Name: behavioral tracking and neuromast imaging of mexican cavefish
Uploaded: 2019-04-06T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish at JoVE.com

हम एन सहित योशिजावा लैब के सभी सदस्यों को धन्यवाद देते हैं । Cetraro, एन साइमन, सी Valdez, सी Macapac, जे Choi, एल लू, जे गुयेन, एस Podhorzer, एच Hernandes, जे फोंग, जे काटो, और मैं इस पांडुलिपि में प्रयुक्त प्रायोगिक मछली पर मछली की देखभाल के लिए भगवान । हम भी P. Masek सहित एक. Keene लैब सदस्यों को प्रशिक्षित करने के लिए मेरे IR सीसीडी कैमरा इकट्ठा करने के लिए धंयवाद । अंत में, हम मीडिया प्रयोगशाला का शुक्रिया अदा करना चाहते है-सामाजिक विज्ञान के कॉलेज-वीडियो, विशेष रूप से बी स्मिथ, जे लाम, और एस व्हाइट बनाने के साथ उनकी अमूल्य मदद के लिए Hawai ' i Mānoa के विश्वविद्यालय में संचार के स्कूल । इस काम के हवाई समुदाय फाउंडेशन द्वारा समर्थित (16CON-७८९१९ और 18CON-९०८१८) और स्वास्थ्य NIGMS के राष्ट्रीय संस्थान (P20GM125508) मेरे लिए अनुदान था ।

सभी प्रक्रियाओं "प्रयोगशाला पशु देखभाल के सिद्धांतों" में वर्णित दिशा निर्देशों के बाद किया जाता है (राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य प्रकाशन no. 85-23, संशोधित १९८५ संस्थान) और Manoa संस्थागत पशु देखभाल और उपयोग पर Hawai ' i वि?...

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(Hemiptera , Heteroptera ). 6 (3), 233-246 (1980).</li><li>Montgomery, J. C., Macdonald, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Sensory Tuning of Lateral Line Receptors in Antarctic Fish to the Movements of Planktonic Prey. 235 (4785), 195-196 (1987).</li><li>Prober, D. A., Rihel, J., Onah, A. A., Sung, R. J., Schier, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypocretin/orexin+overexpression+induces+an+insomnia-like+phenotype+in+zebrafish.">Hypocretin/orexin overexpression induces an insomnia-like phenotype in zebrafish.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (51), 13400-13410 (2006).</li><li>Zhdanova, I. V., Wang, S. Y., Leclair, O. U., Danilova, N. 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इन विधियों प्रस्तुत आसान करने के लिए उपयोग कर रहे हैं, लेकिन अपने फ्रीवेयर मूल की प्रकृति के कारण प्रदर्शन करने के लिए जटिल हो सकता है । इसलिए, यह उच्च किसी भी वास्तविक प्रयोग से पहले परीक्षण assays और विश्ल?...

मैक्सिकन tetra, Astyanax mexicanus (teleostei: कैरेमिडी), दो मौलिक अलग वैकल्पिक morphs होने के लिए मछलियों के बीच अद्वितीय है-एक नज़र, सतह आवास morph और एक अंधे, गुफा आवास morph कई अलग शामिल आबादी1. हालांकि आकारिकी और शरीर विज्ञान में अलग है, वे अभी भी2,3interfertile हैं । इन interfertile morphs को तेजी से विकसित किया है प्रतीत होता है (~ २०,००० साल)4, जो उंहें तेजी से अनुकूलन के अध्ययन के लिए एक आदर्श मॉडल प्रणाली बनाता है । Cavefish स्वाद कलियों की वृद्धि हुई घनत्व सहित अलग रूपात्मक और व्यवहार लक्षण के एक सुइट है जाना जाता है, यंत्रोंसरों की संख्या में वृद्धि, एक हिल उत्तेजना, सक्रियता की एक विशेष आवृत्ति को देखते foraging व्यवहार, और अनिद्रा. इनमें से कई व्यवहार की संभावना एक साथ विकसित की है, जिनमें से कुछ के लिए5 foraging और अंधेरे और खाद्य-विरल वातावरण6,7में ऊर्जा संरक्षण के लिए गुफाओं के अंधेरे में लाभप्रद होने का सुझाव दिया गया है ।
कई विकासवादी मॉडल प्रणालियों में, यह कैसे पर्यावरण के जवाब में पशु आकारिकी और व्यवहार में परिवर्तन पर एकीकृत ज्ञान प्राप्त करने के लिए मुश्किल है क्योंकि अधिकांश प्रजातियों जटिल वातावरण में एक सतत ढाल भर में वितरित कर रहे हैं । हालांकि, गुफा और सतह morph Astyanax कि अत्यधिक विषम एक तेज ecotone द्वारा delineated वातावरण में विकसित के बीच स्टार्क के विपरीत एक उत्कृष्ट मॉडल के रूप में उभरते astyanax के लिए नेतृत्व किया है पशु विकास को समझते हैं । यह संभव बनाता है और अधिक आसानी से लिंक जीन और विकासात्मक प्रक्रियाओं अनुकूली लक्षण और पर्यावरण में चयन के साथ । इसके अलावा, astyanax में इन लक्षण के हाल ही में जैव चिकित्सा जांच से पता चला है कि इन लक्षण समानांतर मानव लक्षण8,9,10हो सकता है । उदाहरण के लिए, सामाजिकता और नींद की हानि, और सक्रियता का लाभ, दोहराव व्यवहार, और कोर्टिसोल स्तर क्या autism स्पेक्ट्रम विकार के साथ मनुष्यों में मनाया जाता है के समान हैं8.
कई व्यवहार और रूपात्मक लक्षण के जटिल सह-विकास को संबोधित करने के लिए, अंतर्निहित आनुवंशिक और आणविक रास्ते को उजागर करने के लिए उनमें से कई परख करने के लिए लाभप्रद है । प्रस्तुत इस के साथ साथ गुफा की डिग्री की विशेषता के लिए तरीके हैं-सतह, गुफा, और Astyanaxके संकर morphs के व्यवहार phenotypes प्रकार. फोकल व्यवहार के लिए phenotype विशेषता का विश्लेषण कर रहे है गुफा-foraging व्यवहार अनुकूलित (कंपन आकर्षण व्यवहार, vab के रूप में अब से को संदर्भित), और hyperactivity/ भी प्रस्तुत संवेदी प्रणाली के लिए एक इमेजिंग विधि है13vab के साथ जुड़े । हाल ही में, व्यवहार assays चलाने के लिए कई खुले स्रोत ट्रैकिंग सॉफ्टवेयर उपलब्ध14,15बन गए हैं । ये छोटे वीडियो के लिए बहुत अच्छी तरह से काम करते हैं, 10 मिनट से भी कम समय । हालांकि, यह समस्याग्रस्त हो जाता है अगर वीडियो क्योंकि गहन गणना के लंबे समय/ सक्षम व्यावसायिक रूप से उपलब्ध सॉफ्टवेयर महंगा हो सकता है । प्रस्तुत तरीकों मुख्य रूप से फ्रीवेयर का उपयोग करें और इसलिए लागत प्रभावी और उच्च थ्रपुट तरीकों पर विचार कर रहे हैं । इसके अलावा इन विधियों के आधार पर प्रतिनिधि परिणाम भी शामिल हैं ।

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		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">4-Di-1-ASP (4-(4-(dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium iodide)</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">D3418</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">880 nm wave length black light</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Advanced Illumination</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BL41192-880</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">avfs</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 1.0.0.6</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">http://turtlewar.org/avfs/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Avisynth</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 2.6.0</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">http://avisynth.nl/index.php/Main_Page</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Cygwin</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 2.11.0</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://www.cygwin.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Cylindrical assay chamber (Pyrex 325 ml glass dish)</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">3140-100</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">10 cm diameter 5 cm high</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="187">
			<td height="187" style="height:187px;width:221px;">Ethovision XT</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Noldus Information&#160; Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 14</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://www.noldus.com/animal-behavior-research/products/ethovision-xt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:221px;">Fish Aquarium Cylinder Soft Sponge Stone Water Filter, Black</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Jardin (through Amazon.com)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sponge filter for Sleep/hyperactivity recording system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">Grade A Brine shrimp eggs</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Brine shrimp direct</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BSEA16Z</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 1.52e</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:221px;">macro 1.8/12.5-75mm C-mount zoom lens</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Toyo</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Attach to USB webcam by using c-mount, which is printed in 3-D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Neutral Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Seachem</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">Optical cast plastic IR long-pass filter</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Edmund optics</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">43-948</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Cut into a small piece to fit in the CCD of USB webcam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:221px;">pfmap</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Build 178</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">http://pismotec.com/download/ (at &#8220;Download Archive&#8221; link at the bottom)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Reef Crystals Reef Salt</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Instant Ocean</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">RC15-10</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">SwisTrack</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 4</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/SwisTrack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">USB webcam (LifeCam Studio 1080p HD Webcam)</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Q2F-00013</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Cut 2-2.5 cm of the front</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:221px;">WinAutomation</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Version 8</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://www.winautomation.com/ (free stand-alone app for this procedure)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Windows operating system</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">7, 8 or 10</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">x264vfw</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">https://sourceforge.net/projects/x264vfw/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

behavioral tracking and neuromast imaging of mexican cavefish

गुफा में रहने वाले जानवरों ने अपने सदा अंधेरे और खाद्य-विरल वातावरण के अनुकूल बनाने के लिए रूपात्मक और व्यवहारिक लक्षण की एक श्रृंखला विकसित की है । इन लक्षणों के अलावा, foraging व्यवहार एक व्यवहार विशेषता विकास के कार्यात्मक लाभ में उपयोगी खिड़कियों में से एक है । प्रस्तुत इस के साथ साथ कंपन आकर्षण व्यवहार (VAB: एक अनुकूली foraging व्यवहार) और गुफा के संबद्ध यंत्रोन्सरों की इमेजिंग-अनुकूलित tetra, Astyanax mexicanus विश्लेषण के लिए तरीकों को अद्यतन कर रहे हैं । इसके अलावा, विधियों अतिसक्रियता और सोने के नुकसान सहित अतिरिक्त cavefish व्यवहार की एक श्रृंखला के उच्च थ्रपुट ट्रैकिंग के लिए प्रस्तुत कर रहे हैं । Cavefish भी ऐसोसिएलिटी, दोहराव व्यवहार और उच्च चिंता दिखा । इसलिए, cavefish विकसित व्यवहार के लिए एक पशु मॉडल के रूप में सेवा करते हैं । इन विधियों का उपयोग करें मुक्त-सॉफ़्टवेयर और कस्टम-बनाई गई स्क्रिप्ट जो अंय प्रकार के व्यवहार के लिए लागू किया जा सकता है । इन विधियों व्यावसायिक रूप से उपलब्ध ट्रैकिंग सॉफ्टवेयर के लिए व्यावहारिक और लागत प्रभावी विकल्प प्रदान करते हैं ।

यहां प्रस्तुत परिणाम क्या प्रस्तुत विधियों के साथ प्राप्त किया जा सकता है के प्रतिनिधि उदाहरण हैं । इसलिए, परिणाम थोड़ा प्रयोगात्मक शर्तों के आधार पर दोनों cavefish और सतह मछली के लिए यहां प्रस...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish at JoVE.com

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish

व्यवहार ट्रैकिंग और मैक्सिकन Cavefish के Neuromast इमेजिंग

यहां, हम मैक्सिकन cavefish व्यवहार और एक यंत्रोसंवेदी प्रणाली के महत्वपूर्ण धुंधला की एक श्रृंखला के उच्च थ्रूपुट अध्ययन के लिए तरीकों वर्तमान । इन विधियों का उपयोग मुफ्त सॉफ्टवेयर और कस्टम-लिपियों बनाया, व्यवहार के अध्ययन के लिए एक व्यावहारिक और लागत प्रभावी तरीका प्रदान करते हैं ।

Cave-dwelling animals have evolved a series of morphological and behavioral traits to adapt to their perpetually dark and food-sparse environments. Among ...

behavioral-tracking-and-neuromast-imaging-of-mexican-cavefish

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST)

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of chronic CNS disorders, there is an increasing demand for murine models with high validity at the behavioral level. However, multiple pathogenic mechanisms and complex functional deficits often impose challenges to reliably measure and interpret behavior of chronically sick mice. Therefore, the assessment of peripheral pathology and a behavioral profile at several time points using a battery of tests are required. Video-tracking, behavioral spectroscopy, and remote acquisition of physiological measures are emerging technologies that allow for comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased behavioral analysis in a home-base-like setting. This report describes a refined phenotyping protocol, which includes a custom-made monitoring apparatus (Integrated Behavioral Station, INBEST) that focuses on prolonged measurements of basic functional outputs, such as spontaneous activity, food/water intake and motivated behavior in a relatively stress-free environment. Technical and conceptual improvements in INBEST design may further promote reproducibility and standardization of behavioral studies.

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station INBEST

Prolonged and comprehensive monitoring of mice in a home-cage environment provides a deeper understanding of aberrant behavior in murine models of brain diseases. This paper describes the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST) as the key component of contemporary behavioral analysis.

एकीकृत व्यवहार स्टेशन साथ Murine रोग मॉडल के व्यवहार phenotyping (INBEST)

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

कृंतक Psychomotor सतर्कता टेस्ट (rPVT): चूहे और चूहे में neurobehavioral प्रदर्शन का आकलन करने के लिए एक विधि

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

एक्वायरिया में मछली के प्रजनन पारिस्थितिकीय अध्ययन के लिए मूलभूत विधियां

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

Vivo रिकॉर्डिंग और स्वतंत्र रूप से व्यवहार चूहों में तंत्रिका गतिविधि की उत्तेजना में के लिए एक वायरलेस, द्वि-दिशा इंटरफेस

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

एक स्वचालित टी-भूलभुलैया आधारित तंत्र और प्रोटोकॉल देरी का विश्लेषण करने के लिए और प्रयास आधारित मुक्त चलती कुतर में बनाने का निर्णय

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer&#039;s Disease, Using IntelliCage

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

स्वचालित, अल्जाइमर रोग के कई आनुवंशिक मॉडल में संज्ञानात्मक कार्यों के लिए दीर्घकालिक व्यवहार परख, IntelliCage का उपयोग

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Continuous Noninvasive Measuring of Crayfish Cardiac and Behavioral Activities

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as a useful biological indicator of water quality. Even though crayfish cannot directly specify the substances that cause water quality deterioration, they can immediately (within a few seconds) warn humans of water quality deterioration via acute changes in their cardiac and behavioral activities.
In this study, we present a noninvasive method that is simple enough to be implemented under various conditions due to a combination of simplicity and reliability in one model.
This approach, in which the biological organisms are implemented into environmental evaluation processes, provides a reliable and timely alarm for warning of and preventing acute water deterioration in an ambient environment. Therefore, this noninvasive system based on crayfish physiological and ethological parameter recordings was investigated for the detection of changes in an aquatic environment. This system is now applied at a local brewery for controlling&#160;quality of the water used for beverage production, but it can be used at any water treatment and supply facility for continuous, real-time water quality evaluation and for regular laboratory investigations of crayfish cardiac physiology and behavior.

This article presents a noninvasive biomonitoring system for the continuous recording and analyses of crayfish cardiac and locomotor activities. This system consists of a near-infrared optical sensor, a video-tracking module, and software for evaluating crayfish heartbeats that reflects its physiological condition and characterizes crayfish behavior during heartbeat fluctuations.

बिठाते कार्डियक और व्यवहार गतिविधियों के सतत इनवेसिव मापने

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as ...

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep deprivation, and consolidated periods of behavioral immobility. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus), is a model for studying trait evolution in response to environmental perturbation. A. mexicanus exist as in eyed surface-dwelling forms and multiple blind cave-dwelling populations that have robust morphological and behavioral differences. Sleep loss has occurred in multiple, independently-evolved cavefish populations. This protocol describes a methodology for quantifying sleep and locomotor activity in A. mexicanus cave and surface fish. A cost-effective video monitoring system allows for behavioral imaging of individually-housed larval or adult fish for periods of a week or longer. The system can be applied to fish aged 4 days post fertilization through adulthood. The approach can also be adapted for measuring the effects of social interactions on sleep by recording multiple fish in a single arena. Following behavioral recordings, data is analyzed using automated tracking software and sleep analysis is processed using customized scripts that quantify multiple sleep variables including duration, bout length, and bout number. This system can be applied to measure sleep, circadian behavior, and locomotor activity in almost any fish species including zebrafish and sticklebacks.

This protocol details the methodology for quantifying locomotor behavior and sleep in the Mexican cavefish. Previous analyses are extended to measure these behaviors in socially-housed fish. This system can be widely applied to study sleep and activity in other fish species.

मैक्सिकन Cavefish में नींद और चलन गतिविधि के स्वचालित माप

Across phyla, sleep is characterized by highly conserved behavioral characteristics that include elevated arousal threshold, rebound following sleep ...

Fully Automated Leg Tracking in Freely Moving Insects using Feature Learning Leg Segmentation and Tracking (FLLIT)

The Drosophila model has been invaluable for the study of neurological function and for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie neurodegeneration. While fly techniques for the manipulation and study of neuronal subsets have grown increasingly sophisticated, the richness of the resultant behavioral phenotypes has not been captured at a similar detail. To be able to study subtle fly leg movements for comparison amongst mutants requires the ability to automatically measure and quantify high-speed and rapid leg movements. Hence, we developed a machine-learning algorithm for automated leg claw tracking in freely walking flies, Feature Learning-based Limb segmentation and Tracking (FLLIT). Unlike most deep learning methods, FLLIT is fully automated and generates its own training sets without a need for user annotation, using morphological parameters built into the learning algorithm. This article describes an in depth protocol for carrying out gait analysis using FLLIT. It details the procedures for camera setup, arena construction, video recording, leg segmentation and leg claw tracking. It also gives an overview of the data produced by FLLIT, which includes raw tracked body and leg positions in every video frame, 20 gait parameters, 5 plots and a tracked video. To demonstrate the use of FLLIT, we quantify relevant diseased gait parameters in a fly model of Spinocerebellar ataxia 3.

Fully Automated Leg Tracking in Freely Moving Insects using Feature Learning Leg Segmentation and Tracking FLLIT

We describe detailed protocols for using FLLIT, a fully automated machine learning method for leg claw movement tracking in freely moving Drosophila melanogaster and other insects. These protocols can be used to quantitatively measure subtle walking gait movements in wild type flies, mutant flies and fly models of neurodegeneration.

सुविधा लर्निंग लेग सेगमेंटेशन और ट्रैकिंग (FLLIT) का उपयोग करके स्वतंत्र रूप से चलती कीड़ों में पूरी तरह से स्वचालित लेग ट्रैकिंग

The Drosophila model has been invaluable for the study of neurological function and for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie ...

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

Flypub इथेनॉल प्रेरित व्यवहार निषेध और संवेदीकरण का अध्ययन करने के लिए

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...