Name: extending the lifespan of soluble lead flow batteries with a sodium acetate additive
Uploaded: 2019-01-07T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extending the Lifespan of Soluble Lead Flow Batteries with a Sodium Acetate Additive at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了科技部的支持, 其供资人数为 nsc 102-221-e-002-146-、最省 103-22-21-e-002-146-和最省 104-2628-e-0016-0016-my3。

1. 使用醋酸钠添加剂建造 slfb 烧杯电池
注: 本节介绍构建带有长期循环实验添加剂的 slfb 烧杯电池的过程。该协议包括带和不含添加剂的电解质制备、电极预处理、电池组装和效率计算。
<ol><li>
铅甲磺酸的制备 (1 升, 1 m 为例)
	<ol>
<li>在烟罩中, 加入274.6 克的甲磺酸 (msa, 70%), 搅拌用搅拌棒搅拌。用300毫升的去离子水溶解 mL。</li>
		<li>准备 223.2 g 氧化铅 (ii) (98%), ?...

<ol>
	<li>Soloveichik, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+batteries:+current+status+&amp;+trends.">Flow batteries: current status &amp; trends.</a> Chemical Reviews. 115 (20), 11533-11558 (2015).</li><li>Ravikumar, M. K., Rathod, S., Jaiswal, N., Patil, S., Shukla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+renaissance+in+redox+flow+batteries.">The renaissance in redox flow batteries.</a> Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 21 (9), 2467-2488 (2017).</li><li>Hazza, A., Pletcher, D., Wills, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+flow+battery:+A+lead+acid+battery+based+on+an+electrolyte+with+soluble+lead+(II)+Part+I.+Preliminary+studies.">A novel flow battery: A lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead (II) Part I. Preliminary studies.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 6 (8), 1773-1778 (2004).</li><li>Pletcher, D., Wills, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+flow+battery:+A+lead+acid+battery+based+on+an+electrolyte+with+soluble+lead+(II)+Part+II.+Flow+cell+studies.">A novel flow battery: A lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead (II) Part II. Flow cell studies.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 6 (8), 1779-1785 (2004).</li><li>Pletcher, D., Wills, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+flow+battery-a+lead+acid+battery+based+on+an+electrolyte+with+soluble+lead+(II).+III.+The+influence+of+conditions+on+battery+performance.">A novel flow battery-a lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead (II). III. The influence of conditions on battery performance.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 149, 96-102 (2005).</li><li>Hazza, A., Pletcher, D., Wills, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+flow+battery-a+lead+acid+battery+based+on+an+electrolyte+with+soluble+lead+(II).+IV.+The+influence+of+additives.">A novel flow battery-a lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead (II). IV. The influence of additives.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 149, 103-111 (2005).</li><li>Pletcher, D., Zhou, H., Kear, G., Low, C. T. J., Walsh, F. C., Wills, R. G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+flow+battery-A+lead-acid+battery+based+on+an+electrolyte+with+soluble+lead+(II).+V.+Studies+of+the+lead+negative+electrode.">A novel flow battery-A lead-acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead (II). V. Studies of the lead negative electrode.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 180 (1), 621-629 (2008).</li><li>Pletcher, D., Zhou, H., Kear, G., Low, C. T. J., Walsh, F. C., Wills, R. G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+flow+battery-A+lead-acid+battery+based+on+an+electrolyte+with+soluble+lead+(II).+Part+VI.+Studies+of+the+lead+dioxide+positive+electrode.">A novel flow battery-A lead-acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead (II). Part VI. Studies of the lead dioxide positive electrode.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 180 (1), 630-634 (2008).</li><li>Li, X., Pletcher, D., Walsh, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+flow+battery:+a+lead+acid+battery+based+on+an+electrolyte+with+soluble+lead+(II).+Part+VII.+Further+studies+of+the+lead+dioxide+positive+electrode.">A novel flow battery: a lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead (II). Part VII. Further studies of the lead dioxide positive electrode.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 54 (20), 4688-4695 (2009).</li><li>Krishna, M., Fraser, E. J., Wills, R. G. A., Walsh, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developments+in+soluble+lead+flow+batteries+and+remaining+challenges:+An+illustrated+review.">Developments in soluble lead flow batteries and remaining challenges: An illustrated review.</a> Journal of Energy Storage. 15, 69-90 (2018).</li><li>Lin, Y. -. T., Tan, H. -. L., Lee, C. -. Y., Chen, H. -. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stabilizing+the+electrodeposit-electrolyte+interphase+in+soluble+lead+flow+batteries+with+ethanoate+additive.">Stabilizing the electrodeposit-electrolyte interphase in soluble lead flow batteries with ethanoate additive.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 263, 60-67 (2018).</li><li>Oury, A., Kirchev, A., Bultel, Y., Chainet, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PbO2/Pb2++cycling+in+methanesulfonic+acid+and+mechanisms+associated+for+soluble+lead-acid+flow+battery+applications.">PbO2/Pb2+ cycling in methanesulfonic acid and mechanisms associated for soluble lead-acid flow battery applications.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 71, 140-149 (2012).</li><li>Oury, A., Kirchev, A., Bultel, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+response+of+lead+dioxide/Lead+(II)+galvanostatic+cycling+in+methanesulfonic+acid:+a+morphologico-kinetics+interpretation.">Potential response of lead dioxide/Lead (II) galvanostatic cycling in methanesulfonic acid: a morphologico-kinetics interpretation.</a> Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 160 (1), A148-A154 (2013).</li></ol>

本文介绍了一种经济延长 slfb 循环寿命的方法: 采用 naoac 剂作为电解质添加剂。在长期循环试验之前, 对步骤1中提到的一批新鲜石墨电极和镍板进行了预处理。由于商用碳电极之间的不一致可能会导致 slfb 的性能偏差, 因此步骤1.4 中的物理化学预处理对于去除表面残留物至关重要。步骤1.4 的第二部分是采用电化学方法去除可能引起0至 1.8 v 电位对 ag/agcl之间氧化还原反应的杂质。如<strong cla...

包括太阳能和风能在内的可再生能源已经开发了几十年, 但其间歇性构成了巨大挑战。对于包含可再生能源的未来电网来说, 电网稳定和负载均衡至关重要, 可以通过集成储能来实现。氧化还原流电池 (rfb) 是网秤储能的好选择之一。传统的 rfb 含有离子选择性膜, 分离了不溶解剂和阴极;例如, 全钒 rfb 已证明运行效率高, 循环寿命长 1,2。然而, 它们作为储能的市场份额非常有限, 部分原因是材料成本高昂, 离子选择性膜无效。另一方面, 由 plectcher 等人介绍了一种单流可溶性铅流电池 (slfb) .1,2,3 个,4 个,5. slfb 是无膜的, 因为它只有一个活性物种, 即铅 (ii) 离子。在充电过程中, 在正极上电镀铅 (ii) 离子作为 pbo2 , 在负极上作为铅, 在放电过程中, 将铅 (ii) 重新转换回铅 (ii)。因此, slfb 只需要一个循环泵和一个电解质储罐, 这反过来又可能导致与传统 rfb 相比降低资本和运营成本。然而, 在正常流动条件下, slfb 公布的循环寿命到目前为止被限制在不到 200个周期的情况下, 6、7、8、9、10。
导致 slfb 循环寿命较短的因素初步与 pbo 2 在正极的沉积溶解有关.在充放电过程中, 发现电解质酸度在深周期或重复周期11中增加, 并建议质子诱导产生非化学计量 pbox 12的钝化层,13. pbo2的脱落是与 slfb 降解有关的另一个现象。shed pbo 2颗粒是不可逆的, 不能再利用。由于电化学反应不平衡以及两个电极上的累积电沉积, slfb 的库仑效率 (ce) 随之下降。为了延长 slfb 的循环寿命, 稳定 ph 值波动和电镀沉积结构至关重要。最近的一篇论文证明了添加醋酸钠 (naoac) 在甲磺酸电解质11中的 slfb 的性能和延长的循环寿命。
本文介绍了在 slfb 中使用 naoac 作为甲磺酸电解质添加剂的详细协议。与不含 naoac 添加剂的 slfb 相比, slfb 性能得到了提高, 使用寿命可以延长50% 以上。此外, 还说明了投掷指数 (ti) 的测量程序, 以便对添加剂对电沉积的影响进行定量比较。最后, 介绍了 slfb 电极电沉积的扫描电子显微镜 (sem) 样品制备方法, 并在采集的图像中显示了加性对电镀的影响。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>70 mm cellulose filter paper</td>
			<td>Advance</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autolab</td>
			<td>Metrohm</td>
			<td>PGSTA302N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BT-Lab</td>
			<td>BioLogic</td>
			<td>BCS-810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>commercial carbon composite electrode</td>
			<td>Homy Tech,Taiwan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Density 1.75 g cm-3, and electrical conductivity 330 S cm-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond saw</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td>SHOWA</td>
			<td>0812-0150-000-69SW</td>
			<td>35%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lead (II) Oxide</td>
			<td>SHOWA</td>
			<td>1209-0250-000-23SW</td>
			<td>98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lutropur MSA</td>
			<td>BASF</td>
			<td>50707525</td>
			<td>70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nickel plate</td>
			<td>Lien Hung Alloy Trading Co., LTD., Taiwan,&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Nitrate</td>
			<td>Scharlab</td>
			<td>28703-95</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning electron microscopy</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JSM-7800F</td>
			<td>at accelerating voltage of 15 kV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td>SHOWA</td>
			<td>1922-5250-000-23SW</td>
			<td>98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>water purification system</td>
			<td>Barnstead MicroPure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;18.2 M&#937;&#160;&#8226; cm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extending the lifespan of soluble lead flow batteries with a sodium acetate additive

在本报告中, 我们提出了一种构建具有延长循环寿命的可溶性铅流电池 (slfb) 的方法。通过向电解液中提供足够的醋酸钠 (galvanostatic),通过长期的静电充放电实验, 证明 slfb 的循环寿命延长超过50%。通过投掷指数 (ti) 测量,定量验证了正极上 pbo 2 电极上 pbo 2 电沉积的较高质量。当 slfb 使用 naoas 添加电解质操作时, 通过扫描电子显微镜 (sem) 获得的图像也会表现出更多集成的 pbo2表面形貌。这项工作表明, 电解质改性可以成为经济上使 slfb 能够大规模储能的可行途径。

为了延长 slfb 的循环寿命, naoac 被作为电解质添加剂提供。同时研究了带有和不含有 naoac 添加剂的 slfb 的循环性能, 结果如图 3所示。为了更容易定量地比较循环寿命, 我们将 slfb 的 "死亡" 定义为在连续静电充放电下 ce 低于80% 时。图 3a和3a显示, 当在0.5m 铅甲磺酸和 0.5 m mM 的电解质中添加 50 mm 纳阿酚时, slfb 的循环?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extending the Lifespan of Soluble Lead Flow Batteries with a Sodium Acetate Additive at JoVE.com

Extending the Lifespan of Soluble Lead Flow Batteries with a Sodium Acetate Additive

提出了一种用于构建寿命较长的可溶性铅流电池的协议, 该协议在甲磺酸电解液中供应醋酸钠作为添加剂。

用醋酸钠添加剂延长可溶性铅流电池的使用寿命

In this report, we present a method for the construction of a soluble lead flow battery (SLFB) with an extended cycle life. By supplying an adequate ...

该方法采用醋酸钠作为电解质添加剂，延长了可溶性铅流电池的循环寿命，是一种经济有效的方法。此外，该方法采用的烧杯电池设计便于研究电解质添加剂对单流量红氧化物流电池的影响。演示程序的将是赖永红、陈浩伟和潘凯瑞，他们两名研究生和一名本科生来自我实验室。首先，在烟气罩中，将274.6克70%甲烷硫酸倒入烧杯中，然后开始用搅拌棒搅拌。加入300毫升的去水，并继续搅拌一到两分钟，以彻底混合溶液。然后，以铲尖大小的增量将223.2克98%铅II氧化二氧化物加入搅拌溶液。等待每个部分完全溶解，然后再添加下一个。过滤产生的铅甲烷硫化酯溶液三次。用去化水稀释到一升，搅拌两到三个小时，以获得一摩尔溶液。接下来，将烧杯20.595克70%MSA、150毫升单摩尔铅甲硫磷酸盐和1.23克醋酸钠混合。用去离子水稀释至300毫升，搅拌一到两分钟，使电解质溶液以醋酸钠作为添加剂。接下来，用P100-grit铝砂纸抛光裸石墨电极，直到看不到杂质。用去电化水冲洗抛光电极。然后，在200毫升去维化水中加入20.83克35%盐酸，搅拌好，获得盐酸单摩尔溶液。将石墨电极浸泡在溶液中至少8小时。用去离子水彻底冲洗石墨电极，然后用低绒实验室擦拭干燥。用P100-grit铝砂纸抛光镍电极，用去离子水冲洗，然后用同样的方式干燥。然后，将聚四氟乙烯胶带缠绕在每个电极的一侧，使部分暴露在电池测试仪上。在300毫升去离子水中溶解3.03克硝酸钾。将两个电极的外露面浸入此 0.1 摩尔硝酸钾溶液中。此外，在溶液中放置一个参考氯化银电极。然后，将电极连接到电位。石墨工作电极为正极，镍计数器电极为负极。将 1.80 伏电位与氯化银银对正极施加 5 分钟。然后，将负一伏与氯化银的电位应用到正极上两分钟，以完成预处理。冲洗并擦干电极。然后，将预处理电极连接到自定义电极定位板。将定位板放在装有搅拌棒的烧杯上，用电解质填充烧杯，直到溶液达到适当的水平。将烧杯组件放在搅拌热板上，然后将电池测试仪连接到电极。在执行电池测试之前，用塑料包装盖住烧杯电池以防止蒸发。在测试过程中，以大约 200 rpm 的转速搅拌混合物。要启动投掷指数测量程序，请称重两个正极并记录其质量。将负极放在哈林-布卢姆电池装置的中心位置。将一个正极放在组件中，靠近负极。将另一个正极放在比第一个正极和负极之间的距离大几倍的距离处。将电极浸入感兴趣的电解质中，并将其连接到电池测试仪。开始测试时，以每平方厘米 20 毫安的恒定电流密度为电池组件充电 30 分钟。执行所需的电荷放电循环后，用去电化水冲洗正极，让它们在环境空气中干燥过夜。然后，称量正极，并计算每个电极上镀金的金属量。以各种线性距离比率重复此过程，并生成引发索引图。要为 SEM 准备电镀石墨电极，请先用去电化水冲洗，并在室温下干燥。然后，使用金刚石锯小心地将电极切成所需尺寸的样品。冷安装电极样品，在抛光机中固定，然后按顺序用 14-8 和 3 毫米碳化硅砂纸进行机械抛光。用去维水冲洗样品，每次抛光后用氮气干燥。然后，用一毫米金刚石悬浮液抛光样品，然后在去维化水中加压0.05毫米氧化铝。之后，在抛光样品上沉积一层铂金，用铜胶带将其连接到样品平台上。获取电镀材料的 SEM 图像。在SLFB电极中添加醋酸钠将电荷放电周期寿命延长了约50%添加醋酸钠，还改善了正极的抛物特性，如投掷指数图中较浅的斜率所示。醋酸钠对负极的电镀行为无显著影响。带无醋酸钠电解质中带铅IV氧化物的正电极SEM图像表明，该添加剂与更平滑的四氧化铅表面相对应，缺陷较少。杂质会损害SLFB的性能。确保氧化铅完全溶解在 MSA 中，并在使用电解质之前过滤掉所有残留的固体。一旦获得镀电极样品，可以执行其他材料标生技术，如EBSD、纳米缩进或X射线衍射，以深入了解添加剂对电镀的影响。请记住在烟气罩中准备电解质，因为在此过程期间释放的气体可能很危险。

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Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

反应执行使用连续流处理的实时监控：3  - 乙酰基香豆素的制备为例

By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible ...

Water in Oil Emulsions: A New System for Assembling Water-soluble Chlorophyll-binding Proteins with Hydrophobic Pigments

水在油乳剂：与疏水性颜料装配水溶性叶绿素结合蛋白的新系统

Chlorophylls (Chls) and bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) are the primary cofactors that carry out photosynthetic light harvesting and electron transport. ...

Visualization of Ambient Mass Spectrometry with the Use of Schlieren Photography

环境质谱可视化纹影摄影的使用

This manuscript outlines how to visualize mass spectrometry ambient ionization sources using schlieren photography. In order to properly optimize the mass ...

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

分离硫酸选择性结晶用双 -  iminoguanidinium配体

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, ...

Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal&#8211;Organic Complex Array

Synthesis of a Water-soluble MetalÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œOrganic Complex Array

一个水溶性金属 - 有机络合物阵列合成

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of a water-soluble multimetallic peptidic array containing a predetermined sequence of metal centers such as ...

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

（2<em&gt;ž</em&gt;，4<em&gt;电子</em&gt;） - 通过电子缺陷烯烃与烯丙基乙酸酯的烯化反应制备二烯酰胺

Direct cross-coupling between two alkenes via vinylic C-H bond activation represents an efficient strategy for the synthesis of butadienes with high ...

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

连续流动化学: Diphenyldiazomethane 与p硝基苯甲酸的反应

Continuous flow technology has been identified as instrumental for its environmental and economic advantages leveraging superior mixing, heat transfer and ...

Synthesizing Sodium Tungstate and Sodium Molybdate Microcapsules via Bacterial Mineral Excretion

通过细菌矿物排泄合成钨酸钠和钼酸钠微胶囊

We present a method, the bacterial mineral excretion (BME), for synthesizing two kinds of microcapsules, sodium tungstate and sodium molybdate, and the ...

Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering

软 x 射线吸收光谱和共振非弹性 x 射线散射法检测电池化学成分的元素敏感度

Energy storage has become more and more a limiting factor of today's sustainable energy applications, including electric vehicles and green electric grid ...