Name: laminectomy and spinal cord window implantation in the mouse
Uploaded: 2019-10-23T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse at JoVE.com

S.E. Lutz er støttet af det nationale center for fremme translational Sciences, nationale institutter for sundhed, under Grant KL2TR002002 og University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine start-up midler. Simon Alford understøttes af RO1 MH084874. Indholdet er udelukkende ansvaret for forfatterne og ikke nødvendigvis repræsenterer de officielle synspunkter af NIH. Forfatterne tak Dritan Agalliu i Department of Neurology på Columbia University Medical Center for TG eGFP: Claudin-5 mus, videnskabelige diskussioner, og indsigt i udviklingen af den kirurgiske protokol og Imaging applikationer. Forfatterne tak Sunil P. Gandhi i Department of Neurobiology og Behavior på University of California, Irvine for at designe den første prototype af stereoanlæg og dyre temperatur controller, diskussion af den kirurgiske protokol, og træning i to-foton mikroskopi. Forfatterne takker også Steve Pickens (W. Nuhsbaum, Inc.) for at hjælpe med at tilpasse det kirurgiske stereomicroskop og Ron Lipinski (hval fremstilling) til bearbejdning af stereotaktiske dele.

Alle eksperimenter følge University of Illinois, Chicago institutionelle dyrepasning og brug udvalg protokoller. Dette er en Terminal procedure.
1. klargøring af reagens
<ol><li>Forbered kunstig cerebral spinalvæske (aCSF) til at indeholde 125 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 10 mM glucose, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM MgCl2· 6h2o, 2 mm CaCl2· 2H2o i DDH2o. sterilt filter og fryse i individuelle brug aliquoter. Varm aCSF i et vandbad til 39 °C før brug.</...

<ol>
	<li>Weinger, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+imaging+of+cellular+dynamics+in+the+mouse+spinal+cord.">Two-photon imaging of cellular dynamics in the mouse spinal cord.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (96), (2015).</li><li>Davalos, D., Akassoglou, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+the+mouse+spinal+cord+using+two-photon+microscopy.">In vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord using two-photon microscopy.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (59), (2012).</li><li>Farrar, M. J., Schaffer, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+procedure+for+implanting+a+spinal+chamber+for+longitudinal+in+vivo+imaging+of+the+mouse+spinal+cord.">A procedure for implanting a spinal chamber for longitudinal in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (94), (2014).</li><li>Fenrich, K. K., Weber, P., Rougon, G., Debarbieux, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implanting+glass+spinal+cord+windows+in+adult+mice+with+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Implanting glass spinal cord windows in adult mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (82), e50826 (2013).</li><li>Figley, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+spinal+cord+window+chamber+model+for+in+vivo+longitudinal+multimodal+optical+and+acoustic+imaging+in+a+murine+model.">A spinal cord window chamber model for in vivo longitudinal multimodal optical and acoustic imaging in a murine model.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (3), e58081 (2013).</li><li>Helmchen, F., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+tissue+two-photon+microscopy.">Deep tissue two-photon microscopy.</a> Nature Methods. 2 (12), 932-940 (2005).</li><li>Liebner, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+morphology+of+the+blood-brain+barrier+in+health+and+disease.">Functional morphology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 135 (3), 311-336 (2018).</li><li>Shen, L., Weber, C. R., Turner, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tight+junction+protein+complex+undergoes+rapid+and+continuous+molecular+remodeling+at+steady+state.">The tight junction protein complex undergoes rapid and continuous molecular remodeling at steady state.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 181 (4), 683-695 (2008).</li><li>Knowland, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stepwise+recruitment+of+transcellular+and+paracellular+pathways+underlies+blood-brain+barrier+breakdown+in+stroke.">Stepwise recruitment of transcellular and paracellular pathways underlies blood-brain barrier breakdown in stroke.</a> Neuron. 82, 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Lutz, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caveolin1+Is+Required+for+Th1+Cell+Infiltration,+but+Not+Tight+Junction+Remodeling,+at+the+Blood-Brain+Barrier+in+Autoimmune+Neuroinflammation.">Caveolin1 Is Required for Th1 Cell Infiltration, but Not Tight Junction Remodeling, at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation.</a> Cell Reports. 21 (8), 2104-2117 (2017).</li><li>Harrison, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertebral+landmarks+for+the+identification+of+spinal+cord+segments+in+the+mouse.">Vertebral landmarks for the identification of spinal cord segments in the mouse.</a> Neuroimage. 68, 22-29 (2013).</li><li>Cupido, A., Catalin, B., Steffens, H., Kirchhoff, F., Bakota, L., Brandt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Scanning Microscopy and Quantitative Image Analysis of Neuronal Tissue. , 37-50 (2014).</li><li>Sekiguchi, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+large-scale+cellular+activity+in+spinal+cord+of+freely+behaving+mice.">Imaging large-scale cellular activity in spinal cord of freely behaving mice.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 11450 (2016).</li><li>Nadrigny, F., Le Meur, K., Schomburg, E. D., Safavi-Abbasi, S., Dibaj, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+laser-scanning+microscopy+for+single+and+repetitive+imaging+of+dorsal+and+lateral+spinal+white+matter+in+vivo.">Two-photon laser-scanning microscopy for single and repetitive imaging of dorsal and lateral spinal white matter in vivo.</a> Physiological Research. 66 (3), 531-537 (2017).</li><li>Adelsperger, A. R., Bigiarelli-Nogas, K. J., Toore, I., Goergen, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+Low-flow+Digital+Anesthesia+System+for+Mice+and+Rats.">Use of a Low-flow Digital Anesthesia System for Mice and Rats.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (115), (2016).</li><li>Damen, F. W., Adelsperger, A. R., Wilson, K. E., Goergen, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Traditional+and+Integrated+Digital+Anesthetic+Vaporizers.">Comparison of Traditional and Integrated Digital Anesthetic Vaporizers.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 54 (6), 756-762 (2015).</li><li>Miyamoto, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+COX-2+inhibitor+celecoxib+prevents+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+through+COX-2-independent+pathway.">Selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through COX-2-independent pathway.</a> Brain. 129 (Pt 8), 1984-1992 (2006).</li><li>Muthian, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=COX-2+inhibitors+modulate+IL-12+signaling+through+JAK-STAT+pathway+leading+to+Th1+response+in+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis.">COX-2 inhibitors modulate IL-12 signaling through JAK-STAT pathway leading to Th1 response in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.</a> Journal of Clinical Immunology. 26 (1), 73-85 (2006).</li></ol>

Den metode, der er beskrevet her, giver mulighed for stabil billeddannelse af rygmarven i mus gennem et glas vindue. Denne metode er blevet anvendt til at vurdere BBB remodeling i transgene eGFP: Claudin5 +/-mus, der udtrykker en fluorescerende BBB stramt Junction protein, men det kunne anvendes lige så godt for undersøgelser af eventuelle fluorescerende proteiner eller celler i rygmarven.
Flere metoder til laminektomi og rygmarvs stabilisering er blevet udviklet. Alle protokoller adresse st...

Transgene dyremodeller, der udtrykker fluorescerende proteiner, når de kombineres med intravital mikroskopi, giver en stærk platform til håndtering af biologi og patofysiologi. For at anvende disse teknikker til rygmarven, er specialiserede protokoller forpligtet til at forberede rygmarven til billeddannelse. En sådan strategi er at gennemføre en laminektomi og rygmarven vindue implantation. De vigtigste funktioner i en ideel laminektomi protokol til mikroskopi omfatter bevarelse af indfødte væv struktur og funktion, stabilitet af billedbehandlings feltet, hurtig behandlingstid, og reproducerbarhed af resultater. En særlig udfordring er at stabilisere billedfeltet mod bevægelsen induceret af respiration og hjerteslag. Flere ex vivo og in vivo strategier er blevet rapporteret til at nå disse mål1,2,3,4,5. De fleste in vivo metoder involverer fastspænding af siderne af rygsøjlen2,4 og er ofte efterfulgt af implantering af et stift metal apparat3,4 for stabilitet under kirurgi og downstream-billedbehandlings applikationer. Fastspænding rygsøjle kan potentielt kompromittere blodgennemstrømningen og inducere blod-hjerne barrieren (BBB) protein remodeling.
Formålet med denne metode er at gøre den intakte rygmarv til rådighed for optisk billeddannelse i levende mus samtidig minimere invasivitet af protokollen og forbedre resultaterne. Vi beskriver en enkelt laminektomi og Cover-Glass implantation procedure parret med en minimalt invasiv oval plast 3D-printet bagplade, der stadig opnår robust mekanisk stabilitet. Bagpladen overholdes direkte til de forreste og bageste vertebrale Spiner med Dental cement. Bagpladen er udstyret med laterale forlængerarme med skruehuller, der stift Fastgør til mikroskop scenen via en metalarm. Dette forankrer effektivt den intakte forreste og bageste hvirvlen til mikroskopet, hvilket giver mekanisk modstandsdygtighed over for bevægelses artefakt, der ellers ville blive introduceret ved respiration og hjerteslag. Metoden er blevet optimeret til laminektomi af en enkelt hvirvel på thorax niveau 12, udelade de klemmer, der anvendes i alternative strategier for stabilitet under in vivo Imaging. Proceduren er hurtig, tager ca 30 min per mus.
Denne protokol kan bruges til at studere sygdomsmekanismer af BBB. BBB er et dynamisk mikrovaskulære system bestående af endotelceller, vaskulære glatte muskler, pericytes, og astrocyt Foot processer, der giver et meget selektivt miljø for centralnervesystemet (CNS). Repræsentative data viser anvendelsen af denne protokol i Transgene mus konstrueret til at udtrykke forbedret grønt fluorescerende protein (eGFP): Claudin-5, en BBB stramt Junction protein. De medfølgende bagplade udskrivnings filer kan også tilpasses til alternative applikationer.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer</td>
			<td>Raise3D</td>
			<td>Pro2</td>
			<td>For printing backplates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA 3D printing filament</td>
			<td>Inland</td>
			<td>PLA+-175-B</td>
			<td>Black plastic 3D printing material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D CAD software</td>
			<td>Dassault Systemes</td>
			<td>Solidworks software</td>
			<td>used to design 3D shapes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer software</td>
			<td>Raise3D</td>
			<td>Ideamaker software</td>
			<td>software used to interface with the 3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printed oval backplate</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stabilizing imaging field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>M205 C</td>
			<td>Equipped with Leica FusionOptics, Planapo 0.63x M-series objective, and gliding stage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope camera</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MC170</td>
			<td>HD color camera for visualizing surgical field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gliding stage</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>10446301</td>
			<td>The gliding stage is constructed of two metal plates. The base plate is fixed. The upper plate slides on greased interface to allow rotational and linear movement.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical station and stabilization fork</td>
			<td>Whale Manufactoring</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td>Laminectomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SomnoSuite low-flow isoflurane delivery unit</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>SS-01</td>
			<td>Surgical anesthesia administration with integrated digitial vaporizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel 1.5 inch mounting post</td>
			<td>ThorLabs</td>
			<td>P50/M</td>
			<td>For mounting surgical station onto optical table for two-photon imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counterbored Clamping Fork for 1.5&#34; mounting Post</td>
			<td>ThorLabs</td>
			<td>PF175</td>
			<td>For stabilizing surgical station mount onto optical table for two-photon imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ideal bone microdrill</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>72-6065</td>
			<td>Thinning bone for laminectomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-462-10</td>
			<td>Warming saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cautery gun</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>18010-00</td>
			<td>Cauterizing minor bleeds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Benchmark</td>
			<td>BF11222</td>
			<td>1.9&#8221; x 4.5&#8221; silicone heater with 20&#8221; Teflon leads, 10W, 5V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K type thermocoupled rectal probe</td>
			<td>Physitemp</td>
			<td>RET3</td>
			<td>Measuring mouse body temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>petroleum jelly</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>8009-03-8</td>
			<td>Lubricating rectal probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Feedback-regulated thermal controller</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Commercially available alternatives include the Physitemp TCAT series</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVA Surgical eye spears</td>
			<td>Beaver-visitec international</td>
			<td>40400-8</td>
			<td>Absorbing blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric trimmer</td>
			<td>Wahl</td>
			<td>41590-0438</td>
			<td>Trimming mouse fur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blade, #11</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14002-14</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps, #5</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11254-20</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps, #4</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14002-14</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titatnium toothed forceps</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>555047FT</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium Iris scissors</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>555562S</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetbond tissue adhesive</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>084-1469SB</td>
			<td>Preparing tissue surface for dental acrylic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceramic mixing tray</td>
			<td>Jack Richeson</td>
			<td>420716</td>
			<td>Mixing dental acrylic agent with accelerant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orthojet dental acrylic</td>
			<td>Lang Dental</td>
			<td>1520BLK, 1503BLK</td>
			<td>Permanently bonding backplate to tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small round cover glass, #1 thickness, 3 mm</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>64-0720</td>
			<td>optical window</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7647-14-5</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7447-40-7</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-99-7</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7365-45-9</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7791-18-6</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10035-04-8</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>Rimadyl</td>
			<td>QM01AE91</td>
			<td>Analgesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacteriostatic water</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>2587428</td>
			<td>Diluent for carprofen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>11695-6776-2</td>
			<td>Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactated ringer solution</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>0338-0117-04</td>
			<td>Hydration for mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose High EEO</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9793</td>
			<td>gel point 34-37 degrees C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opthalmic lubricating ointment</td>
			<td>Akwa Tears</td>
			<td>68788-0697</td>
			<td>Prevent corneal drying</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOM Two-Photon Microscope</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laminectomy and spinal cord window implantation in the mouse

Denne protokol beskriver en metode til rygmarven laminektomi og glas Vindues implantation for in vivo billeddannelse af muse rygmarven. En integreret digital vaporizer udnyttes til at opnå en stabil plan af anæstesi på en lav-flowhastighed af isofluran. En enkelt rygsøjle er fjernet, og et kommercielt tilgængeligt dækglas er overlagt på en tynd agopstået seng. En 3D-trykt plastik bagplade er derefter fastgjort til de tilstødende vertebrale spines ved hjælp af vævsklæber og dental cement. En stabiliserings platform bruges til at reducere bevægelses artefakt fra respiration og hjerteslag. Denne hurtige og clamp-fri metode er velegnet til akut multifoton Fluorescens mikroskopi. Repræsentative data er inkluderet for en anvendelse af denne teknik til to-foton mikroskopi af rygmarven Vaskulaturen i Transgene mus, der udtrykker egfp: claudin-5-et stramt samle protein.

Implanterede glasruder og intravital to-foton mikroskopi giver et nyttigt værktøj til vurdering af dynamiske ændringer i CNS-proteiner. Den funktionelle integritet af BBB er påvirket af udtrykket, subcellulære lokalisering, og omsætningen satser på stramme Junction proteiner7. Tidligere undersøgelser har vist, at tætte samlings proteiner gennemgår en hurtig og dynamisk remodeling ved Steady State8. Den aktuelt beskrevne laminektomi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse at JoVE.com

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

Denne protokol beskriver implantation af et glas vindue på rygmarven af en mus for at lette visualisering ved intravital mikroskopi.

Laminektomi og rygmarv vindue implantation i musen

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

Denne metode gør det muligt at undersøge proteindynamik in vivo i det intakte centralnervesystem for at behandle spørgsmål inden for neurovidenskab og immunologi. De vigtigste fordele ved denne procedure er en fremragende bevægelse stabilitet for billede erhvervelse, kort kirurgisk tid, reduceret operatør eksponering for gasformig anæstesi, og billig tilpasselig bagplader. Visuel demonstration af denne metode er kritisk, da det er vanskeligt at fjerne knoglen uden at beskadige det tætliggende nervesystem væv under laminectomy trin i proceduren.Før du starter proceduren, skal du bruge 3D computer aided design software til at oprette en model til de angivne dimensioner. Så vi har et objekt, som er det tredimensionelle objekt, som er det, vi kan starte med. Hvad jeg så kan gøre, er vi kan sætte indstillinger på, at for trykning version.Så hvis jeg åbner Rediger dette, skal du gå ind i Avanceret, åbne et vindue, der giver mig mulighed for at se på alle disse indstillinger. Indstil dysetemperaturen til 205 grader Celsius, sengetemperaturen til 45 grader Celsius og udskrivningshastigheden til 45 millimeter i sekundet på en 3D-printer. Brug en 0,4 millimeter varm ent dyse og en 0,2 millimeter lag højde til at udskrive bagpladerne.Derefter vurdere de trykte bagplader visuelt for deres strukturelle integritet. Alvorlige strukturelle fejl indikerer trykfejl. Når bagpladerne er klar, skal du placere hovedet af en otte til 12 uger gammel bedøvet mus på en varmepude mellem ørepropperne på en kirurgisk fastholdelsesplads og anvende salve til dyrets øjne.Efter at have bekræftet en manglende reaktion på tå knivspids, skal du bruge en nummer 11 klinge til at gøre en 1,5 centimeter rostral til caudal midterlinjen indsnit over den nederste thorax øvre lænderegionen og adskille huden fra bughinden. Brug spån til at skrælle tilbage eventuelle resterende gennemsigtige bindevæv under huden for at afsløre den overfladiske muskulatur. Fortrænge musklerne med en skum kirurgisk spyd sammen med de resterende dybere muskulære af målet ryghvirvler.For at skabe et sæde til bagpladen skal du fjerne musklen fra det bageste aspekt af thorax 11 og det forreste aspekt af thorax 13. Brug af scener til at fjerne de resterende muskler fra senerne efter behov. Når alle musklen er blevet fjernet, omhyggeligt skære sener med scener, indtil tilstrækkelig plads til at visualisere og manipulere rygmarven er opnået.Bekræft, at dura mater af intervertebrale rum, den semitransparent laminar knogle, den centrale overfladiske blodkar under knoglen, og den forreste udstrålende arterie er klart synlige. Våd regionen med varm kunstig cerebral spinalvæske og bruge en mikro-boremaskine til at tynde laminar knoglen ved hjælp af lige slagtilfælde parallelt med den lange akse i rygmarven. Forsigtigt gribe den overfladiske spinous proces med scer, løft ryghvirvler.Knoglen skal løfte væk nemt. Brug nummer fire kraftæceser til at fjerne eventuelle knogleskår, kontrollere enhver blødning med et kirurgisk spyd og blid stabil tryk efter behov. Skyl derefter vævet med varm kunstig cerebral spinalvæske.Til dækning af glasimplantatering påføres forsigtigt et 3 millimeter borosilikatdækselglas på den udsatte ledning. Brug en lille spatel til at anvende 39 grader Celsius opvarmet 2% agarose til kanten af glasset og lad kapillær handling til at trække agarose under dækslet glasoverfladen. Påfør vævsklæbemiddel på de eksponerede knogle ledprocesser af de intakte tilstødende ryghvirvler på brystniveau 11 og 13 ryghvirvelspinde.Påfør ekstra vævsklæbemiddel i en ring omkring laminektomistedet over den tilstødende senen og den tværgående proces. Dernæst skal du bruge en ny spatel til at anvende dental cement blandet med accelerant på vævsklæbende lag og placere en bagplade på det kirurgiske felt centreret over dækslet glas vinduet. Anvendelse af flere tynde lag af dental cement resulterer i en stærkere bagplade vedhæftning, men sørg for at placere bagpladen hurtigt, før dental cement begynder at tørre.Efter at have ladet dental cement til at helbrede i 10 minutter, udfylde den indvendige base og undersiden af bagsiden med ekstra lim. Anvendelse af dental cement i tynde lag kan bidrage til at reducere risikoen for cement spredning til dækslet glas og agarose, som kan kompromittere hele protokollen. Når tandcementet er tørret, påføres en kløvet bagpladeholder på den rette position over vinduet, og bagpladen skrues ind i bagpladeholderen.Påfør derefter saltvand på bagpladen for at teste for lækage. Dyret og den kirurgiske platform kan derefter overføres til det optiske bord på et to fotonmikroskop til billeddannelse gennem dæksvinduet. I dette repræsentative eksperiment blev EGFP positive claudin-5 visualiseret i de fluorescerende mærkede stramme vejkryds i hele en vaskulær plexus.Den klare afgrænsning af de stramme samlingsstrukturer i Z-projektionen indikerer, at minimal XY-billedforskydning produceres efter en vellykket laminectomy, vinduesplacering og bagpladeimplantation. Mens du forsøger denne procedure er det vigtigt at huske, at denne mikrokirurgi er vanskelig og kan tage tid at mestre. Men når mestrer, denne operation kan udføres i cirka 30 minutter.Efter denne procedure, andre metoder, som to foton mikroskopi og in vivo imaging, kan udføres for at besvare yderligere spørgsmål om neurovaskulær remodeling og andre sygdomsprocesser, der involverer rygmarven.

laminectomy-and-spinal-cord-window-implantation-in-the-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has significantly broadened our knowledge of physiological and pathological processes in numerous tissues in vivo 4-7. In studies of the central nervous system (CNS), there has been a broad application of in vivo imaging in the brain, which has produced a plethora of novel and often unexpected findings about the behavior of cells such as neurons, astrocytes, microglia, under physiological or pathological conditions 8-17. However, mostly technical complications have limited the implementation of in vivo imaging in studies of the living mouse spinal cord. In particular, the anatomical proximity of the spinal cord to the lungs and heart generates significant movement artifact that makes imaging the living spinal cord a challenging task.
We developed a novel method that overcomes the inherent limitations of spinal cord imaging by stabilizing the spinal column, reducing respiratory-induced movements and thereby facilitating the use of two-photon microscopy to image the mouse spinal cord in vivo. This is achieved by combining a customized spinal stabilization device with a method of deep anesthesia, resulting in a significant reduction of respiratory-induced movements. This video protocol shows how to expose a small area of the living spinal cord that can be maintained under stable physiological conditions over extended periods of time by keeping tissue injury and bleeding to a minimum. Representative raw images acquired in vivo detail in high resolution the close relationship between microglia and the vasculature. A timelapse sequence shows the dynamic behavior of microglial processes in the living mouse spinal cord. Moreover, a continuous scan of the same z-frame demonstrates the outstanding stability that this method can achieve to generate stacks of images and/or timelapse movies that do not require image alignment post-acquisition. Finally, we show how this method can be used to revisit and reimage the same area of the spinal cord at later timepoints, allowing for longitudinal studies of ongoing physiological or pathological processes in vivo.

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

A minimally invasive protocol to stabilize the mouse spinal column and perform repetitive in vivo spinal cord imaging using two-photon microscopy is described. This method combines a spinal stabilization device and an anesthetic regimen to minimize respiratory-induced movements and produce raw imaging data that require no alignment or other post-processing.

In vivo imaging af Mouse Spinal Cord ved hjælp af to-foton mikroskopi

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

Stereotaktisk injektion af en virusvektor til Betinget Gene Manipulation i Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability to reinitiate spinal neurogenesis. However, some anamniotes including the zebrafish Danio rerio exhibit both sensory and functional recovery even after complete transection of the spinal cord. The adult zebrafish is an established model organism for studying regeneration following spinal cord injury, with sensory and motor recovery by 6&#160;weeks post-injury. To take advantage of in vivo analysis of the regenerative process available in the transparent larval zebrafish as well as genetic tools not accessible in the adult, we use the larval zebrafish to study regeneration after spinal cord transection. Here we demonstrate a method for reproducibly and verifiably transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, our data shows sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury (dpi), with the C-bend movement detectable by 3 dpi and resumption of free swimming by 5 dpi. Thus we propose the larval zebrafish as a companion tool to the adult zebrafish for the study of recovery after spinal cord injury.

After spinal transection, adult zebrafish have functional recovery by six weeks post-injury. To take advantage of larval transparency and faster recovery, we present a method for transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, we observe sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury, and C-bend movement by 3 days post-injury.

Spinal Cord transection i larvestadiet zebrafisk

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by repeated, time-lapse in vivo imaging in live rodents. These studies were made possible by straightforward surgical procedures, which enabled optical access for a prolonged period of time without repeat surgical procedures. In contrast, analogous studies of the spinal cord have been previously limited to only a few imaging sessions, each of which required an invasive surgery. As previously described, we have developed a spinal chamber that enables continuous optical access for upwards of 8 weeks, preserves mechanical stability of the spinal column, is easily stabilized externally during imaging, and requires only a single surgery. Here, the design of the spinal chamber with its associated surgical implements is reviewed and the surgical procedure is demonstrated in detail. Briefly, this video will demonstrate the preparation of the surgical area and mouse for surgery, exposure of the spinal vertebra and appropriate tissue debridement, the delivery of the implant and vertebral clamping, the completion of the chamber, the removal of the delivery system, sealing of the skin, and finally, post-operative care. The procedure for chronic in vivo imaging using nonlinear microscopy will also be demonstrated. Finally, outcomes, limitations, typical variability, and a guide for troubleshooting are discussed.

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

In this video, we describe a procedure for implanting a chronic optical imaging chamber over the dorsal spinal cord of a live mouse. The chamber, surgical procedure, and chronic imaging are reviewed and demonstrated.

A Procedure til implantering en Spinal afdeling for Longitudinal<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Imaging af Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for live-cell imaging in the murine spinal cord. This technique is uniquely suited to analyze neural precursor cell (NPC) dynamics following transplantation into spinal cords undergoing neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders. NPCs migrate to sites of axonal damage, proliferate, differentiate into oligodendrocytes, and participate in direct remyelination. NPCs are thereby a promising therapeutic treatment to ameliorate chronic demyelinating diseases. Because transplanted NPCs migrate to the damaged areas on the ventral side of the spinal cord, traditional intravital 2P imaging is impossible, and only information on static interactions was previously available using histochemical staining approaches. Although this method was generated to image transplanted NPCs in the ventral spinal cord, it can be applied to numerous studies of transplanted and endogenous cells throughout the entire spinal cord. In this article, we demonstrate the preparation and imaging of a spinal cord with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-expressing axons and enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing transplanted NPCs.

A new ex vivo preparation for imaging the mouse spinal cord. This protocol allows for two-photon imaging of live cellular interactions throughout the spinal cord.

To-foton Imaging for Cellulær Dynamics i Mouse Spinal Cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for ...

Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord of the majority of these fiber systems have not been thoroughly investigated in any species. Serotonergic fibers, which project to the spinal cord, have been studied in rats and opossums on histological sections and their functional significance has been deduced based on their fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord. With the development of CLARITY and CUBIC techniques, it is possible to investigate this fiber system and its distribution in the spinal cord, which is likely to reveal previously unknown features of serotonergic supraspinal pathways. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for imaging the serotonergic fibers in the mouse spinal cord using the combined CLARITY and CUBIC techniques. The method involves perfusion of a mouse with a hydrogel solution and clarification of the tissue with a combination of clearing reagents. Spinal cord tissue was cleared in just under two weeks, and the subsequent immunofluorescent staining against serotonin was completed in less than ten days. With a multi-photon fluorescent microscope, the tissue was scanned and a 3D image was reconstructed using Osirix software.

Supraspinal projections are important for pain perception and other behaviors, and serotonergic fibers are one of these fiber systems. The present study focused on the application of the combined CLARITY/CUBIC protocol to the mouse spinal cord in order to investigate the termination of these serotonergic fibers.

Imaging Serotonerge Fibers i Mouse Spinal Cord Brug af CLARITY / CUBIC Teknik

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Imaging neurale aktivitet i den primære somatosensoriske Cortex ved hjælp af Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgene mus

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

Intra-arteriel levering af neurale stamceller til rotte og mus hjernen: Ansøgning om cerebral iskæmi

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...

Ekstraktion og enzymatisk oprensning af mikroglia fra musens rygmarv

Rapid and Efficient Enrichment of Mouse Spinal Cord Microglia

The vertebral column defines a vertebrate and shapes the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and safeguards the spinal cord. Proper development and function of the mammalian central nervous system rely significantly on the activity of resident macrophages known as microglia. Microglia display heterogeneity and multifunctionality, enabling distinct gene expression and behavior within the spinal cord and brain. Numerous studies have explored cerebral microglia function, detailing purification methods extensively. However, the purification of microglia from the spinal cord in mice lacks a comprehensive description. In contrast, the utilization of a highly purified collagenase, as opposed to an unrefined extract, lacks reporting within central nervous system tissues. In this study, the vertebral column and spinal cord were excised from 8-10 week-old C57BL/6 mice. Subsequent digestion employed a highly purified collagenase, and microglia purification utilized a density gradient. Cells underwent staining for flow cytometry, assessing viability and purity through CD11b and CD45 staining. Results yielded an average viability of 80% and a mean purity of 95%. In conclusion, manipulation of mouse microglia involved digestion with a highly purified collagenase, followed by a density gradient. This approach effectively produced substantial spinal cord microglia populations.

Forfatter Spotlight: Mikroglia-forskning i rygmarvsheterogenitet og oprensning 

Microglia are regarded as some of the most versatile cells in the body, capable of morphological and functional adaptation. Their heterogeneity and multifunctionality enable the maintenance of brain homeostasis, while also being linked to various neurological pathologies. Here, a technique for purifying spinal cord microglia is described.

Hurtig og effektiv berigelse af musens rygmarvsmikroglia

The vertebral column defines a vertebrate and shapes the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and safeguards the spinal cord. Proper development and ...