı üzerinde geliştirme sırasında uzun vadeli etkileri vurgulayın.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Labs</td>
			<td>000664</td>
			<td>Wildtype mice used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super Mouse 750 Mouse Cage</td>
			<td>Lab Products, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cages for the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SANI-Chips Bedding</td>
			<td>PJ Murphys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bedding for the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S&#38;S Bristle Brush Assortment Pack</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>Item # 13764, Model AB37100</td>
			<td>Paint brushes are used to gently poke mice</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chronic sleep deprivation in mouse pups by means of gentle handling

Uyku uygun geliştirme ve nöral plastisite için önemlidir. Ayrıca, anormal uyku düzeni birçok nörogelişimsel bozukluklar özelliği vardır. Eğitim nasıl Kronik uyku kısıtlama geliştirme sırasında yetişkin davranışını etkileyebilir nörogelişimsel bozukluklarının davranışsal belirtiler ortaya çıkması anlayışımızı ekleyebilirsiniz. Uyku zorla hareket, sürekli bozulma, sunu bir caydırıcı uyarıcı veya elektrik çarpması da dahil olmak üzere Rodents sınırlamak için kullanılan birçok yöntem olmakla birlikte, bu yöntemlerin çoğu çok stresli ve neonatal farelerde kullanılamaz. Burada, yumuşak taşıma, kronik boyunca geliştirme ve yetişkinlik içine uyku kısıtlama elde etmek için kullanılabilir bir uyku yoksunluğu teknik açıklayın. Nazik işleme uyku yoksunluğu süresi boyunca farelerin yakın gözlem içerir ve her ne zaman onlar etkin değildir veya uyku ile ilişkili davranışları görüntülemek yavaşça hayvanlar eşya araştırmacı gerektirir. EEG kayıtları ile birleştiğinde, nazik işleme seçime bağlı olarak uyku hızlı göz hareketleri (REM) uyku gibi belirli bir aşaması bozmaya kullanılabilir. Nazik işleme tekniği çok uykusuzluk için kullanılan daha stresli yordamlar circumvents Kronik uyku kısıtlama yenidoğan farelerde bile etkileri çalışma için güçlü bir araçtır.

Kronik uyku kısıtlaması davranış üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak için kısıtlı fareler her gün 11:00 ile 2:00 dan P5 P428arası üç saattir uyuyoruz. Uyku kısıtlama fare dört hafta rahatsız edilmeden sol ve uyku kısıtlama kurtarmak için izin. Fareler dört haftalık kurtarma süre aşağıdaki davranış için test edildi. Üç-odası sosyal davranış testi sosyallik (roman bir nesneye göre bir roman fare için tercih) ve sosyal yenilik (tan?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling at JoVE.com

Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling

Biz nerede müfettişler yavaşça fare uyku davranış gözlenen her zaman eşya nazik işleme olarak bilinen bir uyku yoksunluğu tekniği tarif. Bu yöntem araştırmacılar Kronik uyku kısıtlama geliştirme boyunca gelecek beyin fizyolojisi ve davranış olabilir etkileri çalışmaya olanak sağlayan güçlü bir araçtır.

Kronik uykusuzluk Mouse aracılığıyla yumuşak kauçuk sersemler

Sleep is critical for proper development and neural plasticity. Moreover, abnormal sleep patterns are characteristic of many neurodevelopmental disorders. ...

Bu yöntem, doğum sonrası gelişim sırasında kronik uyku kısıtlamasının etkileri gibi uyku alanındaki temel soruların yanıtlanmasına yardımcı olabilir. Bu tekniğin en büyük avantajı, diğer uyku yoksunluğu teknikleri ne kadar az stresli olduğunu ve kolayca gelişim boyunca kullanılabilir ve yetişkinlik içine devam olmasıdır. Her kafesi uyku yoksunluğuna veya kontrol grubuna atayarak başlayın.Farelerin yiyecek ve su reklamı libitumuna erişebilmesini sağlayın ve farelerin görünümünü kısıtlayacak gıda, yatak veya zenginleştirme nesnelerini çıkarın. Kontrol grubu için, doğum sonrası beşinci gün damızlık kafesinden sire çıkarın ve yavru ile yavrular ile terk evvel kadar. Daha sonra, kontrol grubuna atanan fareleri uyku yoksunluğu odasına taşıyın ve deney süresince fareleri günde 10 dakika boyunca sürekli bir fırçayla hafifçe hareket ettirin.10 dakika sonra fareleri hayvan tutma odasına geri verin ve rahatsız etmeyin. Doğum sonrası beşinci günde sire'yi yetiştirici kafesinden çıkararak başlayın ve yavrularla birlikte yavrular kesin. Uyku yoksunluğu grubuna atanan fareleri, izlenecekleri ışık döngüsü sırasında her gün uyku yoksunluğu odasına taşıyın.Bu süre zarfında, bir yanıt gözlemlenene kadar uykuda olduğundan şüpheleniliyorsa fareyi hafifçe bir fırçayla dürtün. Alternatif olarak, fareler ters ve uyku bozmak için sırtüstü itin. Aşağıdakilerden herhangi biri oluşursa farenin uyuduğunu düşünün: seğirme, hareketsizlik veya gözler kapalıysa.Farelerin etrafta dolaşıyorlarsa, sırtüstü yandaldıktan sonra takla atmaya çalışıyorsa ya da kendilerini tımar ediyorlarsa uyanık olduklarını düşünün. Baraj uyku yoksunluğu sırasında yavruları kapsıyorsa, yavruların görünümü kısıtlanmasın diye onu yavaşça yavrulardan uzaklaştırın. Deney bitiş noktasına kadar uyku yoksunluğu protokolü ile devam edin.Uyku yoksunluğu üç saatlik süre tamamlandığında, yatak ve geri kaldırılmış olabilir herhangi bir gıda koymak ve kafes in kapağı geri koymak. Son olarak, uyku yoksunluğu ertesi güne kadar hayvan tutma odasına kafesleri dönün. Bir aylık iyileşme döneminin ardından, sonuçlar, sosyallik testinde, uyku kısıtlamalı kadınların kontrol eden dişilerden daha yabancı fareyi koklamak için daha fazla zaman harcadığını ve uyku kısıtlı erkeklerinin kontrol erkeklere kıyasla nesneyi koklamaya daha fazla zaman ayırma eğiliminde olduğunu göstermiştir.Ayrıca, test sosyal yenilik aşamasında, uyku kısıtlı kadın fareler kadın kontrolleri daha roman fare koklama daha fazla zaman harcadı. Bu prosedürü denerken, özellikle uyku ihtiyacının yüksek olduğu yenidoğan farelerde, dikkat etmeyi ve uyku öncesi davranışlara derhal yanıt vermeyi unutmamak önemlidir. Bu prosedürü takiben, gelişim sırasında kronik uyku kısıtlamasının uzun süreli davranışsal etkileri gibi ek soruları cevaplamak için açık alan, rotarod, yükseltilmiş artı labirent ve sosyal davranış testi gibi diğer yöntemler de yapılabilir.

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JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

Kauçuk El Illusion Paradigma bir Amaç Davranış Tedbir Alınması Aracı Olarak Crossmodal Congruency Görev

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Davranış

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

Çevre Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi Zenginleştirme Aracı Olarak Bulmaca Box Kullanımı

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

Impulsive Gıda Seçim Azaltma Aracı Olarak Hatalar

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little research to reveal the possible mechanisms behind these effects. To investigate the effect of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, several issues need to be addressed. The first is to identify the acupoints, which correspond between humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, the depth of insertion of the acupuncture needle, the degree of needle twist in manual needle acupuncture, and the stimulation parameters for electroacupuncture (EA) need to be determined. To evaluate the effects of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, a feasible model of epilepsy in rodents is required. We administer pilocarpine into the left central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to simulate focal temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rats. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pilocarpine induces generalized epilepsy and status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Five IP injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) with a one-day interval between each injection successfully induces spontaneous generalized epilepsy in mice. Recordings of electrocorticograms (ECoGs), electromyograms (EMGs), brain temperature, and locomotor activity are used for sleep analysis in rats, while ECoGs, EMGs, and locomotor activity are employed for sleep analysis in mice. ECoG electrodes are implanted into the frontal, parietal, and contralateral occipital cortices, and a thermistor is implanted above the cerebral cortex by stereotactic surgery. EMG electrodes are implanted into the neck muscles, and an infrared detector determines locomotor activity. The criteria for categorizing vigilance stages, including wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep are based on information from ECoGs, EMGs, brain temperature, and locomotor activity. Detailed classification criteria are stated in the text.

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms ECoGs and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

This paper demonstrates the performance of acupuncture, epilepsy models, and the analysis of sleep in rodents. The acupuncture procedure and the identification of acupoints are described. Pilocarpine or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is used to induce epilepsy. Electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), brain temperature, and locomotor activity recordings are employed for sleep analysis.

Akupunktur ile Sıçan ve Farelerde Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) Manipülasyon ve Uyku

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little ...

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are also referred to as primitive reflexes. They are sensitive and consistent with later outcomes. Abnormal reflexes are described as an absence, persistence, reappearance, or latency of reflexes, which are predictive indices of infants that are at high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, often display aberrant developmental reflexes, as would be observed in human infants. The techniques described assess a variety of neurodevelopmental reflexes in neonatal rats. Neurodevelopmental reflex testing offers the investigator a testing method that is not otherwise available in such young animals. The methodology presented here aims to assist investigators in examining developmental milestones in neonatal rats as a method of detecting early-onset brain injury and/or determining the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The methodology presented here aims to provide a general guideline for investigators.

Behavioral testing is the gold standard for determining outcomes following brain injury, and can identify the presence of developmental disabilities in infants and children. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are an early indicator of these abnormalities. A host of easily accomplished developmental reflex tests in the neonatal rodent were developed and described here.

Yenidoğan sıçan yavrularının sinir gelişimi Refleks Testleri

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are ...

Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a long recovery period. To perform an EEG recording, the animal is connected to a receiver, creating an unnatural tether to the head-mount. EEG monitoring is time consuming, carries risk to the animal, and is not a completely natural setting for the measurement of sleep. Alternative methods to detect sleep, particularly in a high-throughput fashion, would greatly advance the field of sleep research. Here, we describe a validated method for detecting sleep via activity-based home-cage monitoring. Previous studies have shown that sleep assessed via this method has a high degree of agreement with sleep defined by traditional EEG-based measures. Whereas this method is validated for total sleep time, it is important to note that sleep bout duration should be assessed by an EEG which has better temporal resolution. The EEG can also differentiate rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep, giving more detail about the exact nature of sleep. Nevertheless, activity-based sleep determination can be used to analyze multiple days of undisturbed sleep and to assess sleep as a response to an acute event (like stress). Here, we show the power of this system to detect the response of mice to daily intraperitoneal injections.

We describe a high-throughput method of measuring sleep by means of activity-based home-cage monitoring. This method offers advantages over traditional EEG-based methods. It is well validated for the determination of total sleep duration and can be a powerful tool to monitor sleep in rodent models of human disease.

Uyku süresi Rodents noninvaziv, yüksek üretilen iş belirlenmesi

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

Aktif ve pasif Tameness ayrı olarak farelerde ölçme

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

Yeni nesne tanıma ve nesnenin konumunu bir bütçe farelerde test davranış

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various ...

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep deprivation, and consolidated periods of behavioral immobility. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus), is a model for studying trait evolution in response to environmental perturbation. A. mexicanus exist as in eyed surface-dwelling forms and multiple blind cave-dwelling populations that have robust morphological and behavioral differences. Sleep loss has occurred in multiple, independently-evolved cavefish populations. This protocol describes a methodology for quantifying sleep and locomotor activity in A. mexicanus cave and surface fish. A cost-effective video monitoring system allows for behavioral imaging of individually-housed larval or adult fish for periods of a week or longer. The system can be applied to fish aged 4 days post fertilization through adulthood. The approach can also be adapted for measuring the effects of social interactions on sleep by recording multiple fish in a single arena. Following behavioral recordings, data is analyzed using automated tracking software and sleep analysis is processed using customized scripts that quantify multiple sleep variables including duration, bout length, and bout number. This system can be applied to measure sleep, circadian behavior, and locomotor activity in almost any fish species including zebrafish and sticklebacks.

This protocol details the methodology for quantifying locomotor behavior and sleep in the Mexican cavefish. Previous analyses are extended to measure these behaviors in socially-housed fish. This system can be widely applied to study sleep and activity in other fish species.

Uyku ve Meksika Cavefish Lokomotor aktivite otomatik ölçümleri

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep ...

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely linked to the pathogenesis of diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. We recently found that 2 months of sleep fragmentation initiated Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD)-like behavioral and pathological changes in young wild-type mice. Herein, we present a standardized protocol to achieve chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF). Briefly, CSF was induced by an orbital rotor vibrating at 110 rpm and operating with a repetitive cycle of 10 s-on, 110 s-off, during light-ON phase (8:00 AM&#8211;8:00 PM) continuously for up to 2 months. Impairments of spatial learning and memory, anxiety-like but not depression-like behavior in mice as consequences of CSF modeling, were evaluated with Morris water maze (MWM), Novel object recognition (NOR), Open field test (OFT) and Forced swimming test (FST). In comparison with other sleep manipulations, this protocol minimizes the handling labors and maximizes the modeling efficiency. It produces stable phenotypes in young wild-type mice and can be potentially generated for a variety of research purposes.

Presented here is a protocol for chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF) model achieved by an electrically controlled orbital rotor, which could induce confirmed cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in young wild-type mice. This model can be applied to explore the pathogenesis of chronic sleep disturbance and related disorders.

Genç Vahşi Tip Farelerde Bilişsel Açık ve Anksiyete Benzeri Davranışlara Neden Olmak İçin Titreşimli Orbital Rotor Kullanan Kronik Uyku Parçalanma Modeli

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely ...