Name: evaluating virulence and pathogenesis of aeromonas infection in a caenorhabditis elegans model
Uploaded: 2018-12-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model at JoVE.com

我们感谢台湾线虫核心设施的协助, 感谢国立成功大学医院微生物学和抗菌素耐药性诊断实验室提供的 aeromonas分离物。我们也感谢 caenorhabditis 遗传学中心 (cgc) 和蠕虫基地。我们也感谢萨瓦娜·摩尔编辑了手稿。
这项研究得到了台湾科技部 (最大部分 105-268-b-0017-017-my3) 和国立成功大学医院 (nckuh-10705001) 至 p. l. chen 的部分资助。

1. 培养基的制备
注: 有关溶液的制备, 请参见表1。
<ol><li>制备 mL 介质12, 在500毫升去离子水中溶解 1.5克 kh 2 po 4,5.66 克na 2 hpo 4, 2.5 克氯化碳.在121°c 下的高压灭菌器 20分钟, 等到冷却到室温, 然后在首次使用前加入 0.5 ml 的 1 mgso4 。</li>
	<li>制备线虫生长介质 (ngm)12, 在1升去离子水中溶解3克氯化碳、2.5...

<ol>
	<li>Parker, J. L., Shaw, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aeromonas+spp.+clinical+microbiology+and+disease.">Aeromonas spp. clinical microbiology and disease.</a> Journal of Infection. 62 (2), 109-118 (2011).</li><li>Chao, C. M., Lai, C. C., Tang, H. J., Ko, W. C., Hsueh, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+and+soft-tissue+infections+caused+by+Aeromonas+species.">Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by Aeromonas species.</a> European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases. 32 (4), 543-547 (2013).</li><li>Chao, C. M., Lai, C. C., Tang, H. J., Ko, W. C., Hsueh, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biliary+tract+infections+caused+by+Aeromonas+species.">Biliary tract infections caused by Aeromonas species.</a> European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases. 32 (2), 245-251 (2013).</li><li>Chuang, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+clinical+characteristics+among+Aeromonas+hydrophila,+Aeromonas+veronii+biovar+sobria+and+Aeromonas+caviae+monomicrobial+bacteremia.">Different clinical characteristics among Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and Aeromonas caviae monomicrobial bacteremia.</a> Journal of Korean Medical Science. 26 (11), 1415-1420 (2011).</li><li>Chao, C. M., Lai, C. C., Gau, S. J., Hsueh, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+and+soft+tissue+infection+caused+by+Aeromonas+species+in+cancer+patients.">Skin and soft tissue infection caused by Aeromonas species in cancer patients.</a> Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 46 (2), 144-146 (2013).</li><li>Chen, P. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Disease+Model+of+Muscle+necrosis+caused+by+Aeromonas+dhakensis+infection+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">A Disease Model of Muscle necrosis caused by Aeromonas dhakensis infection in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 7, 2058 (2016).</li><li>Chen, P. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virulence+diversity+among+bacteremic+Aeromonas+isolates:+ex+vivo,+animal,+and+clinical+evidences.">Virulence diversity among bacteremic Aeromonas isolates: ex vivo, animal, and clinical evidences.</a> PLoS One. 9 (11), 111213 (2014).</li><li>Saraceni, P. R., Romero, A., Figueras, A., Novoa, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+infection+models+in+zebrafish+larvae+(Danio+rerio)+to+study+the+pathogenesis+of+Aeromonas+hydrophila.">Establishment of infection models in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) to study the pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 7, 1219 (2016).</li><li>Chen, Y. W., Ko, W. C., Chen, C. S., Chen, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RIOK-1+Is+a+Suppressor+of+the+p38+MAPK+Innate+Immune+Pathway+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">RIOK-1 Is a Suppressor of the p38 MAPK Innate Immune Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 9, 774 (2018).</li><li>Powell, J. R., Ausubel, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans+infection+by+bacterial+and+fungal+pathogens.">Models of Caenorhabditis elegans infection by bacterial and fungal pathogens.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 415, 403-427 (2008).</li><li>Chou, T. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enterohaemorrhagic+Escherichia+coli+O157:H7+Shiga-like+toxin+1+is+required+for+full+pathogenicity+and+activation+of+the+p38+mitogen-activated+protein+kinase+pathway+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga-like toxin 1 is required for full pathogenicity and activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 15 (1), 82-97 (2013).</li><li>Stiernagle, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+C.+elegans.">Maintenance of C. elegans.</a> WormBook. , 1-11 (2006).</li><li>Engelmann, I., Pujol, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immunity+in+C.+elegans.">Innate immunity in C. elegans.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 708, 105-121 (2010).</li><li>Feinbaum, R. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+identification+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+virulence-related+genes+using+a+Caenorhabditis+elegans+infection+model.">Genome-wide identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence-related genes using a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 8 (7), 1002813 (2012).</li></ol>

线虫是一种天然摄入细菌作为食物的细菌的细菌线虫, 在其进化过程中对细菌产生了复杂的先天免疫力。维持和支持免疫的两个主要器官是表皮和肠道 9,13。线虫的表皮和肌肉带类似于哺乳动物和人类的软组织结构.由于这些特点,线虫可作为研究气单胞菌感染发病机制的模型生物。
在这里...

人体病原体气单胞菌已被临床证明会引起肠胃炎、伤口感染、败血症和尿路感染1, 2.据报告, 大多数相关的人类疾病与四种细菌有关: dhakensis 气菌、水氢气单胞菌、veronii型和caviae 气体 2,3,4 个,5.在气单胞菌传染病中, 软组织感染可导致人类严重发病率和死亡率。值得注意的是, 肌肉坏死是软组织感染最严重的形式.观察线虫感染后的生存和肌肉坏死是推测气单胞菌毒性的一种简便方法。
科学家们已经开发出许多模型生物来研究细菌感染。在以往的研究中, 小鼠、斑马鱼和线虫被用作动物模型, 研究aeromonas6、7、8的发病机制和毒力。每一种动物模型都有其优势和应用。该生物模型, 线虫, 是一种具有天然的细菌摄入的细菌线虫。线虫在进化过程中已经形成了一种复杂的抗细菌感染的先天免疫系统。在细菌感染的压力下,线虫已被证明是研究aeromonas6、7、9等病原体细菌发病机制的良好感染模型如真菌10和肠出血性大肠杆菌o157: h7 11.然而, 目前还没有一份出版物关注使用作为研究 aeromonas 毒力的模型的方法. 
在这里, 我们介绍了三个不同的实验, 以研究aeromonas感染使用线虫作为动物模型: 检测生存, 液体毒性, 和肌肉坏死. 这些方法是评价气单胞菌物种之间和内部毒性的一种简便方法, 有助于提高对气单胞菌发病机制的认识。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:660px;" width="661">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Shaker incubator</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">YIH DER</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LM-570R</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Bacteria incubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">K2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J.T.Baker</td>
			<td>MP021519455</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J.T.Baker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3246-05</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J.T.Baker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MP021914405</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31434</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MgSO4</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7506</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">agar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">214530</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1016</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">cholesterol</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C8503</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32205</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">KOH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5958</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">6 cm petri plate</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ALPHA PLUS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">46</td>
			<td>agar plate preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">96-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FALCON</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353072</td>
			<td>liquid assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">bacterial peptone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Affymetrix/USB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AAJ20048P2</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">92144</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">citric acid&#8226;H2O</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1909</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">tri-potassium citrate&#8226;H2O</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">104956</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FudR&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1271008</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">disodium EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E1644</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FeSO4&#8226;7 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">215422</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MnCl2&#8226;4 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">221279</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ZnSO4&#8226;7 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">204986</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CuSO4&#8226;5 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C8027</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16922</td>
			<td>Culture medium preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microscope system</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Eclipase Ti inverted&#160;</td>
			<td>microscope imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Scientific CCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">QImaging&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Retiga-2000R Fast 1394&#160;</td>
			<td>microscope imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluating virulence and pathogenesis of aeromonas infection in a caenorhabditis elegans model

人体病原体气单胞菌已被临床证明可引起肠胃炎、伤口感染、败血症和尿路感染。据报道, 大多数人类疾病与四种细菌有关:沙科氏气菌、嗜水气单胞菌、马尖气单胞菌和鱼子酱。菌型菌是一种具有良好感染模型的细菌, 为研究气单胞菌的细菌发病机制提供了良好的感染模型。在这里, 我们介绍了三个不同的实验, 以研究气单胞菌感染使用线虫模型, 包括生存, 液体毒性, 和肌肉坏死检测。三种测定气单胞菌毒力的方法的结果是一致的。在引起临床感染的4种主要aeromonas物种中,达克斯被认为是毒性最大的物种。这些方法被证明是一个方便的方法来评估气单胞菌物种之间和内部的毒性, 并有助于我们了解气单胞菌感染的发病机制。

通过遵循上述协议, 很容易区分与四种 aeromonas菌株的毒性。线虫的存活试验如图 1所示。从高到低依次显示的感染 aeromonas物种的线虫的存活率为: a. caviae、a. veronii、a. phphila和a. dhakensis. 虽然aeromonas物种之间和内部的毒性存在多样性, 但线虫的存活率平均显示,感染 a. dhakensis的蠕虫的死亡率最...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model at JoVE.com

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

在这里, 我们介绍了三个不同的实验来研究空气单胞菌感染的线虫。利用这些方便的方法, 很容易评估aeromonas物种之间和内部的毒性。

线虫模型中气单胞菌感染的毒力及发病机制评价

The human pathogen Aeromonas has been clinically shown to cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia, and urinary tract infections. Most human ...

该方法有助于回答宿主-病原体相互作用领域的关键问题，如细菌感染的致病性和毒性。这项技术的主要优点是，我们可以评估Aeromonas物种之间和内部的毒性，并有助于我们了解Aeromonas感染的发病机制。开始用无菌的去iond水清洗大约2000只成年蠕虫。重复洗涤三次，将蠕虫放在管底。离心后，蠕虫去除上经剂，将蠕虫留在3.5毫升的去水中。在管中加入一毫升次氯酸钠和0.5毫升氢氧化钾。然后摇动管子6分钟，使蠕虫身体被酶。卵子释放后，加入10毫升的去电化水，以停止解压。然后离心管，拉下鸡蛋，并尽可能多地取出上一代。用15毫升的M9介质清洗鸡蛋至少三次。将鸡蛋转移到3.5厘米的盘子里，在20摄氏度下孵育一晚。在此之后，从板上去除 10 微升的 L1 蠕虫和 M9 介质。计算蠕虫，获得M9介质中L1蠕虫的浓度。使用移液器需要 0.5 毫升大肠杆菌 OP50 LB 汤，并铺在 ENGM 板上。然后在37摄氏度下孵育板16至18小时。将 ENGM 冷却至室温。然后用大肠杆菌OP50在ENGM板上孵育L1蠕虫。在20摄氏度下孵育蠕虫，直到它们达到L4级。首先，选择四个Aeromonas菌株的单个菌落，并根据文本协议培养它们。然后测量细菌汤的OD 600吸光度并进行调整，直到吸光量等于2.0。下一点，将30微升的细菌肉汤从每个菌株传播到NGM板中。随机选择并转移先前准备的L4蠕虫到NGM板与Aeronas菌株。然后在20摄氏度下孵育板，直到测定完成。每天将所有活的蠕虫转移到含有细菌的新NGM板。每天计算活虫、死亡蠕虫和传感器蠕虫的数量，直到最后一个蠕虫死亡。在培养Aeromonas菌株并测量其吸光度之前描述后，将细菌汤在3，500克的离心15分钟。使用 S 中等调节细菌汤。并在S介质中加入195微升的细菌肉汤，在96孔板的8口井中加入。用它们 M9 介质将蠕虫从 ENGM 板上洗净。然后将蠕虫溶液的浓度调整为每微升五个蠕虫。将蠕虫溶液的五微升添加到 96 孔板的每个孔中。在摇床上孵育板，并在 24、48 和 72 小时计算活蠕虫的数量。培养气管菌株后，根据文本协议点调节吸收度，将细菌汤扩散到NGM板上。在此之后，将 50 个 L4 蠕虫转移到每个 NGM 板上。每 24 小时将蠕虫转移到新鲜的 NGM 板中。随机选择 10 种蠕虫，并在幻灯片上将其转移到 M9 介质中的 2% agarose 凝胶中。最后，在凝胶上放置盖玻片，并在配备摄像头的荧光显微镜上用绿色荧光蛋白过滤器捕捉肌肉图像。在该协议中，对四种Aeromonas菌株的毒性进行了评估。感染A.caviae的C.elegans的存活率在使用A.caviae的检测中最高，在使用A.dhakensis的检测中最低。在液体毒性测定中，当感染A.dhakensis或A.亲氧病时，C.elegans的存活率显著下降。在肌肉坏死分析程度肌肉损伤不同，在Aeromonas物种。A.caviae 造成的肌肉损伤最少，而 A.dhakensis 造成的肌肉损伤最大。本视频中描述的方法提供了一种方便的方法来区分Aeromonas物种之间和内部的毒性多样性。此外，它也是研究病原体和宿主之间相互作用的可靠模型。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

在体外生物膜的形成以及8商会幻灯片

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. ...

科研

免疫与感染

Using Luciferase to Image Bacterial Infections in Mice

用荧光素酶在小鼠细菌性感染的形象

Imaging is a valuable technique that can be used to monitor biological processes.  In particular, the presence of cancer cells, stem cells, specific ...

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

昆虫<em&gt;大蜡螟</em作为一个强大的的感染模型探讨细菌致病

The study of bacterial virulence often requires a suitable animal model. Mammalian models of infection are costly and may raise ethical issues. The use of ...

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

在实时以下的肺炎球菌毒力因子在小鼠急性肺炎模型的影响采用发光细菌

Pneumonia is one of the major health care problems in developing and industrialized countries and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. ...

A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

一个协议感染<em&gt;秀丽隐杆线虫</em&gt;与<em&gt;鼠伤寒沙门氏菌</em

In the last decade, C. elegans has emerged as an invertebrate organism to study interactions between hosts and pathogens, including the host defense ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

流感病毒在小鼠感染模型中的研究

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

The Madagascar Hissing Cockroach as an Alternative Non-mammalian Animal Model to Investigate Virulence, Pathogenesis, and Drug Efficacy

马达加斯加嘘声蟑螂作为非哺乳动物的替代动物模型来研究毒力、致病机制和药效

Many aspects of innate immunity are conserved between mammals and insects. An insect, the Madagascar hissing cockroach from the genus Gromphadorhina, can ...

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

建立与艾滋病毒相关的肝脏发病机制的双人性化TK-NOG小鼠模型

Despite the increased life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), liver disease has emerged as a common cause of ...

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

干细胞衍生病毒Ag特异性T淋巴细胞抑制小鼠HBV复制

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health issue. With over 350 million people affected worldwide, HBV infection remains the leading cause of ...

Generation of In-Frame Gene Deletion Mutants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Testing for Virulence Attenuation in a Simple Mouse Model of Infection

Generation of In-Frame Gene Deletion Mutants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Testing for Virulence Attenuation in a Simple Mouse Model of Infection

在伪单体中生成帧内基因删除突变体，并在简单小鼠感染模型中测试病毒衰减

Microorganisms are genetically versatile and diverse and have become a major source of many commercial products and biopharmaceuticals. Though some of ...