Name: laminectomy and spinal cord window implantation in the mouse
Uploaded: 2019-10-23T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse at JoVE.com

S.E. Lutz é apoiado pelo centro nacional para o avanço das Ciências translacionais, institutos nacionais de saúde, Grant KL2TR002002 e da Universidade de Illinois Chicago College of Medicine start-up fundos. Simon Alford é apoiado por RO1 MH084874. O conteúdo é unicamente da responsabilidade dos autores e não representa necessariamente os pontos de vista oficiais da NIH. Os autores agradecem Dritan Agalliu no departamento de Neurologia do centro médico da Universidade de Columbia para o TG eGFP: Claudin-5 camundongos, discussões científicas, e insights sobre o desenvolvimento do protocolo cirúrgico e aplicações de imagem. Os autores agradecem a Sunil P. Gandhi no departamento de neurobiologia e comportamento da Universidade da Califórnia, Irvine para projetar o primeiro protótipo do aparelho estereotáxica e controlador de temperatura animal, discussão do protocolo cirúrgico, e formação em microscopia de dois fótons. Os autores também agradecem Steve Pickens (W. Nuhsbaum, Inc.) para o auxílio na personalização do estereomicroscópio cirúrgico, e Ron Lipinski (Whale Manufacturing) para usinagem de peças estereotáticas.

Todos os experimentos seguem a Universidade de Illinois, Chicago institucional cuidados com animais e protocolos de uso do Comitê. Este é um procedimento terminal.
1. preparação do reagente
<ol><li>Prepare o fluido espinhal cerebral artificial (aCSF) para conter 125 mM de NaCl, 5 mM de KCl, 10 mM de glicose, 10 mM de HEPES, 2 mM MgCl2· 6h2o, 2 mm CAcl2· 2h2o em DDH2o. filtro estéril e congelamento em alíquotas de uso individual. ...

<ol>
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R., Turner, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tight+junction+protein+complex+undergoes+rapid+and+continuous+molecular+remodeling+at+steady+state.">The tight junction protein complex undergoes rapid and continuous molecular remodeling at steady state.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 181 (4), 683-695 (2008).</li><li>Knowland, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stepwise+recruitment+of+transcellular+and+paracellular+pathways+underlies+blood-brain+barrier+breakdown+in+stroke.">Stepwise recruitment of transcellular and paracellular pathways underlies blood-brain barrier breakdown in stroke.</a> Neuron. 82, 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Lutz, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caveolin1+Is+Required+for+Th1+Cell+Infiltration,+but+Not+Tight+Junction+Remodeling,+at+the+Blood-Brain+Barrier+in+Autoimmune+Neuroinflammation.">Caveolin1 Is Required for Th1 Cell Infiltration, but Not Tight Junction Remodeling, at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation.</a> Cell Reports. 21 (8), 2104-2117 (2017).</li><li>Harrison, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertebral+landmarks+for+the+identification+of+spinal+cord+segments+in+the+mouse.">Vertebral landmarks for the identification of spinal cord segments in the mouse.</a> Neuroimage. 68, 22-29 (2013).</li><li>Cupido, A., Catalin, B., Steffens, H., Kirchhoff, F., Bakota, L., Brandt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Scanning Microscopy and Quantitative Image Analysis of Neuronal Tissue. , 37-50 (2014).</li><li>Sekiguchi, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+large-scale+cellular+activity+in+spinal+cord+of+freely+behaving+mice.">Imaging large-scale cellular activity in spinal cord of freely behaving mice.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 11450 (2016).</li><li>Nadrigny, F., Le Meur, K., Schomburg, E. D., Safavi-Abbasi, S., Dibaj, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+laser-scanning+microscopy+for+single+and+repetitive+imaging+of+dorsal+and+lateral+spinal+white+matter+in+vivo.">Two-photon laser-scanning microscopy for single and repetitive imaging of dorsal and lateral spinal white matter in vivo.</a> Physiological Research. 66 (3), 531-537 (2017).</li><li>Adelsperger, A. R., Bigiarelli-Nogas, K. J., Toore, I., Goergen, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+Low-flow+Digital+Anesthesia+System+for+Mice+and+Rats.">Use of a Low-flow Digital Anesthesia System for Mice and Rats.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (115), (2016).</li><li>Damen, F. W., Adelsperger, A. R., Wilson, K. E., Goergen, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Traditional+and+Integrated+Digital+Anesthetic+Vaporizers.">Comparison of Traditional and Integrated Digital Anesthetic Vaporizers.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 54 (6), 756-762 (2015).</li><li>Miyamoto, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+COX-2+inhibitor+celecoxib+prevents+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+through+COX-2-independent+pathway.">Selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through COX-2-independent pathway.</a> Brain. 129 (Pt 8), 1984-1992 (2006).</li><li>Muthian, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=COX-2+inhibitors+modulate+IL-12+signaling+through+JAK-STAT+pathway+leading+to+Th1+response+in+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis.">COX-2 inhibitors modulate IL-12 signaling through JAK-STAT pathway leading to Th1 response in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.</a> Journal of Clinical Immunology. 26 (1), 73-85 (2006).</li></ol>

O método descrito aqui permite a imagem latente estável da medula espinal nos ratos através de uma janela de vidro. Este método foi aplicado para avaliar o remodelamento de BBB no EGFP transgênicas: Claudin5 +/-camundongos que expressam uma proteína de junção apertada fluorescente de BBB, mas poderia ser aplicada ingualmente bem para estudos de todas as proteínas ou pilhas fluorescentes na medula espinal.
Os métodos múltiplos para a estabilização do laminectomy e da medula espinal...

Modelos animais transgênicos expressando proteínas fluorescentes, quando combinados com microscopia intravital, proporcionam uma plataforma poderosa para abordar a biologia e a fisiopatologia. Para aplicar estas técnicas à medula espinal, os protocolos especializados são exigidos para preparar a medula espinal para a imagem latente. Uma tal estratégia é conduzir um implante da janela do laminectomy e da medula espinal. As características chaves de um protocolo ideal do laminectomy para a microscopia incluem a preservação da estrutura e da função nativas do tecido, a estabilidade do campo da imagem latente, o tempo de processamento rápido, e a reprodutibilidade dos resultados. Um desafio particular é estabilizar o campo de imagem contra o movimento induzido pela respiração e batimento cardíaco. Várias estratégias ex vivo e in vivo têm sido relatadas para atingir esses objetivos1,2,3,4,5. A maioria dos métodos in vivo envolve o aperto dos lados dacoluna vertebral2,4e é freqüentemente seguido pelaimplantação de um aparelho metálico rígido3,4para estabilidade durante a cirurgia e aplicações de imagem a jusante. Apertar a coluna vertebral pode potencialmente comprometer o fluxo sanguíneo e induzir a remodelação da proteína da barreira hematoencefálica (BBB).
A finalidade deste método é fazer a medula espinal intacta disponível para a imagem latente ótica no rato vivo ao minimizar a invasividade do protocolo e de melhorar resultados. Nós descrevemos um único procedimento do implante do laminectomy e da tampa-vidro emparelhado com um backplate 3D-impresso plástico oval minimamente invasor que ainda consiga a estabilidade mecânica robusta. A placa traseira é diretamente aderida às espinhas vertebrais anterior e posterior com cimento dentário. O backplate é equipado com os braços laterais da extensão com os furos do parafuso que fixam rigidamente ao estágio do microscópio através de um braço do metal. Isto Ancora eficazmente a vértebra anterior e posterior intacta ao estágio do microscópio, fornecendo a resistência mecânica ao artefato do movimento que seria introduzido de outra maneira pela respiração e pelo batimento cardíaco. O método foi otimizado para laminectomia de uma única vértebra no nível torácico 12, omitindo as braçadeiras utilizadas em estratégias alternativas de estabilidade durante a imagiologia in vivo . O procedimento é rápido, levando aproximadamente 30 min por mouse.
Este protocolo pode ser usado para estudar os mecanismos da doença do BBB. O BBB é um sistema microvascular dinâmico composto por células endoteliais, músculo liso vascular, pericytes e processos de pé astrocícito que proporcionam um ambiente altamente seletivo para o sistema nervoso central (SNC). Os dados representativos descrevem a aplicação deste protocolo em camundongos transgênicos projetados para expressar proteína verde fluorescente reforçada (eGFP): Claudin-5, uma proteína de junção apertada BBB. Os arquivos de impressão de backplate fornecidos também podem ser personalizados para aplicativos alternativos.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer</td>
			<td>Raise3D</td>
			<td>Pro2</td>
			<td>For printing backplates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA 3D printing filament</td>
			<td>Inland</td>
			<td>PLA+-175-B</td>
			<td>Black plastic 3D printing material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D CAD software</td>
			<td>Dassault Systemes</td>
			<td>Solidworks software</td>
			<td>used to design 3D shapes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer software</td>
			<td>Raise3D</td>
			<td>Ideamaker software</td>
			<td>software used to interface with the 3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printed oval backplate</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stabilizing imaging field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>M205 C</td>
			<td>Equipped with Leica FusionOptics, Planapo 0.63x M-series objective, and gliding stage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope camera</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MC170</td>
			<td>HD color camera for visualizing surgical field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gliding stage</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>10446301</td>
			<td>The gliding stage is constructed of two metal plates. The base plate is fixed. The upper plate slides on greased interface to allow rotational and linear movement.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical station and stabilization fork</td>
			<td>Whale Manufactoring</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td>Laminectomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SomnoSuite low-flow isoflurane delivery unit</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>SS-01</td>
			<td>Surgical anesthesia administration with integrated digitial vaporizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel 1.5 inch mounting post</td>
			<td>ThorLabs</td>
			<td>P50/M</td>
			<td>For mounting surgical station onto optical table for two-photon imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counterbored Clamping Fork for 1.5&#34; mounting Post</td>
			<td>ThorLabs</td>
			<td>PF175</td>
			<td>For stabilizing surgical station mount onto optical table for two-photon imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ideal bone microdrill</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>72-6065</td>
			<td>Thinning bone for laminectomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-462-10</td>
			<td>Warming saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cautery gun</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>18010-00</td>
			<td>Cauterizing minor bleeds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Benchmark</td>
			<td>BF11222</td>
			<td>1.9&#8221; x 4.5&#8221; silicone heater with 20&#8221; Teflon leads, 10W, 5V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K type thermocoupled rectal probe</td>
			<td>Physitemp</td>
			<td>RET3</td>
			<td>Measuring mouse body temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>petroleum jelly</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>8009-03-8</td>
			<td>Lubricating rectal probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Feedback-regulated thermal controller</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Commercially available alternatives include the Physitemp TCAT series</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVA Surgical eye spears</td>
			<td>Beaver-visitec international</td>
			<td>40400-8</td>
			<td>Absorbing blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric trimmer</td>
			<td>Wahl</td>
			<td>41590-0438</td>
			<td>Trimming mouse fur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blade, #11</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14002-14</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps, #5</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11254-20</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps, #4</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14002-14</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titatnium toothed forceps</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>555047FT</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium Iris scissors</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>555562S</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetbond tissue adhesive</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>084-1469SB</td>
			<td>Preparing tissue surface for dental acrylic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceramic mixing tray</td>
			<td>Jack Richeson</td>
			<td>420716</td>
			<td>Mixing dental acrylic agent with accelerant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orthojet dental acrylic</td>
			<td>Lang Dental</td>
			<td>1520BLK, 1503BLK</td>
			<td>Permanently bonding backplate to tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small round cover glass, #1 thickness, 3 mm</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>64-0720</td>
			<td>optical window</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7647-14-5</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7447-40-7</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-99-7</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7365-45-9</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7791-18-6</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10035-04-8</td>
			<td>For aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>Rimadyl</td>
			<td>QM01AE91</td>
			<td>Analgesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacteriostatic water</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>2587428</td>
			<td>Diluent for carprofen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>11695-6776-2</td>
			<td>Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactated ringer solution</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>0338-0117-04</td>
			<td>Hydration for mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose High EEO</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9793</td>
			<td>gel point 34-37 degrees C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opthalmic lubricating ointment</td>
			<td>Akwa Tears</td>
			<td>68788-0697</td>
			<td>Prevent corneal drying</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOM Two-Photon Microscope</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laminectomy and spinal cord window implantation in the mouse

Este protocolo descreve um método para o laminectomy da medula espinal e a implantação da janela de vidro para in vivo Imaging da medula espinal do rato. Um vaporizador digital integrado é utilizado para alcançar um plano estável de anestesia a uma taxa de baixo fluxo de isoflurano. Uma única espinha vertebral é removida, e um tampa-vidro comercialmente disponível é sobreposto em uma cama fina do agarose. Um backplate plástico 3D-Printed é afixado então às espinhas vertebrais adjacentes usando o adesivo do tecido e o cimento dental. Uma plataforma de estabilização é usada para reduzir o artefato de movimento da respiração e do batimento cardíaco. Este método rápido e braçadeira-livre é poço-serido para a microscopia de fluorescência aguda do multi-fóton. Os dados representativos são incluídos para uma aplicação desta técnica à microscopia do dois-fotão da vasculatura da medula espinal em ratos transgênicas que expressam EGFP: Claudin-5 — uma proteína apertada da junção.

As janelas de vidro implantadas e a microscopia intravital do dois-fotão fornecem uma ferramenta útil para avaliar mudanças dinâmicas em proteínas do CNS. A integridade funcional do BBB é influenciada pela expressão, localização subcelular e taxas de rotatividade de proteínas de junção apertadas7. Estudos prévios demonstraram que as proteínas de junção apertada passam por remodelações rápidas e dinâmicas no estado estacionário...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse at JoVE.com

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

Este protocolo descreve a implantação de uma janela de vidro na medula espinal de um rato para facilitar o visualização pela microscopia intravital.

Implante de janela de laminectomia e medula espinhal no mouse

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

Este método permite o exame da dinâmica proteica in vivo dentro do sistema nervoso central intacto para abordar questões em neurociência e imunologia. As principais vantagens deste procedimento são uma excelente estabilidade de movimento para aquisição de imagens, breve tempo cirúrgico, redução da exposição do operador à anestesia gasosa e backplates personalizáveis baratos. A demonstração visual deste método é fundamental, pois é difícil remover o osso sem danificar o tecido do sistema nervoso intimamente subjacente durante as etapas de laminectomia do procedimento.Antes de iniciar o procedimento, use um software de design auxiliado por computador 3D para criar um modelo para as dimensões indicadas. Então temos um objeto, que é o objeto tridimensional, que é com isso que podemos começar. O que posso fazer então é colocar configurações sobre isso para a versão de impressão.Então, se eu abrir Editar isso, entrar no Advanced, abrir uma janela que me permita olhar para todas essas configurações. Defina a temperatura do bocal para 205 graus Celsius, a temperatura do leito para 45 graus Celsius e a velocidade de impressão para 45 milímetros por segundo em uma impressora 3D. Use um bocal de ent quente de 0,4 milímetros e uma altura de camada de 0,2 milímetros para imprimir as placas traseiras.Em seguida, avalie as placas traseiras impressas visualmente para sua integridade estrutural. Falhas estruturais brutas indicam defeitos de impressão. Quando as placas traseiras estiverem prontas, coloque a cabeça de um rato anestesiado de oito a 12 semanas em uma almofada de calor entre as barras de ouvido de um auxiliar cirúrgico e aplique pomada nos olhos do animal.Depois de confirmar a falta de resposta ao beliscão do dedo do pé, use uma lâmina número 11 para fazer um rostral de 1,5 centímetros para caudal incisão midline sobre a região lombar superior torácica inferior e separar a pele do peritônio. Use fórceps para descascar qualquer tecido conjuntivo transparente restante sob a pele para expor a musculatura superficial. Deslocar os músculos com uma lança cirúrgica de espuma junto com o músculo mais profundo restante da vértebra alvo.Para criar um assento para a placa traseira, limpe o músculo do aspecto posterior da torácica 11 e o aspecto anterior da torácica 13. Usando fórceps para remover o músculo restante dos tendões, conforme necessário. Quando todo o músculo tiver sido removido, corte cuidadosamente os tendões com fórceps até que seja alcançado espaço suficiente para visualizar e manipular a medula espinhal.Confirme que a dura-luz do espaço intervertebral, o osso laminar semitransparente, o vaso sanguíneo superficial central sob o osso, e a artéria radiadora anterior são claramente visíveis. Molhe a região com fluido espinhal cerebral artificial quente e use uma microfuradeira para afinar o osso laminar usando traços retos paralelos ao longo eixo da medula espinhal. Agarrando suavemente o processo superficial de espimoss com fórceps, levante a vértebra.O osso deve levantar facilmente. Use fórceps número quatro para limpar quaisquer fragmentos ósseos, controlando qualquer sangramento com uma lança cirúrgica e pressão suave e constante, conforme necessário. Em seguida, enxágue o tecido com fluido espinhal cerebral cerebral quente.Para implantação de vidro de cobertura, aplique delicadamente um copo de tampa de borossilicato de três milímetros no cabo exposto. Use uma pequena espátula para aplicar 39 graus Celsius aquecido 2% à borda do vidro e permitir que a ação capilar desenhe a agarose sob a superfície de vidro de cobertura. Aplique adesivo tecidual aos processos articular ósseo exposto da vértebra adjacente intacta no nível torácico 11 e 13 colunas vertebrais.Aplique adesivo de tecido adicional em um anel ao redor do local da laminectomia sobre o tendão adjacente e o processo transversal. Em seguida, use uma nova espátula para aplicar cimento dental misturado com acelerador na camada adesiva do tecido e coloque uma placa traseira no campo cirúrgico centrada sobre a janela de vidro da tampa. Aplicar várias camadas finas de cimento dental resulta em uma adesão mais forte da placa traseira, mas certifique-se de colocar a placa traseira rapidamente antes que o cimento dentário comece a secar.Depois de permitir que o cimento dental cure por 10 minutos, preencha a base interna e a parte inferior do fundo com adesivo adicional. A aplicação do cimento dental em camadas finas pode ajudar a reduzir o risco de o cimento se espalhar para o vidro da tampa e agarose, o que pode comprometer todo o protocolo. Quando o cimento dentário secar, aplique um suporte de placa de trás bifurcado na posição apropriada sobre a janela e enrosque a placa traseira no suporte da placa traseira.Em seguida, aplique soro fisiológico na placa traseira para testar o vazamento. O animal e a plataforma cirúrgica podem então ser transferidos para a tabela óptica de um microscópio de dois fótons para imagem através da janela de vidro da tampa. Neste experimento representativo, o EGFP positivo claudin-5 foi visualizado dentro das junções apertadas fluorescentes rotuladas ao longo de um plexo vascular.O delineamento claro das estruturas de junção apertadas na projeção Z indica que o deslocamento mínimo da imagem XY é produzido após uma laminectomia bem sucedida, colocação da janela e implantação da placa traseira. Ao tentar este procedimento é importante lembrar que esta microcirurgia é difícil e pode levar tempo para dominar. No entanto, uma vez dominada, esta cirurgia pode ser realizada em aproximadamente 30 minutos.Após esse procedimento, outros métodos, como duas microscopia de fótons e imagem in vivo, podem ser realizados para responder a perguntas adicionais sobre remodelagem neurovascular e outros processos da doença envolvendo a medula espinhal.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Dissecção e Cultura de Neurônios da Medula Espinhal comissural embrionárias

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Neurociência

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has significantly broadened our knowledge of physiological and pathological processes in numerous tissues in vivo 4-7. In studies of the central nervous system (CNS), there has been a broad application of in vivo imaging in the brain, which has produced a plethora of novel and often unexpected findings about the behavior of cells such as neurons, astrocytes, microglia, under physiological or pathological conditions 8-17. However, mostly technical complications have limited the implementation of in vivo imaging in studies of the living mouse spinal cord. In particular, the anatomical proximity of the spinal cord to the lungs and heart generates significant movement artifact that makes imaging the living spinal cord a challenging task.
We developed a novel method that overcomes the inherent limitations of spinal cord imaging by stabilizing the spinal column, reducing respiratory-induced movements and thereby facilitating the use of two-photon microscopy to image the mouse spinal cord in vivo. This is achieved by combining a customized spinal stabilization device with a method of deep anesthesia, resulting in a significant reduction of respiratory-induced movements. This video protocol shows how to expose a small area of the living spinal cord that can be maintained under stable physiological conditions over extended periods of time by keeping tissue injury and bleeding to a minimum. Representative raw images acquired in vivo detail in high resolution the close relationship between microglia and the vasculature. A timelapse sequence shows the dynamic behavior of microglial processes in the living mouse spinal cord. Moreover, a continuous scan of the same z-frame demonstrates the outstanding stability that this method can achieve to generate stacks of images and/or timelapse movies that do not require image alignment post-acquisition. Finally, we show how this method can be used to revisit and reimage the same area of the spinal cord at later timepoints, allowing for longitudinal studies of ongoing physiological or pathological processes in vivo.

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

A minimally invasive protocol to stabilize the mouse spinal column and perform repetitive in vivo spinal cord imaging using two-photon microscopy is described. This method combines a spinal stabilization device and an anesthetic regimen to minimize respiratory-induced movements and produce raw imaging data that require no alignment or other post-processing.

Em Imaging vivo do Cordão do rato Spinal Usando Two-photon Microscopia

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

Injeção estereotáxica de um vetor viral para manipulação genética condicional no Cabo de Rato Spinal

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability to reinitiate spinal neurogenesis. However, some anamniotes including the zebrafish Danio rerio exhibit both sensory and functional recovery even after complete transection of the spinal cord. The adult zebrafish is an established model organism for studying regeneration following spinal cord injury, with sensory and motor recovery by 6&#160;weeks post-injury. To take advantage of in vivo analysis of the regenerative process available in the transparent larval zebrafish as well as genetic tools not accessible in the adult, we use the larval zebrafish to study regeneration after spinal cord transection. Here we demonstrate a method for reproducibly and verifiably transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, our data shows sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury (dpi), with the C-bend movement detectable by 3 dpi and resumption of free swimming by 5 dpi. Thus we propose the larval zebrafish as a companion tool to the adult zebrafish for the study of recovery after spinal cord injury.

After spinal transection, adult zebrafish have functional recovery by six weeks post-injury. To take advantage of larval transparency and faster recovery, we present a method for transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, we observe sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury, and C-bend movement by 3 days post-injury.

Transecção medular nos larval Zebrafish

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by repeated, time-lapse in vivo imaging in live rodents. These studies were made possible by straightforward surgical procedures, which enabled optical access for a prolonged period of time without repeat surgical procedures. In contrast, analogous studies of the spinal cord have been previously limited to only a few imaging sessions, each of which required an invasive surgery. As previously described, we have developed a spinal chamber that enables continuous optical access for upwards of 8 weeks, preserves mechanical stability of the spinal column, is easily stabilized externally during imaging, and requires only a single surgery. Here, the design of the spinal chamber with its associated surgical implements is reviewed and the surgical procedure is demonstrated in detail. Briefly, this video will demonstrate the preparation of the surgical area and mouse for surgery, exposure of the spinal vertebra and appropriate tissue debridement, the delivery of the implant and vertebral clamping, the completion of the chamber, the removal of the delivery system, sealing of the skin, and finally, post-operative care. The procedure for chronic in vivo imaging using nonlinear microscopy will also be demonstrated. Finally, outcomes, limitations, typical variability, and a guide for troubleshooting are discussed.

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

In this video, we describe a procedure for implanting a chronic optical imaging chamber over the dorsal spinal cord of a live mouse. The chamber, surgical procedure, and chronic imaging are reviewed and demonstrated.

Um Processo de Implantação de uma Câmara Spinal para Longitudinal<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Criação de Imagens do Cordão do rato Spinal

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for live-cell imaging in the murine spinal cord. This technique is uniquely suited to analyze neural precursor cell (NPC) dynamics following transplantation into spinal cords undergoing neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders. NPCs migrate to sites of axonal damage, proliferate, differentiate into oligodendrocytes, and participate in direct remyelination. NPCs are thereby a promising therapeutic treatment to ameliorate chronic demyelinating diseases. Because transplanted NPCs migrate to the damaged areas on the ventral side of the spinal cord, traditional intravital 2P imaging is impossible, and only information on static interactions was previously available using histochemical staining approaches. Although this method was generated to image transplanted NPCs in the ventral spinal cord, it can be applied to numerous studies of transplanted and endogenous cells throughout the entire spinal cord. In this article, we demonstrate the preparation and imaging of a spinal cord with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-expressing axons and enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing transplanted NPCs.

A new ex vivo preparation for imaging the mouse spinal cord. This protocol allows for two-photon imaging of live cellular interactions throughout the spinal cord.

Dois fótons de imagem da Cellular Dynamics na Medula Espinhal Rato

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for ...

Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord of the majority of these fiber systems have not been thoroughly investigated in any species. Serotonergic fibers, which project to the spinal cord, have been studied in rats and opossums on histological sections and their functional significance has been deduced based on their fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord. With the development of CLARITY and CUBIC techniques, it is possible to investigate this fiber system and its distribution in the spinal cord, which is likely to reveal previously unknown features of serotonergic supraspinal pathways. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for imaging the serotonergic fibers in the mouse spinal cord using the combined CLARITY and CUBIC techniques. The method involves perfusion of a mouse with a hydrogel solution and clarification of the tissue with a combination of clearing reagents. Spinal cord tissue was cleared in just under two weeks, and the subsequent immunofluorescent staining against serotonin was completed in less than ten days. With a multi-photon fluorescent microscope, the tissue was scanned and a 3D image was reconstructed using Osirix software.

Supraspinal projections are important for pain perception and other behaviors, and serotonergic fibers are one of these fiber systems. The present study focused on the application of the combined CLARITY/CUBIC protocol to the mouse spinal cord in order to investigate the termination of these serotonergic fibers.

Imagiologia Fibras Serotoninérgicos na medula espinhal mouse usando o CLARIDADE / Técnica CUBIC

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Imagem de atividade Neural no córtex somatossensorial primário usando Thy1-GCaMP6s de ratos transgênicos

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

Entrega intra-arterial de células-tronco neurais ao cérebro de ratos e ratos: aplicação à isquemia cerebral

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...

Extração e Purificação Enzimática da Microglia da Medula Espinhal de Camundongo

Rapid and Efficient Enrichment of Mouse Spinal Cord Microglia

The vertebral column defines a vertebrate and shapes the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and safeguards the spinal cord. Proper development and function of the mammalian central nervous system rely significantly on the activity of resident macrophages known as microglia. Microglia display heterogeneity and multifunctionality, enabling distinct gene expression and behavior within the spinal cord and brain. Numerous studies have explored cerebral microglia function, detailing purification methods extensively. However, the purification of microglia from the spinal cord in mice lacks a comprehensive description. In contrast, the utilization of a highly purified collagenase, as opposed to an unrefined extract, lacks reporting within central nervous system tissues. In this study, the vertebral column and spinal cord were excised from 8-10 week-old C57BL/6 mice. Subsequent digestion employed a highly purified collagenase, and microglia purification utilized a density gradient. Cells underwent staining for flow cytometry, assessing viability and purity through CD11b and CD45 staining. Results yielded an average viability of 80% and a mean purity of 95%. In conclusion, manipulation of mouse microglia involved digestion with a highly purified collagenase, followed by a density gradient. This approach effectively produced substantial spinal cord microglia populations.

Autor em destaque: Pesquisa de microglia sobre heterogeneidade e purificação da medula espinhal 

Microglia are regarded as some of the most versatile cells in the body, capable of morphological and functional adaptation. Their heterogeneity and multifunctionality enable the maintenance of brain homeostasis, while also being linked to various neurological pathologies. Here, a technique for purifying spinal cord microglia is described.

Enriquecimento rápido e eficiente da microglia medular de camundongos

The vertebral column defines a vertebrate and shapes the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and safeguards the spinal cord. Proper development and ...