Name: behavioral tracking and neuromast imaging of mexican cavefish
Uploaded: 2019-04-06T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish at JoVE.com

ونشكر جميع أعضاء المختبر Yoshizawa منها سيترارو أ. وسيمون أ.، فالديز جيم، ماكاباك جيم، تشوي جيه، لو ل.، نغوين J.، س. بودورزير، هيرنانديس H.، فونغ J.، كاتو J.، والرب أولاً الرعاية الأسماك على الأسماك التجريبية المستخدمة في هذه المخطوطة. كما نشكر أعضاء مختبر كين ألف فيهم ماسك ص لتدريب بلدي بتجميع كاميرا "الأشعة تحت الحمراء اتفاقية مكافحة التصحر". وأخيراً، نود أن نشكر المدرسة "مختبر وسائط الإعلام"-كلية العلوم الاجتماعية-للاتصالات في مانوا جامعة هاواي لمساعدتهم لا تقدر بثمن بجعل الفيديو، لا سيما ب. سميث ولام ياء، والأبيض س.. هذا العمل كان تدعمها "مؤسسة المجتمع هاواي" (16CON 78919 و 18CON-90818) و "المعهد الوطني للصحة نيجمس" (P20GM125508) منح للي.

يتم تنفيذ جميع الإجراءات وفقا للمبادئ التوجيهية المبينة في "مبادئ لمختبر الحيوان الرعاية" (المعهد الوطني للصحة المنشور رقم 85-23، تنقيح عام 1985) والمعتمدة من جامعة هاواي في مانوا رعاية الحيوان المؤسسية واستخدام اللجنة الحيوان بروتوكول 17-2560-3.
1-الاهتزاز الجذب السلوك (VAB) المقايسة...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+energetic+cost+of+vision+and+the+evolution+of+eyeless+Mexican+cavefish.">The energetic cost of vision and the evolution of eyeless Mexican cavefish.</a> Science Advances. 1 (8), e1500363 (2015).</li><li>Yoshizawa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Evolution+of+a+Series+of+Behavioral+Traits+is+associated+with+Autism-Risk+Genes+in+Cavefish.">The Evolution of a Series of Behavioral Traits is associated with Autism-Risk Genes in Cavefish.</a> BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1), 89 (2018).</li><li>Riddle, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+resistance+in+cavefish+as+an+adaptation+to+a+nutrient-limited+environment.">Insulin resistance in cavefish as an adaptation to a nutrient-limited environment.</a> Nature. 555 (7698), 647-651 (2018).</li><li>Protas, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+analysis+of+cavefish+reveals+molecular+convergence+in+the+evolution+of+albinism.">Genetic analysis of cavefish reveals molecular convergence in the evolution of albinism.</a> Nature Genetics. 38 (1), 107-111 (2006).</li><li>Yoshizawa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+genetic+architecture+underlies+the+emergence+of+sleep+loss+and+prey-seeking+behavior+in+the+Mexican+cavefish.">Distinct genetic architecture underlies the emergence of sleep loss and prey-seeking behavior in the Mexican cavefish.</a> BMC Biology. 13 (1), 15 (2015).</li><li>Dubou&#233;, E. R., Keene, A. C., Borowsky, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+convergence+on+sleep+loss+in+cavefish+populations.">Evolutionary convergence on sleep loss in cavefish populations.</a> Current Biology. 21 (8), 671-676 (2011).</li><li>Fernandes, V. F. L., Macaspac, C., Lu, L., Yoshizawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+the+developmental+plasticity+and+a+coupling+between+left+mechanosensory+neuromasts+and+an+adaptive+foraging+behavior.">Evolution of the developmental plasticity and a coupling between left mechanosensory neuromasts and an adaptive foraging behavior.</a> Developmental Biology. 441 (2), 262-271 (2018).</li><li>P&#233;rez-Escudero, A., Vicente-Page, J., Hinz, R. C., Arganda, S., de Polavieja, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=idTracker:+tracking+individuals+in+a+group+by+automatic+identification+of+unmarked+animals.">idTracker: tracking individuals in a group by automatic identification of unmarked animals.</a> Nature Methods. 11, 743 (2014).</li><li>Branson, K., Robie, A. A., Bender, J., Perona, P., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+ethomics+in+large+groups+of+Drosophila.">High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila.</a> Nature Methods. 6 (6), 451-457 (2009).</li><li>Yoshizawa, M., Jeffery, W. R., Van Netten, S. M., McHenry, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sensitivity+of+lateral+line+receptors+and+their+role+in+the+behavior+of+Mexican+blind+cavefish+(Astyanax+mexicanus).">The sensitivity of lateral line receptors and their role in the behavior of Mexican blind cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus).</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 217 (6), (2014).</li><li>Lee, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Virtualdub. , (2014).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (7), 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Cavallari, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+blind+circadian+clock+in+cavefish+reveals+that+opsins+mediate+peripheral+clock+photoreception.">A blind circadian clock in cavefish reveals that opsins mediate peripheral clock photoreception.</a> PLoS Biology. 9 (9), e1001142 (2011).</li><li>Swimmer, B., Lang, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Surface Wave Discrimination between Prey and Nonprey by the Back Swimmer Notonecta glauca L. (Hemiptera , Heteroptera ). 6 (3), 233-246 (1980).</li><li>Montgomery, J. C., Macdonald, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Sensory Tuning of Lateral Line Receptors in Antarctic Fish to the Movements of Planktonic Prey. 235 (4785), 195-196 (1987).</li><li>Prober, D. A., Rihel, J., Onah, A. A., Sung, R. J., Schier, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypocretin/orexin+overexpression+induces+an+insomnia-like+phenotype+in+zebrafish.">Hypocretin/orexin overexpression induces an insomnia-like phenotype in zebrafish.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (51), 13400-13410 (2006).</li><li>Zhdanova, I. V., Wang, S. Y., Leclair, O. U., Danilova, N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melatonin+promotes+sleep-like+state+in+zebrafish.">Melatonin promotes sleep-like state in zebrafish.</a> Brain Research. 903 (1-2), 263-268 (2001).</li><li>Nussbaum-Krammer, C. I., Neto, M. F., Brielmann, R. M., Pedersen, J. S., Morimoto, R. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigating+the+Spreading+and+Toxicity+of+Prion-like+Proteins+Using+the+Metazoan+Model+Organism+C.+elegans.">Investigating the Spreading and Toxicity of Prion-like Proteins Using the Metazoan Model Organism C. elegans.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (95), e52321 (2015).</li><li>Rasband, W. 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هذه الأساليب المقدمة سهلة الوصول إليها ولكن يمكن أن يكون معقداً لأداء نظراً لطبيعة أصولها مجانية. لذلك، ينصح بإجراء فحوصات للمحاكمة والتحليلات قبل أي إجراء التجارب الفعلية.
يمكن أن يكون معدل توليد البيانات سريعاً حالما يتم إنشاء إطار التجريبية والتحليلية. وبمجرد إنشاء، م?...

تترا المكسيكية، أستياناكس مكسيكي (عظميات: تشاراسيداي)، هي فريدة من نوعها بين الأسماك لوجود اثنين نقراً بديلة مختلفة جذريا-وضعهن المبصرين، وتعيش في السطح ووضعهن الأعمى، وتعيش في كهف يتألف من عدة متميزة 1من السكان. وبالرغم من اختلاف في مورفولوجيا وفسيولوجيا، فهي لا تزال إينتيرفيرتيلي2،3. هذه نقراً interfertile يبدو قد تطورت بسرعة (~ 20,000 سنة)4، مما يجعلها نظام نموذج مثالي لدراسة التكيف السريع. كافيفيش من المعروف أن لديها مجموعة من الصفات المورفولوجية والسلوكية المتباينة بما في ذلك زيادة الكثافة من براعم الذوق، زيادة عدد ميتشانوسينسورس، السلوك مساحات العلف ضبطها إلى تردد معين من حافز تهتز، فرط النشاط، و الأرق. وكثير من هذه السلوكيات قد تطورت في وقت واحد، البعض منها قد اقترحت أن تكون مفيدة في ظلام الكهوف لجمع العلف5 والمحافظة على الطاقة في البيئات المظلمة والغذاء متفرق6،7.
في كثير من نظم نموذجية التطوري، من الصعب اكتساب المعرفة المتكاملة المتعلقة بالحيوانات كيف تغير مورفولوجيا والسلوك استجابة للبيئة نظراً لأن معظم الأنواع توزع عبر تدرج مستمر في البيئات المعقدة. بيد تناقض صارخ بين الكهف ويتحول السطح أستياناكس التي تطورت في الغاية المتناقضة البيئات التي رسمتها أكتون حادة قد أدى إلى أستياناكس الناشئة باعتبارها نموذجا رائعا لفهم تطور الحيوانات. وهذا يجعل من الممكن لأكثر سهولة ربط الجينات والعمليات الإنمائية مع الصفات التكيفية والتحديد في البيئة. وعلاوة على ذلك، أظهرت التحقيقات الطبية مؤخرا من هذه الصفات في أستياناكس أن هذه الصفات قد توازي أعراض البشرية8،،من910. على سبيل المثال، فقدان بالمجتمع والنوم، وكسب من فرط النشاط والسلوك المتكرر ومستوى الكورتيزول مماثلة لما لوحظ في البشر مع اضطراب طيف التوحد8.
لمعالجة التطور المشترك معقدة من العديد من السلوكيات والخصائص المورفولوجية، مفيد للعديد منهم لتسليط الضوء على المسارات الجينية والجزيئية الكامنة وراء الاعتداء. المقدمة في هذه الوثيقة طرق لوصف درجة كهف من نوع تعمل السلوكية لنقرأ سطح، وكهف، والهجين من أستياناكس. سلوك التنسيق تحليلها لتحديد خصائص النمط الظاهري هي كهف تكييف السلوك مساحات العلف (السلوك الجذب الاهتزاز، يشار إليها من الآن فصاعدا VAB)، وفرط النشاط/النوم مدة11،12. وقدم أيضا أسلوب تصوير للمنظومة الحسية المرتبطة VAB13. في الآونة الأخيرة، أصبح العديد من البرامج المفتوحة المصدر تتبع لتشغيل الاختبارات السلوكية المتوفرة14،15. وهذه تعمل بشكل جيد لأفلام الفيديو القصيرة، على بعد أقل من 10 دقائق طويلة. ومع ذلك، يصبح مشكلة إذا كان الفيديو أطول بسبب العملية الحسابية المكثفة/تتبع الوقت. يمكن أن تكون قادرة على البرمجيات المتاحة تجارياً مكلفة. طرق عرض أساسا استخدام مجانية وتعتبر لذلك طرق فعالة من حيث التكلفة وعالية الإنتاجية. وشملت أيضا نتائج تمثيلية تستند إلى هذه الأساليب.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:600px;" width="600">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">4-Di-1-ASP (4-(4-(dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium iodide)</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">D3418</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">880 nm wave length black light</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Advanced Illumination</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BL41192-880</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">avfs</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 1.0.0.6</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">http://turtlewar.org/avfs/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Avisynth</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 2.6.0</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">http://avisynth.nl/index.php/Main_Page</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Cygwin</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 2.11.0</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://www.cygwin.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Cylindrical assay chamber (Pyrex 325 ml glass dish)</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">3140-100</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">10 cm diameter 5 cm high</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="187">
			<td height="187" style="height:187px;width:221px;">Ethovision XT</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Noldus Information&#160; Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 14</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://www.noldus.com/animal-behavior-research/products/ethovision-xt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:221px;">Fish Aquarium Cylinder Soft Sponge Stone Water Filter, Black</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Jardin (through Amazon.com)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sponge filter for Sleep/hyperactivity recording system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">Grade A Brine shrimp eggs</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Brine shrimp direct</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BSEA16Z</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 1.52e</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:221px;">macro 1.8/12.5-75mm C-mount zoom lens</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Toyo</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Attach to USB webcam by using c-mount, which is printed in 3-D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Neutral Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Seachem</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">Optical cast plastic IR long-pass filter</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Edmund optics</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">43-948</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Cut into a small piece to fit in the CCD of USB webcam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:221px;">pfmap</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Build 178</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">http://pismotec.com/download/ (at &#8220;Download Archive&#8221; link at the bottom)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Reef Crystals Reef Salt</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Instant Ocean</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">RC15-10</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">SwisTrack</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 4</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/SwisTrack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">USB webcam (LifeCam Studio 1080p HD Webcam)</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Q2F-00013</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Cut 2-2.5 cm of the front</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:221px;">WinAutomation</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 8</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://www.winautomation.com/ (free stand-alone app for this procedure)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Windows operating system</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">7, 8 or 10</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">x264vfw</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://sourceforge.net/projects/x264vfw/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

behavioral tracking and neuromast imaging of mexican cavefish

وقد تطورت الحيوانات تعيش في كهف سلسلة من الصفات المورفولوجية والسلوكية تتكيف مع بيئاتها الدوام الظلام والغذاء-متفرق. من بين هذه الصفات، السلوك مساحات العلف أحد النوافذ مفيدة في المزايا الوظيفية لتطور السمات السلوكية. المقدمة في هذه الوثيقة تحديث أساليب لتحليل سلوك الجذب الاهتزاز (VAB: سلوك التكيفي مساحات العلف) والتصوير من ميتشانوسينسورس المرتبطة بها لتتكيف مع كهف تترا، مكسيكي أستياناكس. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، تعرض أساليب لتتبع الفائق من سلسلة من السلوكيات كافيفيش إضافية بما في ذلك فرط النشاط وفقدان النوم. كما تظهر كافيفيش أسوسياليتي، والسلوك المتكرر والقلق أعلى. ولذلك، كافيفيش بمثابة نموذج حيوان لتطور السلوكيات. هذه الأساليب تستخدم البرمجيات الحرة ومصنوعة خصيصا من البرامج النصية التي يمكن تطبيقها على أنواع أخرى من السلوك. هذه الأساليب توفير بدائل عملية وفعالة من حيث التكلفة للبرمجيات المتاحة تجارياً التعقب.

النتائج المقدمة في هذه الوثيقة أمثلة لما يمكن الحصول عليه بطرق عرض. ولذلك، يمكن أن تنحرف النتائج قليلاً من تلك المعروضة هنا لكل من كافيفيش وأسماك السطح تبعاً لظروف تجريبية.
السلوك الجذب الاهتزاز
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish at JoVE.com

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish

تتبع السلوكية وتصوير نيوروماست من كافيفيش المكسيكية

نقدم هنا، أساليب لدراسة الفائق من سلسلة من كافيفيش المكسيكية السلوكيات وتلطيخ الحيوية لنظام ميتشانوسينسوري. هذه الأساليب تستخدم البرامج النصية البرمجيات الحرة ومصنوعة خصيصا، توفير وسيلة عملية وفعالة من حيث التكلفة للدراسات المتعلقة بالسلوكيات.

Cave-dwelling animals have evolved a series of morphological and behavioral traits to adapt to their perpetually dark and food-sparse environments. Among ...

behavioral-tracking-and-neuromast-imaging-of-mexican-cavefish

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST)

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of chronic CNS disorders, there is an increasing demand for murine models with high validity at the behavioral level. However, multiple pathogenic mechanisms and complex functional deficits often impose challenges to reliably measure and interpret behavior of chronically sick mice. Therefore, the assessment of peripheral pathology and a behavioral profile at several time points using a battery of tests are required. Video-tracking, behavioral spectroscopy, and remote acquisition of physiological measures are emerging technologies that allow for comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased behavioral analysis in a home-base-like setting. This report describes a refined phenotyping protocol, which includes a custom-made monitoring apparatus (Integrated Behavioral Station, INBEST) that focuses on prolonged measurements of basic functional outputs, such as spontaneous activity, food/water intake and motivated behavior in a relatively stress-free environment. Technical and conceptual improvements in INBEST design may further promote reproducibility and standardization of behavioral studies.

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station INBEST

Prolonged and comprehensive monitoring of mice in a home-cage environment provides a deeper understanding of aberrant behavior in murine models of brain diseases. This paper describes the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST) as the key component of contemporary behavioral analysis.

السلوكية Phenotyping من نماذج الأمراض الفئران مع محطة المتكاملة السلوكية (INBEST)

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

القوارض النفسي اليقظة اختبار (rPVT): طريقة لتقييم السلوك العصبي الأداء في الجرذان والفئران

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

الطرق الأساسية لدراسة الإيكولوجيا الإنجابية للأسماك في أكواريا

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

جهاز لاسلكي، واجهة ثنائية الاتجاه للتسجيل في فيفو وحفز النشاط العصبي في التصرف بحرية الفئران

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

تمازي الآلي أساس جهاز وبروتوكول لتحليل قائم على الجهود وتأخير اتخاذ القرار في القوارض الانتقال الحر

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer&#039;s Disease, Using IntelliCage

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

الآلي، التحليل السلوكي طويلة الأجل للوظائف المعرفية في عدة نماذج الوراثية لمرض الزهايمر، باستخدام إينتيليكاجي

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Continuous Noninvasive Measuring of Crayfish Cardiac and Behavioral Activities

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as a useful biological indicator of water quality. Even though crayfish cannot directly specify the substances that cause water quality deterioration, they can immediately (within a few seconds) warn humans of water quality deterioration via acute changes in their cardiac and behavioral activities.
In this study, we present a noninvasive method that is simple enough to be implemented under various conditions due to a combination of simplicity and reliability in one model.
This approach, in which the biological organisms are implemented into environmental evaluation processes, provides a reliable and timely alarm for warning of and preventing acute water deterioration in an ambient environment. Therefore, this noninvasive system based on crayfish physiological and ethological parameter recordings was investigated for the detection of changes in an aquatic environment. This system is now applied at a local brewery for controlling&#160;quality of the water used for beverage production, but it can be used at any water treatment and supply facility for continuous, real-time water quality evaluation and for regular laboratory investigations of crayfish cardiac physiology and behavior.

This article presents a noninvasive biomonitoring system for the continuous recording and analyses of crayfish cardiac and locomotor activities. This system consists of a near-infrared optical sensor, a video-tracking module, and software for evaluating crayfish heartbeats that reflects its physiological condition and characterizes crayfish behavior during heartbeat fluctuations.

قياس موسع استمرار أنشطة القلب والسلوكية جراد البحر

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as ...

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep deprivation, and consolidated periods of behavioral immobility. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus), is a model for studying trait evolution in response to environmental perturbation. A. mexicanus exist as in eyed surface-dwelling forms and multiple blind cave-dwelling populations that have robust morphological and behavioral differences. Sleep loss has occurred in multiple, independently-evolved cavefish populations. This protocol describes a methodology for quantifying sleep and locomotor activity in A. mexicanus cave and surface fish. A cost-effective video monitoring system allows for behavioral imaging of individually-housed larval or adult fish for periods of a week or longer. The system can be applied to fish aged 4 days post fertilization through adulthood. The approach can also be adapted for measuring the effects of social interactions on sleep by recording multiple fish in a single arena. Following behavioral recordings, data is analyzed using automated tracking software and sleep analysis is processed using customized scripts that quantify multiple sleep variables including duration, bout length, and bout number. This system can be applied to measure sleep, circadian behavior, and locomotor activity in almost any fish species including zebrafish and sticklebacks.

This protocol details the methodology for quantifying locomotor behavior and sleep in the Mexican cavefish. Previous analyses are extended to measure these behaviors in socially-housed fish. This system can be widely applied to study sleep and activity in other fish species.

القياسات التلقائية للنوم والنشاط الحركي في كافيفيش المكسيكية

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep ...

Fully Automated Leg Tracking in Freely Moving Insects using Feature Learning Leg Segmentation and Tracking (FLLIT)

The Drosophila model has been invaluable for the study of neurological function and for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie neurodegeneration. While fly techniques for the manipulation and study of neuronal subsets have grown increasingly sophisticated, the richness of the resultant behavioral phenotypes has not been captured at a similar detail. To be able to study subtle fly leg movements for comparison amongst mutants requires the ability to automatically measure and quantify high-speed and rapid leg movements. Hence, we developed a machine-learning algorithm for automated leg claw tracking in freely walking flies, Feature Learning-based Limb segmentation and Tracking (FLLIT). Unlike most deep learning methods, FLLIT is fully automated and generates its own training sets without a need for user annotation, using morphological parameters built into the learning algorithm. This article describes an in depth protocol for carrying out gait analysis using FLLIT. It details the procedures for camera setup, arena construction, video recording, leg segmentation and leg claw tracking. It also gives an overview of the data produced by FLLIT, which includes raw tracked body and leg positions in every video frame, 20 gait parameters, 5 plots and a tracked video. To demonstrate the use of FLLIT, we quantify relevant diseased gait parameters in a fly model of Spinocerebellar ataxia 3.

Fully Automated Leg Tracking in Freely Moving Insects using Feature Learning Leg Segmentation and Tracking FLLIT

We describe detailed protocols for using FLLIT, a fully automated machine learning method for leg claw movement tracking in freely moving Drosophila melanogaster and other insects. These protocols can be used to quantitatively measure subtle walking gait movements in wild type flies, mutant flies and fly models of neurodegeneration.

تتبع الساق الآلي بالكامل في الحشرات المتحركة بحرية باستخدام ميزة تعلم الساق التقسيم وتتبع (FLLIT)

The Drosophila model has been invaluable for the study of neurological function and for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie ...

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

Flypub لدراسة الإيثانول الناجم عن تثبيط السلوكية والتوعية

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...