Name: laminectomy and spinal cord window implantation in the mouse
Uploaded: 2019-10-23T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse at JoVE.com

S.E.Lutzは、グラントKL2TR002002とイリノイ大学シカゴ医科大学のスタートアップファンドの下で、翻訳科学を進める国立センター、国立衛生研究所によってサポートされています。サイモン・アルフォードはRO1 MH084874によってサポートされています。コンテンツは著者の責任のみであり、必ずしもNIHの公式見解を表すものではありません。著者らは、コロンビア大学医療センターの神経学科のドリタン・アガリューに感謝しています:Claudin-5マウス、科学的な議論、および外科的プロトコルとイメージングアプリケーションの開発に関する洞察。著者らは、カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校の神経生物学と行動学科のSunil P. Gandhiに感謝し、立体装置と動物温度コントローラの最初のプロトタイプを設計し、外科的プロトコルの議論を行い、2光子顕微鏡検査の訓練。著者らはまた、外科立体顕微鏡のカスタマイズを支援するスティーブ・ピッケンズ(W.Nuhsbaum, Inc.)と、立体部品を加工するためのロン・リピンスキー(ホエール・マニュファクチャリング)に感謝しています。

すべての実験は、イリノイ大学、シカゴ機関動物ケアおよび使用委員会のプロトコルに従います。これは端末の手順です。
1. 試薬の調製
<ol><li>人工脳脊髄液(aCSF)を125mM NaCl、5mM KCl、10mMグルコース、10mM HEPES、2mM MgCl 2·6H2 O、2mM CaCl2·2H2O in ddH2O.滅菌フィルターおよび凍結を含む。使用前に水浴中のaCSFを39°Cに温めます。</li>
	<li>暖?...

<ol>
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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+procedure+for+implanting+a+spinal+chamber+for+longitudinal+in+vivo+imaging+of+the+mouse+spinal+cord.">A procedure for implanting a spinal chamber for longitudinal in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (94), (2014).</li><li>Fenrich, K. K., Weber, P., Rougon, G., Debarbieux, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implanting+glass+spinal+cord+windows+in+adult+mice+with+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Implanting glass spinal cord windows in adult mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (82), e50826 (2013).</li><li>Figley, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+spinal+cord+window+chamber+model+for+in+vivo+longitudinal+multimodal+optical+and+acoustic+imaging+in+a+murine+model.">A spinal cord window chamber model for in vivo longitudinal multimodal optical and acoustic imaging in a murine model.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (3), e58081 (2013).</li><li>Helmchen, F., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+tissue+two-photon+microscopy.">Deep tissue two-photon microscopy.</a> Nature Methods. 2 (12), 932-940 (2005).</li><li>Liebner, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+morphology+of+the+blood-brain+barrier+in+health+and+disease.">Functional morphology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 135 (3), 311-336 (2018).</li><li>Shen, L., Weber, C. R., Turner, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tight+junction+protein+complex+undergoes+rapid+and+continuous+molecular+remodeling+at+steady+state.">The tight junction protein complex undergoes rapid and continuous molecular remodeling at steady state.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 181 (4), 683-695 (2008).</li><li>Knowland, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stepwise+recruitment+of+transcellular+and+paracellular+pathways+underlies+blood-brain+barrier+breakdown+in+stroke.">Stepwise recruitment of transcellular and paracellular pathways underlies blood-brain barrier breakdown in stroke.</a> Neuron. 82, 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Lutz, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caveolin1+Is+Required+for+Th1+Cell+Infiltration,+but+Not+Tight+Junction+Remodeling,+at+the+Blood-Brain+Barrier+in+Autoimmune+Neuroinflammation.">Caveolin1 Is Required for Th1 Cell Infiltration, but Not Tight Junction Remodeling, at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation.</a> Cell Reports. 21 (8), 2104-2117 (2017).</li><li>Harrison, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertebral+landmarks+for+the+identification+of+spinal+cord+segments+in+the+mouse.">Vertebral landmarks for the identification of spinal cord segments in the mouse.</a> Neuroimage. 68, 22-29 (2013).</li><li>Cupido, A., Catalin, B., Steffens, H., Kirchhoff, F., Bakota, L., Brandt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Scanning Microscopy and Quantitative Image Analysis of Neuronal Tissue. , 37-50 (2014).</li><li>Sekiguchi, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+large-scale+cellular+activity+in+spinal+cord+of+freely+behaving+mice.">Imaging large-scale cellular activity in spinal cord of freely behaving mice.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 11450 (2016).</li><li>Nadrigny, F., Le Meur, K., Schomburg, E. D., Safavi-Abbasi, S., Dibaj, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+laser-scanning+microscopy+for+single+and+repetitive+imaging+of+dorsal+and+lateral+spinal+white+matter+in+vivo.">Two-photon laser-scanning microscopy for single and repetitive imaging of dorsal and lateral spinal white matter in vivo.</a> Physiological Research. 66 (3), 531-537 (2017).</li><li>Adelsperger, A. R., Bigiarelli-Nogas, K. J., Toore, I., Goergen, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+Low-flow+Digital+Anesthesia+System+for+Mice+and+Rats.">Use of a Low-flow Digital Anesthesia System for Mice and Rats.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (115), (2016).</li><li>Damen, F. W., Adelsperger, A. R., Wilson, K. E., Goergen, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Traditional+and+Integrated+Digital+Anesthetic+Vaporizers.">Comparison of Traditional and Integrated Digital Anesthetic Vaporizers.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 54 (6), 756-762 (2015).</li><li>Miyamoto, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+COX-2+inhibitor+celecoxib+prevents+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+through+COX-2-independent+pathway.">Selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through COX-2-independent pathway.</a> Brain. 129 (Pt 8), 1984-1992 (2006).</li><li>Muthian, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=COX-2+inhibitors+modulate+IL-12+signaling+through+JAK-STAT+pathway+leading+to+Th1+response+in+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis.">COX-2 inhibitors modulate IL-12 signaling through JAK-STAT pathway leading to Th1 response in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.</a> Journal of Clinical Immunology. 26 (1), 73-85 (2006).</li></ol>

ここで説明する方法は、ガラス窓を介してマウスにおける脊髄の安定的なイメージングを可能にする。この方法は、蛍光BBBタイトジャンクションタンパク質を発現するトランスジェニックeGFP:Claudin5+/-マウスにおけるBBBリモデリングを評価するために適用されているが、脊髄内の蛍光タンパク質または細胞の研究にも同様に適用できる。
ラミネクトミーと脊髄安定化のた?...

蛍光タンパク質を発現するトランスジェニック動物モデルは、生体内顕微鏡と組み合わせることで、生物学および病態生理学に対処するための強力なプラットフォームを提供する。これらの技術を脊髄に適用するには、脊髄をイメージング用に準備するために特別なプロトコルが必要です。そのような戦略の1つは、ラミンクトミーと脊髄窓の移植を行う。顕微鏡検査のための理想的なラミネクトミープロトコルの主な特徴は、ネイティブ組織の構造と機能の保存、イメージング分野の安定性、迅速な処理時間、および結果の再現性を含みます。特に課題は、呼吸と心拍によって引き起こされる運動に対してイメージングフィールドを安定させることです。複数のex vivoとインビボ戦略は、これらの目標1、2、3、4、5を達成するために報告されています。生体内の方法のほとんどは、脊柱2、4の側面を締め付け、しばしば手術中の安定性のために堅い金属装置3、4を埋め込むことが続く。ダウンストリームイメージングアプリケーション。脊柱を締め付けると、血流を損なう可能性があり、血液脳関門(BBB)タンパク質リモデリングを誘発する可能性があります。
この方法の目的は、プロトコルの侵襲性を最小限に抑え、結果を改善しながら、生きているマウスの光学イメージングのために無傷の脊髄を利用できるようにすることです。我々は、まだ堅牢な機械的安定性を達成する最小限に侵襲的な楕円形のプラスチック3Dプリントバックプレートと組み合わせた単一のラミネクトミーとカバーガラスの注入手順を説明します。バックプレートは歯科セメントが付いている前部および後脊柱に直接付着する。バックプレートは金属の腕によって顕微鏡の段階に堅く付着するねじ穴が付いている横延長腕が装備されている。これは、無傷の前椎骨と後椎骨を顕微鏡段階に効果的に固定し、呼吸と心拍によって導入される運動アーティファクトに機械的抵抗を提供します。この方法は、胸部レベル12で単一椎骨のラミネクトミーのために最適化されており、生体内イメージング中の安定性のための代替戦略で利用されるクランプを省略する。この手順は、マウスあたり約30分を取って、迅速です。
このプロトコルは、BBBの疾患メカニズムを研究するために使用することができる。BBBは、内皮細胞、血管平滑筋、ペリサイト、および星状の足のプロセスからなる動的な微小血管系であり、中枢神経系(CNS)に高度に選択的な環境を提供します。代表的なデータは、増強された緑色蛍光タンパク質(eGFP):Claudin-5、BBBタイトジャンクションタンパク質を発現するように設計されたトランスジェニックマウスにおけるこのプロトコルの適用を示す。提供されるバックプレート印刷ファイルは、代替用途用にカスタマイズすることもできます。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer</td>
			<td>Raise3D</td>
			<td>Pro2</td>
			<td>For printing backplates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA 3D printing filament</td>
			<td>Inland</td>
			<td>PLA+-175-B</td>
			<td>Black plastic 3D printing material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D CAD software</td>
			<td>Dassault Systemes</td>
			<td>Solidworks software</td>
			<td>used to design 3D shapes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer software</td>
			<td>Raise3D</td>
			<td>Ideamaker software</td>
			<td>software used to interface with the 3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printed oval backplate</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stabilizing imaging field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>M205 C</td>
			<td>Equipped with Leica FusionOptics, Planapo 0.63x M-series objective, and gliding stage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope camera</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MC170</td>
			<td>HD color camera for visualizing surgical field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gliding stage</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>10446301</td>
			<td>The gliding stage is constructed of two metal plates. The base plate is fixed. The upper plate slides on greased interface to allow rotational and linear movement.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical station and stabilization fork</td>
			<td>Whale Manufactoring</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td>Laminectomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SomnoSuite low-flow isoflurane delivery unit</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>SS-01</td>
			<td>Surgical anesthesia administration with integrated digitial vaporizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel 1.5 inch mounting post</td>
			<td>ThorLabs</td>
			<td>P50/M</td>
			<td>For mounting surgical station onto optical table for two-photon imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counterbored Clamping Fork for 1.5&#34; mounting Post</td>
			<td>ThorLabs</td>
			<td>PF175</td>
			<td>For stabilizing surgical station mount onto optical table for two-photon imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ideal bone microdrill</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>72-6065</td>
			<td>Thinning bone for laminectomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-462-10</td>
			<td>Warming saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cautery gun</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>18010-00</td>
			<td>Cauterizing minor bleeds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Benchmark</td>
			<td>BF11222</td>
			<td>1.9&#8221; x 4.5&#8221; silicone heater with 20&#8221; Teflon leads, 10W, 5V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K type thermocoupled rectal probe</td>
			<td>Physitemp</td>
			<td>RET3</td>
			<td>Measuring mouse body temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>petroleum jelly</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>8009-03-8</td>
			<td>Lubricating rectal probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Feedback-regulated thermal controller</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Commercially available alternatives include the Physitemp TCAT series</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVA Surgical eye spears</td>
			<td>Beaver-visitec international</td>
			<td>40400-8</td>
			<td>Absorbing blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric trimmer</td>
			<td>Wahl</td>
			<td>41590-0438</td>
			<td>Trimming mouse fur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blade, #11</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14002-14</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps, #5</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11254-20</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps, #4</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14002-14</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titatnium toothed forceps</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>555047FT</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium Iris scissors</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>555562S</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetbond tissue adhesive</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>084-1469SB</td>
			<td>Preparing tissue surface for dental acrylic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceramic mixing tray</td>
			<td>Jack Richeson</td>
			<td>420716</td>
			<td>Mixing dental acrylic agent with accelerant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orthojet dental acrylic</td>
			<td>Lang Dental</td>
			<td>1520BLK, 1503BLK</td>
			<td>Permanently bonding backplate to tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small round cover glass, #1 thickness, 3 mm</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>64-0720</td>
			<td>optical window</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7647-14-5</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7447-40-7</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-99-7</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7365-45-9</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7791-18-6</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10035-04-8</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>Rimadyl</td>
			<td>QM01AE91</td>
			<td>Analgesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacteriostatic water</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>2587428</td>
			<td>Diluent for carprofen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>11695-6776-2</td>
			<td>Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactated ringer solution</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>0338-0117-04</td>
			<td>Hydration for mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose High EEO</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9793</td>
			<td>gel point 34-37 degrees C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opthalmic lubricating ointment</td>
			<td>Akwa Tears</td>
			<td>68788-0697</td>
			<td>Prevent corneal drying</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOM Two-Photon Microscope</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laminectomy and spinal cord window implantation in the mouse

このプロトコルは、マウス脊髄の生体内イメージングのための脊髄ラミネクトミーおよびガラス窓移植のための方法を説明する。統合されたデジタル気化器はイソロルランの低流量で麻酔の安定した平面を達成するために利用される。単一の脊椎が取り除かれ、市販のカバーガラスが薄いアガロースのベッドの上に重ね合わされる。3Dプリントされたプラスチックバックプレートは、組織接着剤と歯科セメントを使用して隣接する椎体脊椎に貼り付けられます。安定化プラットフォームは、呼吸と心拍からモーションアーティファクトを減らすために使用されます。この急速でクランプフリーの方法は急性多光子蛍光顕微鏡検査に適している。代表的なデータは、eGFPを発現するトランスジェニックマウスにおける脊髄血管系の2光子顕微鏡検査に対して、この技術を適用するために含まれる:Claudin-5 - タイトな接合タンパク質である。

埋め込まれたガラス窓および重要な2光子顕微鏡はCNSタンパク質の動的変化を査定するための有用な用具を提供する。BBBの機能的完全性は、タイトジャンクションタンパク質7の発現、細胞内局在化、および回転率の影響を受ける。以前の研究では、タイトな接点タンパク質が定常状態8で迅速かつ動的なリモデリングを受けることが?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse at JoVE.com

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

このプロトコルは、マウスの脊髄にガラス窓を移植し、生体内顕微鏡による視覚化を容易にすることを説明する。

マウスにおける線込みおよび脊髄窓移植

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

この方法により、インタクト中枢神経系内の生体内のタンパク質ダイナミクスを調べ、神経科学や免疫学の問題に対処することができます。この手順の主な利点は、画像取得、短い手術時間、ガス麻酔へのオペレータ暴露の減少、および安価なカスタマイズ可能なバックプレートのための優れた運動安定性です。この方法の視覚的なデモンストレーションは、手順のラミネクトミーステップ中に密接に基礎となる神経系組織を損傷することなく骨を除去することが困難であるため、重要である。手順を開始する前に、3D コンピュータ支援設計ソフトウェアを使用して、指定された寸法に対するモデルを作成します。だから、私たちは3次元オブジェクトであるオブジェクトを持っています。私ができることは、印刷版の設定を置くことができるということです。だから私がこれを編集を開いたら、詳細設定に進み、これらの設定をすべて見せるためのウィンドウを開きます。3Dプリンタでノズル温度を摂氏205度、ベッド温度を摂氏45度、印刷速度を毎秒45ミリメートルに設定します。0.4ミリメートルの熱いentノズルと0.2ミリメートルの層の高さを使用して、バックプレートを印刷します。次に、印刷されたバックプレートの構造的完全性を視覚的に評価します。グロス構造障害は印刷上の欠陥を示します。バックプレートの準備ができたら、8〜12週齢の麻酔マウスの頭部を外科用拘束剤のイヤーバーの間のヒートパッドに置き、動物の目に軟膏を塗布します。つま先ピンチに対する応答の欠如を確認した後、11センチメートルのロストラルを下胸部上部腰椎領域上の垂直切開にして、皮膚を腹膜から分離します。皮膚の下に残っている透明な結合組織を剥がして表面的な筋肉を露出させるために鉗子を使用してください。ターゲット椎骨の残りの深部筋肉と一緒に泡の外科用槍で筋肉を置き換えます。バックプレートのシートを作成するには、胸部11の後部の側面と胸部13の前側面から筋肉をクリアする。必要に応じて腱から残りの筋肉を除去するために鉗子を使用する。すべての筋肉を取り除くと、脊髄を視覚化して操作するための十分なスペースが得られるまで、慎重に鉗子で腱を切断する。椎間空間の硬膜、半透明の層骨、骨の下の中央の表面血管、および前放射動脈がはっきりと見えるのを確認する。暖かい人工脳脊髄液で領域を濡らし、脊髄の長い軸に平行なストレートストロークを使用して層状骨を薄くするためにマイクロドリルを使用します。表面的な棘のプロセスを鉗子でそっとつかみ、椎骨を持ち上げます。骨は簡単に持ち上げるはずです。4番の鉗子を使用して骨の破片を取り除き、必要に応じて外科的槍と穏やかな安定した圧力で出血を制御します。その後、暖かい人工脳脊髄液で組織をすすいします。カバーガラスの注入のために、露出したコードに3ミリメートルのホウケイ酸カバーガラスを静かに塗布する。ガラスの端に39度の摂氏3%のアガロースを加え、カバーガラス表面の下にアガロースを描くために毛細血管作用を可能にするために小さなへらを使用してください。胸部レベル11および13椎骨の脊椎において、無傷の隣接する椎骨の露出した骨関節プロセスに組織接着剤を塗布する。隣接する腱および横のプロセスの上に、ラミネクトミー部位の周りのリングに追加の組織接着剤を塗布します。次に、新しいヘラを使用して、加速剤と混合した歯科用セメントを組織の粘着層に塗布し、カバーガラスの窓の上に中央の外科フィールドにバックプレートを置きます。歯科用セメントの複数の薄い層を適用すると、より強いバックプレートの接着になりますが、歯科用セメントが乾燥し始める前にすぐにバックプレートを配置してください。歯科用セメントを10分間硬化させた後、バック・プレイスの内部ベースと下側に追加の接着剤を充填します。薄い層に歯科用セメントを適用すると、セメントがカバーガラスやアガロースに広がるリスクを減らすのに役立ち、プロトコル全体を損なう可能性があります。歯科用セメントが乾燥したら、フォークバックプレートホルダーを窓の上の適切な位置に塗布し、バックプレートをバックプレートホルダーにねじ込みます。その後、漏れのテストのためにバックプレートに生理焼け地を適用します。動物および外科プラットホームはカバーガラスの窓を通してイメージ投射のための2つの光子顕微鏡の光学テーブルに移すことができる。本代表的実験では、EGFP陽性クローディン-5を、血管叢全体にわたって蛍光標識されたタイトな接合部内で可視化した。Z投影における密接点構造の明確な線引きは、ラミニング、窓の配置、およびバックプレートの移植が成功した後に最小のXY画像変位が生成されることを示しています。この手順を試みる間、このマイクロサージャストは困難であり、習得に時間がかかるかもしれないことを覚えておくことが重要です。しかし、一度習得すると、この手術は約30分で行うことができます。この手順に従って、2つの光子顕微鏡および生体内イメージングのような他の方法は、神経血管リモデリングおよび脊髄を含む他の疾患プロセスに関する追加の質問に答えるために行うことができる。

laminectomy-and-spinal-cord-window-implantation-in-the-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

胚の脊髄から交連ニューロンの解剖と文化

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

神経科学

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has significantly broadened our knowledge of physiological and pathological processes in numerous tissues in vivo 4-7. In studies of the central nervous system (CNS), there has been a broad application of in vivo imaging in the brain, which has produced a plethora of novel and often unexpected findings about the behavior of cells such as neurons, astrocytes, microglia, under physiological or pathological conditions 8-17. However, mostly technical complications have limited the implementation of in vivo imaging in studies of the living mouse spinal cord. In particular, the anatomical proximity of the spinal cord to the lungs and heart generates significant movement artifact that makes imaging the living spinal cord a challenging task.
We developed a novel method that overcomes the inherent limitations of spinal cord imaging by stabilizing the spinal column, reducing respiratory-induced movements and thereby facilitating the use of two-photon microscopy to image the mouse spinal cord in vivo. This is achieved by combining a customized spinal stabilization device with a method of deep anesthesia, resulting in a significant reduction of respiratory-induced movements. This video protocol shows how to expose a small area of the living spinal cord that can be maintained under stable physiological conditions over extended periods of time by keeping tissue injury and bleeding to a minimum. Representative raw images acquired in vivo detail in high resolution the close relationship between microglia and the vasculature. A timelapse sequence shows the dynamic behavior of microglial processes in the living mouse spinal cord. Moreover, a continuous scan of the same z-frame demonstrates the outstanding stability that this method can achieve to generate stacks of images and/or timelapse movies that do not require image alignment post-acquisition. Finally, we show how this method can be used to revisit and reimage the same area of the spinal cord at later timepoints, allowing for longitudinal studies of ongoing physiological or pathological processes in vivo.

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

A minimally invasive protocol to stabilize the mouse spinal column and perform repetitive in vivo spinal cord imaging using two-photon microscopy is described. This method combines a spinal stabilization device and an anesthetic regimen to minimize respiratory-induced movements and produce raw imaging data that require no alignment or other post-processing.

二光子顕微鏡を用いたマウス脊髄の in vivoイメージングで

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

マウス脊髄における条件遺伝子操作のためのウイルスベクターの定位注射

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability to reinitiate spinal neurogenesis. However, some anamniotes including the zebrafish Danio rerio exhibit both sensory and functional recovery even after complete transection of the spinal cord. The adult zebrafish is an established model organism for studying regeneration following spinal cord injury, with sensory and motor recovery by 6&#160;weeks post-injury. To take advantage of in vivo analysis of the regenerative process available in the transparent larval zebrafish as well as genetic tools not accessible in the adult, we use the larval zebrafish to study regeneration after spinal cord transection. Here we demonstrate a method for reproducibly and verifiably transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, our data shows sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury (dpi), with the C-bend movement detectable by 3 dpi and resumption of free swimming by 5 dpi. Thus we propose the larval zebrafish as a companion tool to the adult zebrafish for the study of recovery after spinal cord injury.

After spinal transection, adult zebrafish have functional recovery by six weeks post-injury. To take advantage of larval transparency and faster recovery, we present a method for transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, we observe sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury, and C-bend movement by 3 days post-injury.

幼虫のゼブラフィッシュにおける脊髄切断

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by repeated, time-lapse in vivo imaging in live rodents. These studies were made possible by straightforward surgical procedures, which enabled optical access for a prolonged period of time without repeat surgical procedures. In contrast, analogous studies of the spinal cord have been previously limited to only a few imaging sessions, each of which required an invasive surgery. As previously described, we have developed a spinal chamber that enables continuous optical access for upwards of 8 weeks, preserves mechanical stability of the spinal column, is easily stabilized externally during imaging, and requires only a single surgery. Here, the design of the spinal chamber with its associated surgical implements is reviewed and the surgical procedure is demonstrated in detail. Briefly, this video will demonstrate the preparation of the surgical area and mouse for surgery, exposure of the spinal vertebra and appropriate tissue debridement, the delivery of the implant and vertebral clamping, the completion of the chamber, the removal of the delivery system, sealing of the skin, and finally, post-operative care. The procedure for chronic in vivo imaging using nonlinear microscopy will also be demonstrated. Finally, outcomes, limitations, typical variability, and a guide for troubleshooting are discussed.

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

In this video, we describe a procedure for implanting a chronic optical imaging chamber over the dorsal spinal cord of a live mouse. The chamber, surgical procedure, and chronic imaging are reviewed and demonstrated.

縦断のために脊髄商工を移植するための手順<em&gt;インビボ</emマウス脊髄の&gt;イメージング

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for live-cell imaging in the murine spinal cord. This technique is uniquely suited to analyze neural precursor cell (NPC) dynamics following transplantation into spinal cords undergoing neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders. NPCs migrate to sites of axonal damage, proliferate, differentiate into oligodendrocytes, and participate in direct remyelination. NPCs are thereby a promising therapeutic treatment to ameliorate chronic demyelinating diseases. Because transplanted NPCs migrate to the damaged areas on the ventral side of the spinal cord, traditional intravital 2P imaging is impossible, and only information on static interactions was previously available using histochemical staining approaches. Although this method was generated to image transplanted NPCs in the ventral spinal cord, it can be applied to numerous studies of transplanted and endogenous cells throughout the entire spinal cord. In this article, we demonstrate the preparation and imaging of a spinal cord with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-expressing axons and enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing transplanted NPCs.

A new ex vivo preparation for imaging the mouse spinal cord. This protocol allows for two-photon imaging of live cellular interactions throughout the spinal cord.

マウス脊髄における細胞ダイナミクスの二光子イメージング

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for ...

Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord of the majority of these fiber systems have not been thoroughly investigated in any species. Serotonergic fibers, which project to the spinal cord, have been studied in rats and opossums on histological sections and their functional significance has been deduced based on their fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord. With the development of CLARITY and CUBIC techniques, it is possible to investigate this fiber system and its distribution in the spinal cord, which is likely to reveal previously unknown features of serotonergic supraspinal pathways. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for imaging the serotonergic fibers in the mouse spinal cord using the combined CLARITY and CUBIC techniques. The method involves perfusion of a mouse with a hydrogel solution and clarification of the tissue with a combination of clearing reagents. Spinal cord tissue was cleared in just under two weeks, and the subsequent immunofluorescent staining against serotonin was completed in less than ten days. With a multi-photon fluorescent microscope, the tissue was scanned and a 3D image was reconstructed using Osirix software.

Supraspinal projections are important for pain perception and other behaviors, and serotonergic fibers are one of these fiber systems. The present study focused on the application of the combined CLARITY/CUBIC protocol to the mouse spinal cord in order to investigate the termination of these serotonergic fibers.

CLARITY / CUBIC技術を用いたマウスの脊髄にセロトニン繊維のイメージング

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Thy1を用いた一次体性感覚野における神経活動のイメージング-GCaMP6s トランスジェニック マウス

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

ラットおよびマウス脳への神経幹細胞の動脈内デリバリー:脳虚血への応用

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...

マウス脊髄からのミクログリアの抽出と酵素精製

Rapid and Efficient Enrichment of Mouse Spinal Cord Microglia

The vertebral column defines a vertebrate and shapes the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and safeguards the spinal cord. Proper development and function of the mammalian central nervous system rely significantly on the activity of resident macrophages known as microglia. Microglia display heterogeneity and multifunctionality, enabling distinct gene expression and behavior within the spinal cord and brain. Numerous studies have explored cerebral microglia function, detailing purification methods extensively. However, the purification of microglia from the spinal cord in mice lacks a comprehensive description. In contrast, the utilization of a highly purified collagenase, as opposed to an unrefined extract, lacks reporting within central nervous system tissues. In this study, the vertebral column and spinal cord were excised from 8-10 week-old C57BL/6 mice. Subsequent digestion employed a highly purified collagenase, and microglia purification utilized a density gradient. Cells underwent staining for flow cytometry, assessing viability and purity through CD11b and CD45 staining. Results yielded an average viability of 80% and a mean purity of 95%. In conclusion, manipulation of mouse microglia involved digestion with a highly purified collagenase, followed by a density gradient. This approach effectively produced substantial spinal cord microglia populations.

著者スポットライト:脊髄の不均一性と精製に関するミクログリアの研究 

Microglia are regarded as some of the most versatile cells in the body, capable of morphological and functional adaptation. Their heterogeneity and multifunctionality enable the maintenance of brain homeostasis, while also being linked to various neurological pathologies. Here, a technique for purifying spinal cord microglia is described.

マウス脊髄ミクログリアの迅速かつ効率的な濃縮

The vertebral column defines a vertebrate and shapes the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and safeguards the spinal cord. Proper development and ...