Name: isolation and culture of embryonic mouse neural stem cells
Uploaded: 2018-11-11T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells at JoVE.com

이 작품은로 양 연구소에 의해 지원 되었다.

모든 수술과 동물에 대 한 절차로 양 연구소, 테헤란, 이란 동물 윤리 위원회에 의해 승인 되었다.
1. 버퍼 (HEPES-MEM), 세포 배양 및 세포 배양 배지를 세척 하는 수술 기구 준비
<ol><li>압력가 마로 소독 그들 일상적인 소독 지침에 기반 하 여 수술 도구 (가 위, 메스 블레이드 핸들 및 집게)을 소독.</li>
	<li>HEPES 메모리 버퍼의 적절 한 볼륨을 준비 (약 100 mL 각 임신 쥐에 대 한 충분...

<ol>
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I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Thrombin+Receptor+Restricts+Subventricular+Zone+Neural+Stem+Cell+Expansion+and+Differentiation.">The Thrombin Receptor Restricts Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cell Expansion and Differentiation.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 9360 (2018).</li><li>Li, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+a+novel+rat+neural+progenitor+clone+that+expresses+Dlx+family+transcription+factors+and+gives+rise+to+functional+GABAergic+neurons+in+culture.">Isolation of a novel rat neural progenitor clone that expresses Dlx family transcription factors and gives rise to functional GABAergic neurons in culture.</a> Developmental Neurobiology. 72 (6), 805-820 (2012).</li><li>Liu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+phenotypically+diverse+neural+culture+from+hESC+by+combining+adherent+and+dissociation+methods.">Derivation of phenotypically diverse neural culture from hESC by combining adherent and dissociation methods.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. , (2018).</li><li>Dhara, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neural+progenitor+cells+derived+from+embryonic+stem+cells+in+feeder-free+cultures.">Human neural progenitor cells derived from embryonic stem cells in feeder-free cultures.</a> Differentiation. 76 (5), 454-464 (2008).</li><li>Aligholi, H., Hassanzadeh, G., Gorji, A., Azari, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Biopsy+Method+for+Isolating+Neural+Stem+Cells+from+the+Subventricular+Zone+of+the+Adult+Rat+Brain+for+Autologous+Transplantation+in+CNS+Injuries.">A Novel Biopsy Method for Isolating Neural Stem Cells from the Subventricular Zone of the Adult Rat Brain for Autologous Transplantation in CNS Injuries.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1462, 711-731 (2016).</li><li>Azari, H., Sharififar, S., Rahman, M., Ansari, S., Reynolds, B. 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R., Reinhard, C., Pruszak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+Cytometry+Protocols+for+Surface+and+Intracellular+Antigen+Analyses+of+Neural+Cell+Types.">Flow Cytometry Protocols for Surface and Intracellular Antigen Analyses of Neural Cell Types.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (94), 52241 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., Rui, W., Wu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnesium+lithospermate+B+promotes+proliferation+and+differentiation+of+neural+stem+cells+in+vitro+and+enhances+neurogenesis+in+vivo.">Magnesium lithospermate B promotes proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro and enhances neurogenesis in vivo.</a> Tissue and Cell. 53, 8-14 (2018).</li><li>Zilkha-Falb, R., Gurevich, M., Hanael, E., Achiron, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prickle1+as+positive+regulator+of+oligodendrocyte+differentiation.">Prickle1 as positive regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation.</a> Neuroscience. 364, 107-121 (2017).</li><li>Wang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligodendrocyte+differentiation+from+human+neural+stem+cells:+A+novel+role+for+c-Src.">Oligodendrocyte differentiation from human neural stem cells: A novel role for c-Src.</a> Neurochemistry International. 120, 21-32 (2018).</li><li>Palanisamy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxytocin+alters+cell+fate+selection+of+rat+neural+progenitor+cells+in+vitro.">Oxytocin alters cell fate selection of rat neural progenitor cells in vitro.</a> PLoS ONE. 13 (1), e0191160 (2018).</li><li>Llewellyn-Smith, I. 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신경 줄기 세포의 적합 한 소스를 사용 하 여 하는 것은 신경에 대 한 매우 중요 합니다. 신경 줄기 세포는 태아 두뇌의 다른 지역에서 수확 될 수 그리고 그들은 신경 그리고 glial 세포의 특정 유형을 생성할 수 있습니다. 성숙한 신경 그리고 glial 세포를 생성 하도록 유도 하는 신경 줄기 세포의 분화의 유도 대 한 몇 가지 방법이 있다. 수많은 보고서를 나타내는 특정 문화권 조건과 영양 요소 연대...

신경 줄기 세포 (NSCs) 성인과 태아 두뇌의 다른 지역에 있으며 그들은 신경 그리고 glial 세포1의 다른 종류를 생성 하는 경향이 있다. 2 성인 포유류 두뇌 subventricular 영역 및 태아 두뇌에 예 절 하는 NSC 풍부한 지역3. 개발 두뇌 절 예 하는 대뇌 피 질의 수 및 특히 GABAergic 수3의 대부분을 제공합니다. 또한 더 적은 침략 적 방법이 있다 미 발달 줄기 세포 (ESCs)에서 신경 줄기 세포 생성에 대 한 또는 동물에 대 한 수요 감소 유도 만능 줄기 세포 (Ipsc) 사용. ESCs 또는 Ipsc NSCs를 생성 하는 것이 가능한4,5는 사실에도 불구 하 고 그것은 몇 가지 장단점이 성인 또는 태아 뇌6,7, 신경 줄기 세포의 분리에 비해 8. ESCs와 신경 고기 향해 Ipsc의 분화 유도 대 한 프로토콜은 항상 시간과 비용을 소모 하 고 성공 (70-80 %Nestin 양성 세포)5 속도 낮은 동물 뇌 (NSCs의 직접 절연 비교 이상 99 %Nestin 양성 세포)9. 또한, 줄기 세포는 여러 구절10,11후 그들의 유전적 안정성과 차별화 추세를 잃게됩니다. 비록 NSCs로 체세포의 직접 변환에 대 한 다른 새로운 보고서는,이 세포 유전자 조작 하 고 모든 랩12에 쉽게 액세스할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 거기는 여전히; 동물 뇌에서 신경 줄기 세포의 분리에 대 한 큰 수요가 그것은 수술 기법을 개선 하 여 동물 사용의 수량을 줄일 수 있습니다. 수술 시간을 단축 하 고 기술을 개선, 그것은 손상에서 세포를 유지 하 고 각 동물에서 NSCs의 가장 높은 속도 얻을 수 있습니다.
여기, 우리는 마우스 E13 태아 뇌에서 신경 줄기 세포의 분리에 대 한 단순 하 고 재현할 수 기법을 소개합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:942px;" width="941">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">15 mL tubes</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Falcon</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">352097</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">50 mL tubes</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Falcon</td>
			<td dir="LTR">352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Adson Forceps, 12 cm, Straight</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">WPI</td>
			<td dir="LTR">14226</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">B27</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">17504-44</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">bFGF</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">F0291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;">dish 10cm&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Falcon</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Dressing Forceps, 12.5 cm, Straight</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">WPI</td>
			<td dir="LTR">15908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont Tweezers, 11 cm, Straight</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">WPI</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">500342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">EGF</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">E9644</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Merck</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">100983&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Glutamate</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">G3291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Glutamax</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">goat anti rabbit FITC conjugated secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">AP307F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">G9023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">h3149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">HEPES</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">83264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">HEPES</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td dir="LTR">90909C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;">insulinsyringe with 25-27 gauge Needle&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">SUPA medical</td>
			<td dir="LTR">A1SNL127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">laminin</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">sigma&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td dir="LTR" height="26" style="height:26px;width:389px;">MEM</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">M2279</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td dir="LTR" height="26" style="height:26px;width:389px;">N2 supplement</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">17502048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">NB medium</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">21103-31</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Non-essential amino acid (NEAA)</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">PBS without Ca and Mg</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR">20012050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Penicilin/ Streptomycin</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">5140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Poly-L-ornithine</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">&#160;P4957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">rabbit anti mouse beta tubulin-III antibody</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">T2200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">rabbit anti mouse GFAP antibody</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">G4546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">rabbit anti mouse Nestin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">N5413</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Scalpel Handle #3</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">WPI</td>
			<td dir="LTR">500236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;">Scissors curve</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">WPI</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">14396</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Scissors sharp straight</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">WPI</td>
			<td dir="LTR">14192</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;">Soybean trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Roche</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">10109886001&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;">Tissue culture flasks, T25</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">BD</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">353014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;">Tissue culture flasks, T75</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">BD</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:235px;">353024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;">Vannas Scissors,&#160; 8 cm, Straight&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">WPI</td>
			<td>14003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:389px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td dir="LTR">M6250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture of embryonic mouse neural stem cells

신경 줄기 세포 (NSCs) multipotent 이며 중앙 신경 시스템 (CNS)의 세 가지 주요 셀 형식을 야기할 수 있습니다. 생체 외에서 문화 및 확장 NSCs의 신경의 기능을 연구 하는 신경에 대 한 셀 및 그들의 상호 작용을 함께 glial 세포의 적당 한 소스를 제공 합니다. 성인 또는 배아 포유류 두뇌에서 신경 줄기 세포의 분리에 대 한 몇 가지 보고 된 기술이 있다. NSCs 배아 CNS의 다른 지구에서 격리를 microsurgical 동안, 라이브 및 확장 가능한 줄기 세포의 가장 높은 비율을 얻기 위해 뇌 세포에 피해를 줄이기 위해 매우 중요 하다. 쥐 태아의 뇌에서이 세포의 고립 동안 스트레스 감소를 위한 가능한 방법은 수술 시간의 감소입니다. 여기, 우리 E13 마우스 배아 절 예 하에서 이러한 셀의 빠른 격리 개발된 기술을 보여 줍니다. 수술 절차 포함 절단 정면 온 두개골, 수확 절 예 하 고립 된 두뇌의 기정에서에서 두뇌를 추출 구부러진된 바늘 팁, 태아의 자 궁에서 E13 마우스 배아를 수확 단일 셀 서 스 펜 션을 얻기 위해 NSC 매체에 수확된 조직 그리고 마지막으로 neurospheres를 생성 하기 위해 현 탁 액 문화에서 도금 셀의 분리.

마이크로 해 부, 셀 고립과 Neurosphere 문화. 여기, 우리는 마우스 E13 뇌 미세 신경 줄기 세포의 분리에 대 한 신속 하 고 효율적인 방법을 제시. 이 문서는 정면 온에 잘 파열을 통해 E13 마우스 배아 두개골에서 전체 뇌를 제거 하는 것을 보여줍니다. 이 방법으로 뇌 영 덜 손상 그리고 두뇌의 다른 부분에서 세포를 분리 가능 합니다. 수확된 셀 NSC ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

여기, 전자13 마우스 배아 절 예 하에서 신경 줄기 세포의 분리에 대 한 새로운 microsurgical 기술을 소개합니다.

절연 및 마우스 배아 신경 줄기 세포의 문화

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and ...

이 비디오 프로토콜의 목적은 배아 마우스 신경 줄기 세포 격리 및 문화에 대한 소스와 효율적인 프로토콜을 수립하는 것입니다. 안녕하세요, 저는 메리암 사데기 자데입니다. 저는 로이안 연구소의 세포 및 분자 생물학 석사 학생입니다.오늘 저와 제 동료는 13개의 배아 마우스 신경절 저울에서 신경 줄기 세포를 수확하는 방법을 보여주고 싶습니다. 안녕하세요, 나는 바하레 알리자데 쇼르예스탄입니다. 저는 로이안 생명공학연구소의 줄기세포학과에서 세포및 분자생물학 석사학생입니다.안녕하세요, 나는 레자 데가니 - 바르남카스티입니다. 또한 저는 로이안 연구소에서 세포 및 분자 생물학을 공부하고 있습니다. 외과 적 절차는 자궁에서 각 13 마우스 배아를 수확 포함.두개골에서 뇌를 추출 구부러진 바늘 팁으로 배아의 폰타넬의 전면을 절단. 고립 된 뇌의 미세 해부는 신경절 명성을 수확합니다. 단일 세포 현탁액을 얻기 위해 신경 줄기 세포 배지에서 수확 된 조직의 해리.그리고 마지막으로, 신경 세포를 생성하기 위해 현탁액 배양에서 세포를 도금. 70%에탄올로 살포하여 복부 부위의 피부를 깨끗하고 소독합니다. 피부를 위쪽 복부를 제어한 다음 피부를 잘라내고 가위로 얼굴을 밑줄로 밑줄로 하여 복강과 자궁 뿔을 발견합니다.가위로 배아를 함유한 자궁 경적을 제거하고 25ml의 차가운 HEPES MEM 버퍼를 포함하는 50ml 원뿔 튜브로 옮긴다. 라미날 흐름 후드 아래에 원문 튜브를 놓습니다. 후드 아래 캡을 엽니다.자궁 뿔을 튜브에서 꺼내서 신선한 차가운 HEPES MEM 버퍼의 충분한 부피로 세 번 헹구어 파편과 혈액을 제거하십시오. 자궁 조직을 7~10ml의 차가운 HEPES MEM 버퍼를 함유한 10cm 페트리 접시로 옮춥니까. 미세 한 가위를 사용하여 자궁 뿔을 열고 차가운 HEPES MEM 버퍼의 7 ~ 10 ml를 포함하는 새로운 접시에 배아를 전송합니다.이제 미세 해부 작업을 위해 해부 현미경 아래에 배아와 함께 10cm 접시를 넣습니다. 강철 메스 블레이드 핸들에 팁을 밀어 주사기 바늘의 끝을 구부립니다. 팁이 70~90도 각도로 구부러지때까지 바늘 끝을 구부립니다.해부 현미경 아래 바늘의 끝을 확인하여 바늘 끝에서 굴곡을 확인하십시오. 자연적으로 태아는 이것에 있는 측면 위치가 있습니다. 그들의 위치를 변경하지 않고, 미세 한 포셉으로 배아의 목과 몸을 잡고 배아 헤드의 폰타넬의 앞쪽에 바늘의 구부러진 부분을 깊은 삽입.거기에 작은 출혈이나 혈전이있을 것입니다. 구부러진 부분이 이마쪽으로 부풀어 오른 다음 머리 뒤쪽으로 바늘 끝을 피상적으로 움직입니다. 피부와 두개골을 잘라내고 근본적인 뇌를 손상시키지 않도록 하십시오.바늘 끝으로 피부를 측면으로 밀어 뇌를 발견하십시오. 피부의 측면측면에서 피부 의 측면으로 바늘을 삽입하여 피부의 측면에서 뇌 아래 부위까지 프레임 아래에 삽입합니다. 그리고 해부 된 두개골에서 나올 그것을 밀어이 두피에서 뇌를 제거합니다.간절의 명성은 내측 및 측면 부품으로 비디오에 명확하게 표시됩니다. 케어 포셉을 사용하여 뇌를 꾸준히 유지한 다음 마이크로시저를 사용하여 각 반구의 피질을 절단하여 신경절 의 명성을 드러냅니다. 뇌를 잡고 신경 줄기 세포 매체를 포함하는 15ml 원심분리기 튜브에 해부 된 신경절 저명.모든 뇌가 미세 해부 될 때까지이 절차를 반복합니다. 튜브의 바닥에 파이펫 팁을 배치하여 해부 된 신경절 저명각을 잘라 내고 서스펜션을 2 5 회 위아래로 배치하여 조직을 분해하여 단일 세포 현탁액을 얻습니다. 서스펜션을 110g에서 5분간 원심분리합니다.상체를 제거하고 EDTA에서 0.05 %의 튜브의 1 ml에서 세포를 다시 중단합니다. 세포 현탁액을 섭씨 37도에서 10분 동안 배양합니다. 그런 다음 트립신 활성을 중지콩 트립신 억제제의 동등한 볼륨을 추가합니다.트립신이 완전히 비활성화되었는지 확인하기 위해 셀 서스펜션을 위아래로 피펫합니다. 5 분 동안 110g에서 세포 현탁액을 원심 분리합니다. 상체를 제거하고 완전한 신경 줄기 세포 배지의 1 ml에서 세포를 다시 중단하고 세포의 수를 계산합니다.신경 줄기 세포 배지에서 세포를 적당한 크기의 조직 배양 플라스크로 플레이트. 2T25 5ml, T75에 20ml, 40ml를 T175 플라스크로 옮기습니다. 신경구는 5%CO2를 가진 가습한 인큐베이터에서 섭씨 37도에서 3일 문화 후에 나타납니다.신경구 배양을 빨아, 5 분 동안 110g에서 원심분리기로 원심분리기로 중단 된 신경구와 배지를 전송한 다음 상체를 폐기하십시오. 0.05%의 트립신 EDTA 1ml에서 10분 동안 섭씨 37도에서 배양합니다. 그런 다음 간장 티르프신 억제제와 신경구를 부드럽게 위아래로 피펫하여 단일 세포를 만들기 위해 트립신을 비활성화합니다.5 분 동안 110g에서 세포 현탁액을 원심 분리합니다. 상체를 버리고 신경 줄기 세포 배지의 1 ml에서 세포를 다시 중단합니다. 이 세포는 고급 실험을 위한 라미네이트 및 완전히 코팅된 표면에 다음 단계 배양 또는 배양을 위한 준비됩니다.7일 후 100만 개의 1차 신경줄기세포를 육성함으로써 세포 수가 3~4억 개로 증가할 것이다. 6 ~7 일 후 구체는 직경 150 에서 200 마이크로 미터 사이 측정 해야 하 고 신경 분화를 위한 bFGF와 EGF의 부재에 라미네이트 폴리 ornithine 코팅 요리에 하위 문화에 대 한 준비가 될 것입니다. 유동 세포 분석 결과 신경구를 구성하는 세포의 95%에 가까운 네스틴 양성신경 줄기 세포에 대 한 알려진된 마커는 나스티닌 양성 했다.베타 튜룰린 III와 간글리오 섬유성 단백질 항체를 이용한 아세약은 코팅된 표면에 신경 줄기 세포를 재배함으로써 약 94%의 신경 표현형을 나타내고 약 5%의 신경교 표현형을 보여준다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이 짧은 비디오에서 13 마우스 배아 신경절 저명에서 신경 줄기 세포의 신속한 격리를위한 실험실 기술. 신경 줄기 세포 배양에서 성공하기를 바랍니다.

isolation-and-culture-of-embryonic-mouse-neural-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

배아 척수에서 뉴런의 Commissural 해부와 문화

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

연구

신경과학

Isolation and Expansion of the Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a chemically defined serum-free culture system known as the neurosphere assay (NSA). In this assay, the majority of differentiated cell types die within a few days of culture but a small population of growth factor responsive precursor cells undergo active proliferation in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/ basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF). These cells form colonies of undifferentiated cells called neurospheres, which in turn can be subcultured to expand the pool of neural stem cells. Moreover, the cells can be induced to differentiate, generating the three major cell types of the CNS i.e. neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This assay provides an invaluable tool to supply a consistent, renewable source of undifferentiated CNS precursors, which could be used for in vitro studies and also for therapeutic purposes.
This video demonstrates the NSA method to generate and expand NSCs from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures. The procedure includes harvesting the brain from the adult mouse, micro-dissection of the periventricular region, tissue preparation and culture in the NSA. The harvested tissue is first chemically digested using trypsin-EDTA and then mechanically dissociated in NSC medium to achieve a single cell suspension and finally plated in the NSA. After 7-10 days in culture, the resulting primary neurospheres are ready for subculture to reach the amount of cells required for future experiments.

This video protocol demonstrates the neurosphere assay method to generate and expand neural stem cells from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures.

절연 및 Neurosphere 어세를 사용하여 성인 마우스 신경 줄기 세포의 확장

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a ...

Establishing Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cell Culture Using the Neurosphere Assay

In mammalians, stem cells acts as a source of undifferentiated cells to maintain cell genesis and renewal in different tissues and organs during the life span of the animal. They can potentially replace cells that are lost in the aging process or in the process of injury and disease. The existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) was first described by Reynolds and Weiss (1992) in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) using a novel serum&#8208;free culture system, the neurosphere assay (NSA). Using this assay, it is also feasible to isolate and expand NSCs from different regions of the embryonic CNS. These in vitro expanded NSCs are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the CNS. While the NSA seems relatively simple to perform, attention to the procedures demonstrated here is required in order to achieve reliable and consistent results. This video practically demonstrates NSA to generate and expand NSCs from embryonic day 14-mouse brain tissue and provides technical details so one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures. The procedure includes harvesting E14 mouse embryos, brain microdissection to harvest the ganglionic eminences, dissociation of the harvested tissue in NSC medium to gain a single cell suspension, and finally plating cells in NSA culture. After 5-7 days in culture, the resulting primary neurospheres are passaged to further expand the number of the NSCs for future experiments.

This video protocol demonstrates the application of the neurosphere assay for the isolation and expansion of neural stem cells from the ganglionic eminences of embryonic day 14-mouse brain.

Neurosphere 분석을 사용하여 마우스 배아 신경 줄기 세포 문화 구축

In mammalians, stem cells acts as a source of undifferentiated cells to maintain cell genesis and renewal in different tissues and organs during the life ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicles

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a well-characterized niche for adult stem cells1. This segment of the outer root sheath contains a number of different types of stem cells, including epithelial stem cells2, melanocyte stem cells3 and neural crest like stem cells4-7. Hair follicles represent an accessible and rich source for different types of human stem cells. We and others have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from human fetal and adult hair follicles4,5. These human stem cells are label-retaining cells and are capable of self-renewal through asymmetric cell division in vitro. They express immature neural crest cell markers but not differentiation markers. Our expression profiling study showed that they share a similar gene expression pattern with murine skin immature neural crest cells. They exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, melanocytic, and neuronal cell lineages after in vitro clonal single cell culture. Differentiated cells not only acquire lineage-specific markers but also demonstrate appropriate functions in ex vivo conditions. In addition, these NCSCs show differentiation potential toward mesenchymal lineages. Differentiated neuronal cells can persist in mouse brain and retain neuronal differentiation markers. It has been shown that hair follicle derived NCSCs can help nerve regrowth, and they improve motor function in mice transplanted with these stem cells following transecting spinal cord injury8. Furthermore, peripheral nerves have been repaired with stem cell grafts9, and implantation of skin-derived precursor cells adjacent to crushed sciatic nerves has resulted in remyelination10. Therefore, the hair follicle/skin derived NCSCs have already shown promising results for regenerative therapy in preclinical models.
Somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has shown enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues with iPS cells, particularly the long term effect of oncogene/virus integration and potential tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells have not been adequately addressed. There are still many hurdles to be overcome before iPS cells can be used for regenerative medicine. Whereas the adult stem cells are known to be safe and they have been used clinically for many years, such as bone marrow transplant. Many patients have already benefited from the treatment. Autologous adult stem cells are still preferred cells for transplantation. Therefore, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin/hair follicles are a valuable source for regenerative medicine.

This article presents a robust protocol for isolation and culture of neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles.

인간의 모공에서 신경 크레스트 줄기 세포의 분리와 문화

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a ...

Lectin-based Isolation and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Motoneurons

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. Neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube that express Nkx6.1 are the unique precursor cells for spinal motoneurons1. Though postmitotic motoneurons move towards their final position and organize themselves into columns along the spinal tract2,3. More than 90% of all these differentiated and positioned motoneurons express the transcription factors Islet 1/2. They innervate the muscles of the limbs as well as those of the body and the inner organs. Among others, motoneurons typically express the high affinity receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), the tropomyosin-related kinase B and C (TrkB, TrkC). They do not express the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA)4. Beside the two high affinity receptors, motoneurons do express the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. The p75NTR can bind all neurotrophins with similar but lower affinity to all neurotrophins than the high affinity receptors would bind the mature neurotrophins. Within the embryonic spinal cord, the p75NTR is exclusively expressed by the spinal motoneurons5. This has been used to develop motoneuron isolation techniques to purify the cells from the vast majority of surrounding cells6. Isolating motoneurons with the help of specific antibodies (panning) against the extracellular domains of p75NTR has turned out to be an expensive method as the amount of antibody used for a single experiment is high due to the size of the plate used for panning. A much more economical alternative is the use of lectin. Lectin has been shown to specifically bind to p75NTR as well7. The following method describes an alternative technique using wheat germ agglutinin for a preplating procedure instead of the p75NTR antibody. The lectin is an extremely inexpensive alternative to the p75NTR antibody and the purification grades using lectin are comparable to that of the p75NTR antibody. Motoneurons from the embryonic spinal cord can be isolated by this method, survive and grow out neurites.

An alternative way of isolating mouse embryonic motoneurons from the spinal cord is described. The method takes into account the fact that lectin can bind to the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR. This lectin-based preplating allows a purification similar to that with a specific antibody against the p75NTR.

마우스 배아의 Motoneurons의 렉틴 기반 격리와 문화

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. ...

Isolation and Culture of Rat Embryonic Neural Cells: A Quick Protocol

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied successfully to the isolation of mouse and human primary neurons and neural progenitors. Dissociated neurons are maintained in serum-free medium up to several weeks. These cultures can be used for nucleofection, immunocytochemistry, nucleic acids preparation, as well as electrophysiology. Older neuronal cultures can also be transfected with a good efficiency rate by lentiviral transduction and, less efficiently, with calcium phosphate or lipid-based methods such as lipofectamine.

We describe a rapid methodology to isolate and culture hippocampal and cortical neurons from rodent embryos. This protocol allows us to perform experiments in which nearly pure neuronal cultures are required.

쥐 배아 신경 세포의 분리 및 문화 : 빠른 프로토콜

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

의 배아와 성인 신경 줄기 세포의 확장<em&gt; 자궁에</em&gt; Electroporation 또는 바이러스 성 Stereotaxic 주입

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

배아 Murine 신경 튜브에서 신경 크레스트 세포의 분리 및 문화

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

배아 전뇌에서 내피 세포의 분리 및 문화

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

One Mouse, Two Cultures: Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Two Neurogenic Zones of Individual Mice

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult neural stem cells in vitro. These assays can be used to compare the precursor potential of cells isolated from genetically different or differentially treated animals&#160;to determine the effects of exogenous factors on neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and to generate neural precursor cell lines that can be assayed over continuous passages. The neurosphere assay is traditionally used for the post-hoc identification of stem cells, primarily due to the lack of definitive markers with which they can be isolated from primary tissue&#160;and has the major advantage of giving a quick estimate of precursor cell numbers in brain tissue derived from individual animals. Adherent monolayer cultures, in contrast, are not traditionally used to compare proliferation between individual animals, as each culture is generally initiated from the combined tissue of between 5-8 animals. However, they have the major advantage that, unlike neurospheres, they consist of a mostly homogeneous population of precursor cells and are useful for following the differentiation process in single cells. Here, we describe, in detail, the generation of neurosphere cultures and, for the first time, adherent cultures from individual animals. This has many important implications including paired analysis of proliferation and/or differentiation potential in both the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of treated or genetically different mouse lines, as well as a significant reduction in animal usage.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the simultaneous generation of neural precursor cell cultures, as either adherent monolayers or neurospheres, from the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of individual adult mice.

하나의 마우스, 두 문화 : 분리 및 성인 신경의 문화가 개인 마우스의 두 신경 인성 영역에서 줄기 세포

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult ...